泡沫金属在单双向拉压载荷作用下的表征分析

探讨泡沫金属的单向压缩以及双向拉压行为,并研究了该材料单双向拉伸性能,进一步分析该材料在承受各种单双向拉压载荷时的不同响应方式.结果表明:在泡沫金属材料受到不同的单双向拉压载荷作用而产生破坏时,其承受的各向名义应力大小与多孔体的孔率都可表达为一个统一的数理关系;对于一个确定的多孔体材料,其单双向压缩负载能力要分别大于其单双向拉伸负载能力.     

泡沫金属在双向承载条件下的力学性能

根据各向同性三维网状泡沫金属的简化结构模型,建立该类材料的双向拉伸力学分析模型.利用该力学模型推出泡沫金属在双向拉伸破坏时两向名义应力与孔率3者的数学关系式,并在此基础上进一步得出该类材料在承受双向载荷时的安全判据.当双向承受的名义应力相等时,还可得到泡沫金属在双向等荷承载条件下的载荷强度与孔率的数学关系.这些关系式通过泡沫镍为例的有关实验数据证明是相当实用的.而由本理论体系可得出对多孔体双向承载条件的安全性判断,这似乎是Gibson和Ashby的有关模型理论所未触及或难以做到的.     

泡沫金属双向等应力拉伸的不同理论应用

在已有的泡沫金属双向名义载荷强度与孔隙率关系的基础上，分析了该材料的双向等应力拉伸加载情形，探讨了泡沫金属在该情形下发生破坏的力学行为。研究结果显示，以“八面体模型”推导出来的有关力学关系，较好地表征了该材料在双向等载条件下的行为特点。     

泡沫材料在剪切载荷作用下的力学关系推演和分析

泡沫金属是一种兼具功能和结构双重属性的优秀工程材料,在作为工程构件时就可能遇到剪切载荷的作用。探讨泡沫材料在剪切载荷作用下其构件内部的力学行为,采用隔离分析的简单方式,通过数理推演得出此种承载状态下的力学关系表征。结果显示,泡沫金属材料受到剪切载荷作用而产生破坏时,其构件内部的最大名义切应力大小可用多孔体的孔率以及泡沫金属材料本身固有的特性参量来描述。通过这种数理关系,直接便捷得到该材料在此时的强度判据。     

泡沫镍的宏观拉伸断裂行为

本文从宏观的角度探讨了泡沫镍的单向拉伸断裂行为。将孔率为88．29％的泡沫镍试样在室温下进行不同速率的单向拉伸,并与致密镍板的拉伸断裂现象进行对照,考察其拉伸断裂行为的异同。结果表明,泡沫体在拉伸过程中亦表现出宏观的塑性变形特征,但相对于致密体来说,其宏观脆性显著提高。此外,泡沫体在断裂时表现为一个明显的渐进过程,而致密体则相应为一个瞬间过程。     

多孔金属材料失效模式的数理分析

三维网状多孔金属材料已广泛应用于工程领域,本文借助于数理分析,综合介绍了此类材料在常见载荷形式作用下的失效模式,并对相关环节展开探讨.全面分析了该材料在单向压缩、双向压缩和三向压缩等压缩载荷形式下的失效行为,重点讨论了多孔产品在不同压缩载荷形式下的孔棱拉断和剪切断裂破坏模式,以及在三向压缩载荷形式下可能出现的孔棱屈曲失...     

孔隙率对Ti-Al金属间化合物多孔材料拉伸性能的影响

采用元素混合粉偏扩散-反应合成-粉末烧结方法制备了Ti-Al金属间化合物多孔材料,对其进行了拉伸试验研究,分析其拉伸变形特征,揭示出孔隙率对拉伸性能的影响规律以及拉伸断裂微观机理。结果表明:Ti-Al多孔材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线大致可分为弹性、屈服、强化和破坏4个阶段,无颈缩现象;力学性能指标(如弹性模量、屈服极限和强度极限等)均随孔隙率的增大而减小,延伸率远低于5%,呈现出明显的室温脆性;断口特征宏观上表现为脆性断裂,微观上同时存在穿晶断裂与沿晶断裂,其断裂机理与Ti-Al金属间化合物致密体的显微组织密切相关。     

泡沫金属双向承载的力学模型

根据开孔泡沫金属材料的结构特点提出其抽象化的新型简化结构模型,即“八面体模型”,在此基础上建立起该类材料在双向拉伸条件下的力学分析模型。从该分析模型出发,推导得出了该类材料在双向拉伸破坏时两向名义应力与孔率三者的数学关系式。结果表明:该关系式还可进一步描述成“偏应力”、“平均应力”和孔率三者之间的关系。本理论模型与Gibson和Ashby的有关理论体系的不同之处是,前者可直接运用“梁理论”进行方便的分析和推演,而后者则不能。验证实验结果显示,本理论模型的数学关系与实际数据吻合良好。     

承受扭矩和剪切时开口多孔金属的孔棱失效

以高孔率的三维网状多孔金属(即开口多孔金属)为研究对象,建立其简化结构失效模型。分析多孔构件在扭转和剪切载荷形式作用下由于孔棱发生拉断、剪切和屈曲而引起的失效模式,系统地研究上述两种承载条件下这类多孔体构件受到载荷作用而导致孔棱失效时名义载荷与孔率的数理关系。在此基础上,进一步研究此类材料在不同载荷作用下发生各种孔棱失效模式的载荷条件。结果表明,这些失效模式与多孔金属的材质指标、孔率及承受的载荷大小等因素均有关系,这种关系也可以进行相应的具体数理表征。     

球化高碳钢薄板在多向应力状态下的氢脆

在从单向拉伸到双向等应力拉伸的应力状态范围内进行了球化高碳钢薄板氢脆的研究。测定断口处局部，断裂就变表明，在双向等应力拉伸中氢所引起的塑性损失最大。金相和断口检测结果表明，充氢和未充氢材料的断裂都是空洞形核，空洞长大，和空洞连通的结果。氢加速这三个塑性断裂过程，特别是双向等应力拉伸应力状态下，氢的影响更为显著。     

Finite Element Analysis of the Microstructure–Strength Relationships of Metal Matrix Composites

The influence of the shape and spatial distribution of reinforced particles on strength and damage of metal matrix composite （MMC） is investigated through finite element method under uniaxial tensile, simple shear, biaxial tensile, as well as combined tensile/shear loadings. The particle shapes change randomly from circular to regular n-sided polygon （3 ≤ n ≤ 10）; the particle alignments are determined through a sequentially random number stream and the particle locations are defined through the random sequential adsorption algorithm. The ductile failure in metal matrix and brittle failure in particles are described through damage models based on the stress triaxial indicator and maximum principal stress criterion, respectively, while the debonding behavior of interface between particles and matrix is simulated through cohesive elements. The simulation results show that, under different loadings, interface debonding is the dominated failure mechanism in MMCs and plastic deformation and ductile failure of matrix also play very important roles on the failure of MMCs.     

一种建立板料成形极限应力图的新方法

基于塑性理论建立了比例加载条件下双向拉伸应力应变关系,结合Swift分散性失稳准则,提出了一种建立板料成形极限应力图的方法。分别应用Hill 48和Hosford屈服准则以及单向拉伸性能参数,建立了铝合金板(r<1)和薄钢板(r>1)两种材料的成形极限应力图(FLSD),分析表明,不同的屈服准则的选取对于成形极限应力曲线有不同的影响,对于不同类型的材料屈服准则的影响程度也不同。与由通常的成形极限图(FLD)转换所得到的成形极限应力图(FLSD)进行了对比分析,结果表明,所提出的方法计算过程更为简便,并能较为准确地建立成形极限应力图,可以作为复杂加载路径下的成形极限破裂判据。     

Prediction of ductile fracture for advanced high strength steel with a new criterion: Experiments and simulation

This paper is concerned with prediction of the onset of ductile fracture by a newly proposed micro-mechanism-motivated macroscopic ductile fracture criterion in various stress states from shear to plane strain tension where most ductile fracture takes place in sheet metal forming processes. The new ductile fracture criterion (Lou et al., 2012) is calibrated by the equivalent plastic strain to fracture measured by the hybrid experimental–numerical method from four types of specimens manufactured from DP980 sheet whose fracture locus is eventually constructed. The calibrated criterion is utilized to construct the fracture locus of DP980. The constructed fracture locus is then implemented into the ABAQUS/Explicit code to predict the onset of ductile fracture for these three types of specimens. Three types of notched specimens are further designed for the validation of the ductile fracture criterion from uniaxial tension to plane strain tension by comparison of experimental results to those numerically predicted by the ductile fracture criterion. Three types of shear specimens are then utilized to validate predictability of the ductile fracture criterion between shear and uniaxial tension. The validation demonstrates that the ductile fracture criterion can accurately predict the onset of ductile fracture for these specimens. The comparison result with high accuracy reveals that the criterion can correctly describe ductile fracture behaviors of metals in various stress states from shear to the plane strain tension.     

The effect of stress state on high-temperature deformation of fine-grained aluminum–magnesium alloy AA5083 sheet

The effect of stress state on high-temperature deformation of fine-grained aluminum–magnesium alloy AA5083 sheet is investigated over a range of temperatures and strain rates for which the grain-boundary-sliding and solute-drag creep mechanisms govern plastic flow. Experimental data from uniaxial tension and biaxial tension are used in conjunction with finite-element-method simulations to examine the role of stress state. Three different material constitutive models derived from uniaxial tensile data are used to simulate bulge-forming experiments. Comparison of simulation results with bulge-forming data indicates that stress state affects grain-boundary-sliding creep by increasing creep rate as hydrostatic stress increases. Thus, creep deformation is faster under biaxial tension than under uniaxial tension for a constant effective stress. No effect of stress state is observed for solute-drag creep. A new material model that accounts for the effect of stress state on grain-boundary-sliding creep is proposed.     

中心区减薄的十字形试件拉伸性能研究

中心区减薄的十字形试件拉伸,是实现板料双向拉伸变路径条件下,达到大变形以至破裂的可行试验方法,对于复杂加载路径板料屈服行为及成形极限研究,有重要的试验意义。通过标准单向拉伸试验,对比研究了板材减薄前后单向拉伸性能的变化。对于中心区方形减薄的十字形试件,进行了单臂试件和十字形试件的单向拉伸试验,验证了中心区减薄后应力计算的正确性。     

Prediction of fracture forming limit for DP780 steel sheet

This paper is concerned with modeling of fracture strains of DP780 using a newly proposed micro-mechanism-motivated ductile fracture criterion (Lou et al., 2012) and its application to predict limit dome heights (LDH) for nine hemispherical punch-stretch tests. Dog-bone specimens are tested to characterize strain hardening behavior. Five arc-shaped specimens and four square-shaped specimens are drawn until fracture to construct a fracture forming limit diagram (FFLD) using circle grid analysis. Fracture strains are approximated from constructed FFLD in uniaxial, plane strain and balanced biaxial tension. The approximated fracture strains are employed to calculate material constants of the proposed criterion as well as six conventional criteria. FFLDs predicted by these criteria are compared with experimental results. The comparison demonstrates that only the proposed criterion describes FFLD perfectly from uniaxial tension to balanced biaxial tension. All criteria are implemented into ABAQUS/Explicit to predict LDHs of punch-stretch tests. Numerical results indicate that LDHs are severely underestimated for the square-shaped specimens by conventional criteria while the proposed criterion predicts LDHs with good agreement for nine tests with strain paths between uniaxial tension and balanced biaxial tension. Thus, the proposed criterion is recommended to access formability from uniaxial tension to balanced biaxial tension.     

Sheet metal forming limit prediction based on plastic deformation energy

For sheet metals, the endurance to fracture under different strain paths may be different. Based on plastic deformation energy, the sheet metal forming limit is calculated, and the relationship model between maximum allowable integral value of the general plastic work criterion and the strain path is built. In addition, the strain-hardening exponent, anisotropy coefficient and the initial thickness of the material are also taken into account to consider their effects on forming limit. In order to simplify the process of parameter determination, only uniaxial tension test is used to calculate the material property parameters and necessary limit strain, and the expression of the criterion is determined finally. Then the limit strains under other strain paths between uniaxial tension to equi-biaxial tension are predicted by the criterion combined with numerical simulation of the forming process. The criterion is also applied to limit strain prediction under bilinear strain path.     

一种金属箔材双向拉伸试验方法

用常规的单轴拉伸试验难以获得箔材机械性能的准确数据 ,目前采用的一些双向拉伸试验方法还存在着各自的不足。本文提出并详细介绍了一种金属箔材双向拉伸试验方法。在平膜鼓胀装置上 ,通过测量膜片极顶的面内真应变和横向塑性应变以及膜片的轮廓形状 ,并计入泊松比随变形过程发生的变化 ,可建立二向应力状态下箔材从弹性经塑性至破裂的整个变形范围内真应力和真应变的关系 ,同时还可以得到弹塑性泊松比和塑性泊松比的变化规律