Microtox毒性检测系统与给水水质预警

介绍了供水系统中应急毒性检测技术的特点及其在给水水质预警中的重要性，重点说明了Microtox急检测系统的原理、应用及其优缺点。     

高速公路下伏煤矿采空区病害分析及其防治措施

分析高速公路穿越煤矿采空区时,在路基、路面、桥梁、隧道等分项工程中出现的各种病害类型及其特点,并系统总结采空区的处治措施,探讨不同处治方法的适用条件,对采空区场地的工程建设具有指导意义。     

Measurements of gas velocities and temperatures in a large open pool fire

A number of measurements were made to help define the thermal and flow conditions in a 9 × 18 meter pool fire that was used to simulate a transportation accident. Temperatures were measured at twenty-eight locations throughout the continuous flame region. Velocities were measured at four vertical stations near the centerline of the pool. Heat fluxes were estimated from thermal measurements on and near vertical steel plates. As is often the case in fires of this size, the effects of mild, ambient winds on the measurements were pronounced. Attempts have been made to mitigate these effects by the application of conditional sampling. Temperatures and velocities are compared with other experimental results as well as results of modeling efforts.     

住宅室温模拟和实测数据的一致性分析

通过对住宅内某个测试房间模拟计算室温与实测室温的一致性分析,研究了天空背景辐射、太阳辐射、邻室室温等扰量对室内热状况的影响程度,并反推计算得到了测试房间与室外的逐时通风换气量。同时,一致性分析又说明了模拟软件DeST反映住宅室内热状况变化规律的准确性和合理性。     

现浇混凝土结构质量通病的成因分析及防治措施

混凝土与砌体结构是我国建筑工程中广泛采用的承重结构,目前现浇混凝土结构已经成为民用及公共建筑常用的结构形式,在混凝土结构工程施工时,经常发生一些质量通病,这些质量通病目前虽然还不能完全根除,但在施工时只要进行积极的防治,还是能够解决并提高工程质量的,本文结合某工程实例对现浇混凝土结构中的质量通病进行了有益的分析和探讨。     

Bezafibrate removal by means of ozonation: primary intermediates, kinetics, and toxicity assessment

Bezafibrate (BZF) is a lipid regulator largely used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. As a result of its wide use, unmetabolized BZF is released in the environment with potential toxic effects for aquatic living organisms. The results obtained in this work show that ozonation is an efficient method to degrade BZF: after 10 min of treatment (corresponding to a dose of 0.73 mmol L(-1) of ozone), the complete BZF abatement is achieved, starting from an initial concentration of 0.5 mmol L(-1). However, only a small part of the substrate is mineralized. Two different experimental approaches (absolute and competition method) are adopted to estimate the second-order kinetic constants for the ozone attack at pH=6.0, 7.0 and 8.0. A good agreement was observed between the two kinetic methods adopted. The identification of main intermediates, attempted by high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC)-MS technique, indicates that the oxidation of BZF develops through both the hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and the attack of ozone on the unchlorinated aromatic one. The assessment of by-products biodegradability and acute toxicity demonstrates that ozonation is a suitable technique to improve the biodegradability and reduce the toxicity of waters containing BZF.     

影响混凝土结构耐久性的因素及对策

通过对混凝土结构耐久性影响因素的分析,指出不同环境条件下混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工的基本原则,阐明厦门等沿海地区提高混凝土结构耐久性的相应技术措施。     

Carbon Monoxide and Fire Toxicity: A Review and Analysis of Recent Work

People may die from what some think to be low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) without implicating other toxic agents. This behavior is only now beginning to be identified and understood.Fire and nonfire CO incidents involve very different subsets of the population. Fire victims are characteristically the old and the young. On the other hand, automotive CO accidents or suicides tend to involve predominantly 20- to 50-year-old men. In both populations, a substantial minority have significant blood alcohol levels, although fire victims with alcohol in their blood tend to have higher levels of it than do nonfire victims. Alcohol at levels less than 0.3% protects against CO poisoning, although being drunk may have gotten the victim into the incident in the first place. However, a 50% threshold of carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) does not exist in lethal levels of CO. CO toxicity is not due simply to the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. A victim with 25% COHb may die purely of CO. This paper presents an analysis of the reasons for and the significance of these observations.     

Community similarity and the analysis of multispecies environmental data: A unified statistical approach

The number of species or variables in some designed environmental studies is too large for analysis using standard inferential statistics. To analyze the type of data, a two-stage procedure and follow-up methods are described. First, data are reduced using a measure of similarity or distance. Then, a permutation procedure is used to make inferences. Assuming the hypothesis is rejected, several follow-up analyses are presented as tools in understanding the causes of rejection. For example, to further understand treatment effects, a randomization based, multiple comparison procedure may be used; to better understand what differences the similarity or distance measure describes, a method based on removal of a species is given. The methods are illustrated on a study of the effects of zinc on the periphyton community in the New River, Va, U.S.A.     

Toxicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene to terrestrial plants in natural soils

The presence of energetic materials (used as explosives and propellants) at contaminated sites is a growing international issue, particularly with respect to military base closures and demilitarization policies. Improved understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of these materials is needed in order to accurately assess the potential exposure risks and impacts on the environment and its ecosystems. We studied the toxicity of the nitroaromatic energetic material 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) using four natural soils varying in properties (organic matter, clay content, and pH) that were hypothesized to affect chemical bioavailability and toxicity. Amended soils were subjected to natural light conditions, and wetting and drying cycles in a greenhouse for 13 weeks prior to toxicity testing to approximate field exposure conditions in terms of bioavailability, transformation, and degradation of 2,4-DNT. Definitive toxicity tests were performed according to standard protocols. The median effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for shoot dry mass ranged from 8 to 229 mg kg^− 1, depending on the plant species and soil type. Data indicated that 2,4-DNT was most toxic in the Sassafras (SSL) and Teller (TSL) sandy loam soils, with EC₅₀ values for shoot dry mass ranging between 8 to 44 mg kg^− 1, and least toxic in the Webster clay loam soil, with EC₅₀ values for shoot dry mass ranging between 40 to 229 mg kg^− 1. The toxicity of 2,4-DNT for each of the plant species was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) and inversely correlated with the soil organic matter content. Toxicity benchmark values determined in the present studies for 2,4-DNT weathered-and-aged in SSL or TSL soils will contribute to development of an Ecological Soil Screening Level for terrestrial plants that can be used for ecological risk assessment at contaminated sites.     

L-苏糖酸阿奇霉素抗菌效应及急性毒性研究

目的观察L-苏糖酸阿奇霉素的抗菌效应及其急性毒性。方法肉汤稀释法检测药物对临床分离的常见致病菌最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）以评价其体外抗菌作用。以金黄色葡菌球菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡菌球菌感染小鼠建立动物模型,阿奇霉素灌胃给药对感染动物进行治疗评价其体内抗菌作用并测定小鼠LD50评价其急性毒性。结果体外实验显示L-苏糖酸阿奇霉素和乳糖酸阿奇霉素对革兰阳性球菌、革兰阴性球菌和革兰阴性杆菌的MIC50、MIC90、MBC50和MBC 90基本一致,均对耐药菌无效;低剂量（37.5mg.kg-1）L-阿苏糖酸阿奇霉素和乳糖酸阿奇霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌敏感株感染小鼠的保护率分别为55%和15%,经χ2检验差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;小鼠腹腔注射L-苏糖酸阿奇霉素和乳糖酸阿奇霉素的LD50分别为（1 308.6±203.2）mg.kg-1和（1 193.1±161.4）mg.kg-1,经t检验差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 L-苏糖酸阿奇霉素和乳糖酸阿奇霉素体外抗菌活性相似,低剂量L-苏糖酸阿奇霉素对金葡菌感染小鼠有更强的保护作用且对小鼠的急性毒性小于乳糖酸阿奇霉素。     

溶剂型木器涂料中挥发性有机化合物急性毒性模型的建立与评价

在建材市场选择六种溶剂型木器涂料,GC-MS定性分析涂料挥发的VOCs种类,萃取—离心分离和GC-FID定量分析涂料中VOCs的组分含量,在此基础上,结合VOCs的毒性数据,建立涂料急性毒性模型,并用该模型对这六种涂料进行急性毒性评价。研究结果表明,这六种涂料挥发的VOCs种类以饱和烃和芳香烃为主,二者占VOCs总数的70%以上;硝基和聚酯清漆中芳香烃的含量占TVOC含量高于74%;这六种涂料苯含量超标率达50%;建立的急性毒性模型综合考虑了单个VOC的含量和毒性以及VOCs的个数对涂料急性毒性的影响,使用该模型对涂料进行急性毒性评价可对涂料进行排序,并可为用户选择涂料提供依据。     

Treatment of persistent organic compounds by integrated advanced oxidation processes and sequential batch reactor

The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of improvement in the biodegradability of persistent organic compounds by pre-oxidation by using Sequential Batch Reactors (SBRs). Dichlorodiethyl ether (DCDE), a non-biodegradable compound, was used as a test chemical. Ozonation, Fenton reagent and ultra-violet light coupled with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) were used for oxidation of DCDE at levels of 50-100%. Pre-oxidized DCDE solutions were then subjected to SBR studies using activated sludge to determine the rate and extent of biodegradation of oxidation by-products. The results indicated that the biodegradability of pre-oxidized DCDE increased drastically, reaching an average of 90% for all three oxidation methods versus zero for non-oxidized DCDE. It was concluded that the results of SBR experiments may be better indicators of biodegradability of chemically-oxidized wastewaters due to significant acclimation of microorganisms in SBRs, which cannot be observed in conventional respirometric laboratory studies.     

流域水环境中雌激素与医药品的检测及其生态毒性

人与动物排出的雌激素与医药品在污水处理系统中得不到有效降解,而其痕量存在于流域水环境中对水生生态系统构成潜在威胁。关于流域水环境中雌激素与医药品的研究主要集中于检测技术、检出浓度、迁移转化、降解机理以及生态毒性等方面,在此基础上探讨了今后的研究趋势,并指出同时测定多种痕量物质的检测技术、雌激素与医药品的生态毒理效应以及风险评价体系的建立、小尺度污染问题转化为流域大尺度污染控制研究等方面,将成为今后的关注热点。     

发光细菌法用于给水系统的毒性监测及预警

利用生物发光细菌,选择81.9%低毒性样本测试模式,于2006年2月-2007年2月,对宁波供水体系中的7个主要水源、5个水厂出厂水及相应的管网水水样连续进行了2次/月的发光细菌生物毒性监测,并建立了这17个监测点的毒性控制限.研究结果表明,水库水的耗氧量与其生物毒性呈正相关关系,但河水则不符合此规律;加氯后的原水和出厂水,其生物毒性要增强,进一步研究发现,原水耗氧量与加氯后水的生物毒性也呈正相关关系;管网水与出厂水的生物毒性基本一致,但需进一步研究其在管网中的变化规律;发光细菌法可用于给水系统的毒性监测及预警.     

地板辐射供暖系统埋管结构尺寸与地板表面温度均匀性的关系

对于地板辐射供暖系统,建立数值计算的数学模型,应用有限元法得出一定表面温度均匀条件下的适宜的地板结构尺寸,可作为地板辐射供暖系统的设计依据。     

Toxicity to Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri of Kraft bleach plant effluents treated by catalytic wet-air oxidation

Two Kraft-pulp bleaching effluents from a sequence of treatments which include chlorine dioxide and caustic soda were treated by catalytic wet-air oxidation (CWAO) at T=463 K in trickle-bed and batch-recycle reactors packed with either TiO2 extrudates or Ru(3 wt%)/TiO2 catalyst. Chemical analyses (TOC removal, color, HPLC) and bioassays (48-h and 30-min acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri, respectively) were used to get information about the toxicity impact of the starting effluents and of the treated solutions. Under the operating conditions, complex organic compounds are mostly oxidized into carbon dioxide and water, along with short-chain carboxylic acids. Bioassays were found as a complement to chemical analyses for ensuring the toxicological impact on the ecosystem. In spite of a large decrease of TOC, the solutions of end products were all more toxic to Daphnia magna than the starting effluents by factors ranging from 2 to 33. This observation is attributed to the synergistic effects of acetic acid and salts present in the solutions. On the other hand, toxicity reduction with respect to Vibrio fischeri was achieved: detoxification factors greater than unity were measured for end-product solutions treated in the presence of the Ru(3 wt%)/TiO2 catalyst, suggesting the absence of cumulative effect for this bacteria, or a lower sensitivity to the organic acids and salts. Bleach plant effluents treated by the CWAO process over the Ru/TiO2 catalyst were completely biodegradable.     

Use of a mathematical model in the analysis of survival curves of Daphnia magna exposed to toxicants

Chronic toxicity tests carried out on species of the genus Daphnia (Crustacea: Cladocera) are bioassays commonly used in ecotoxicology. Mortality in the cohorts exposed to toxicants can be examined by the analysis of survival curves. The shape of these curves may be very different because of inter-individual heterogeneity: the less rectangular is the shape the more different is the probability of dying of daphnids in the cohort. Aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics-in particular the shape-of survival curves of cohorts of Daphnia magna exposed to heavy metals in chronic toxicity tests. Experimental curves were fitted by a mathematical model recently proposed, which puts emphasis just on this heterogeneity, described by the parameter of the model S(0). The information contained in S(0) is very useful for the present purposes: the higher the value of S(0) the less rectangular the shape of the curve and, as a consequence, the higher the age-at-death heterogeneity of the cohort is thought to be. The model contains a second parameter, omega, representing the maximum potential ability of the individuals to survive in a specific environment and is related with the maximal life span. The model fitted well the survival curves in most cases and both S(0) and omega showed statistically different values between treatments, useful for comparisons. It was concluded that S(0) provides a quantitative estimation of curve "rectangularization", useful to check different sensitivities to a specific toxicant concentration among daphnids belonging to the same cohort, while omega provides an estimate of maximal life span.     

可持续性主题下的绿色建筑战略

“可持续发展”已成为21世纪世界各地的流行语。在建筑领域内它涵盖了多种概念。在一个项目设计中,为实现“可持续建筑”这个目标,本文提出四点值得研究的建议。按照对环境影响的程度,本文对于可持续性的措施进行了简要排序。