天然酿造酱油中是否含3—MCPD(续)

报告了天然酿造酱油中３－ＭＣＰＤ的现况。从酱油生产原料、糖、脂肪、氨基酸的分解与合成代谢分析认为天然酿造酱油中不可能存在３－ＭＣＰＤ。     

探讨酱油发酵中3-MCPD的形成和解决办法

论述酱油发酵过程中3-MCPD的形成机制,并提出解决办法或建议降低C/N(碳/氮)比;加强制种曲、成曲和发酵池的工艺管理及卫生管理;自始至终保持酱醅的较低pH值;豆水解发酵过程中绝对不能添加苏打和小苏打,若添加苏打和小苏打,则甘油也可来源于油脂的皂化反应;添加一定量的氟化钠(NaF,萤石)可抑制甘油的形成;盐水浓度以18～20 °Bè为宜,不能太高;醋酸是3-MCPD和DCP形成过程中的催化剂,建议不要添加.     

从生产工艺技术角度找酸水解氨基酸液产生3—MCPD的原因（续）

酸水解蛋白液严守正规的工艺操作规程、生产的酸水解蛋白液可符合世界食品卫生标准，３－ＭＣＰＤ含量低于检测限值０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。本文进一步从生产工艺技术角度寻找酸水解氨基酸液产生３－ＭＣＰＤ的原因，以便于研究提高酱油调味品生产质量。     

廉价谷壳用于酱油的酿造

廉价谷壳用于酱油的酿造闵光才（成都军区后勤部副食品加工厂６１１５３０）０引言谷壳是黄稻谷在加工大米过程中所获得的副产物，其来源丰富、价格低廉。近年来，黄豆、麸皮、小麦、食盐等酿造酱油原料上涨，致使酱油成本大幅度提高，这对酱油生产商来说，是机遇和困难同...     

膨化原料酿造酱油的研究

本文是“膨化原料在酱油种曲中的应用”(本刊1989,No.3)的续篇。前文指出,膨化原料应用于酱油种曲中,能提高种曲的蛋白酶活力。本文研究了应用膨化种曲酿造酱油,全部主料用膨化原料,添加膨化玉米,全制曲与半制曲对酱油出品率、全氮利用率及酱油质量的影响,结果表明,膨化原料酿造酱油具有出品率高,节省能源,简化工序,风味独特,经济效益显著等特点。     

膨化技术在酱油酿造中的应用

膨化技术在酱油酿造中的应用李祥郑民锁（西北轻工业学院轻化工系７１２０８１）０前言原料处理是酱油生产的重要环节，原料处理得当与否直接影响成曲的质量，蛋白质的转化率，产品质量的优劣。多年来，人们围绕如何提高原料蛋白质转化率这一课题，进行了大量的科研活动，...     

从生产工艺技术角度找酸水解氨基酸液产生3－MCPD的原因

酸水解蛋白液严守正规的工艺操作规程、生产的酸水解蛋白液可符合世界食品卫生标准、３－ＭＣＰＤ含量低于检测限值０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。本进一步从生产工艺技术角度寻找酸水解氨基酸液产生３－ＭＣＰＤ的原因，以便于研究提高酱油调味品生产质量。     

她为天然酿造酱油平反

一直以来 ,国内外市场的酱油产品系列在生产过程中由于添加了酸水解植物蛋白液(HPD) ,不同程度地含有氯丙醇 ( 3-MCPD)系列化学物质 ,在每公斤酱油中含量超过0 0 1毫克 ( 0 0 1mg/kg) ,1 991、1 992、1 994、1 997年欧洲卫生组织针对华人中餐的烹饪酱料进行抽检 ,声称均发现氯丙醇超过该卫生组织的 0 0 1mg/kg标准。 1 999年 7月 ,法国、荷兰、瑞典、西班牙、德国等欧盟成员国相继照会我会外经贸部门 ,又声称由我国 (主要是广东 )进口的酱油发现了氯丙醇系列化学物质含量超标 ,随之颁令市场查封或禁售广东某些大型食品企业的酱油产品…     

从生产工艺技术角度找酸水解氨基酸液产生3－MCPD的原因(续)

酸水解蛋白液严守正规的工艺操作规程、生产的酸水解蛋白液可符合世界食品卫生标准，3－MCPD含量低于检测限值0.01mg/kg。本文进一步从生产工艺技术角度寻找酸水解氨基酸液产生3－MCPD的原因，以便于研究提高酱油调味品生产质量。     

3-Monochloro-1,2-propandiol (3-MCPD) in soy sauce from the Bulgarian market

The 3-monochloro-1,2-propandiol (3-MCPD) levels in soy sauces which contained hydrolysed vegetable protein were evaluated for the Bulgarian market. For analysis of 3-MCPD, a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was applied with a linear range of 0.03–2.00 μg mL^?1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.3 μg kg^?1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 3.4 μg kg^?1. At these levels, the standard deviation was 5.1%, with recoveries between 81% and 102%. The method was applied to the analysis of 21 samples of soy sauce from the Bulgarian market. Results ranged from 3.7 to 185.6 μg kg^?1. Soy sauces produced from hydrolysed soy protein contained higher levels of 3-MCPD than naturally fermented sauces. In 38.4% of samples of Bulgarian origin, the 3-MCPD content was above the EU limit of 20 μg kg^?1. In all analysed samples, 33.3% had a 3-MCPD content above the EU limit.     

水分控制对酱油酿造的影响

文章综述了酱油酿造过程中水分在原料处理、制曲、制醅中的作用,以及各阶段水分的控制和对酱油发酵的影响,体现了水分控制对酱油酿造的重要性.     

对我国酱油酿造几项新技术应用之浅见

本文概述了三十年来我国酿造酱油工业开展研究的六项新技术在现阶段的投产可行性，及进一步研究方向的看法。     

酿造生酱油的加热灭菌

生酱油中的致病菌是加热灭菌的重点，经过加热破坏其产生的酶，以免它分解氨基酸而降低酱油质量，生酱油的加热方法主要有直火加热和蒸气加热法2大类。阐明了微生物死亡动力学，包括理论灭菌的时间和温度对杂菌死亡速率的影响；论述了含盐量及pH值对灭菌效果的影响。     

展望我国本酿造酱油发展前景

分析了国内外酱油市场的现状,认为发展和宣传中国的本酿造酱油势在必行。与国外先进国家本酿造酱油对比,我国的本酿造酱油还应有更高的要求。指出发展我国的本酿造酱油需要将执行标准与国标标准接轨,需要规范行业管理和市场管理,需要发展酿造技术水平。     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 μg kg^?1 milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 μg kg^?1, expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 μg kg^?1; with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 μg kg^?1, which corresponded to 35.5 μg kg^?1 milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14–76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328–2078 μg kg^?1 fat (mean 930 μg kg^?1 fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 μg kg^?1 milk (mean of 12 μg kg^?1 milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.     

Esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vegetable oils: Significance in the formation of 3-MCPD

3-Mono-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a contaminant that occurs in food in its free (diol) form as well as in an esterified (with fatty acids) form. Using a simple intestinal model, it was demonstrated that 3-MCPD monoesters and 3-MCPD diesters are accepted by intestinal lipase as substrates in vitro. Under the chosen conditions, the yield of 3-MCPD from a 3-MCPD monoester was greater than 95% in approximately 1 min. Release from the diesters was slower, reaching about 45, 65 and 95% of 3-MCPD after 1, 5 and 90 min of incubation, respectively. However, in human, the hydrolysis of 3-MCPD esters is unlikely to release 100% as 3-MCPD, as triglycerides and phospholipids are hydrolysed in the intestine liberating 2-monoglycerides. Assuming a similar metabolism for 3-MCPD esters as that known for acylglycerols in humans in vivo, the de-esterification in positions 1 and 3 would thus be favoured by pancreatic lipases. Therefore, 3-MCPD, and 3-MCPD-2 monoesters would be released, respectively, from the 1-/3-monoesters, and the diesters potentially present in food. Hence, information on the exact amounts of the partial fatty acid chloroesters, i.e. 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, is important to assess the contribution of foods to the bioavailability of 3-MCPD. Therefore, a rapid method for the determination of the ratio of 3-MCPD monoesters to diesters in fats and oils was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isotopically labelled 3-MCPD esters as internal standards. The analysis of 11 different samples of fat mixes typically employed in food manufacturing demonstrated that a maximum of about 15% of the total amount of 3-MCPD bound in esters is present in the monoesterified form. The potentially slower release of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD diesters, and the mono- to diesters ratio suggest that 3-MCPD esters may in fact contribute only marginally to the overall dietary exposure to 3-MCPD. Further work on the bioavailability, metabolism and possible toxicity of chloroesters per se is warranted.     

Esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vegetable oils: Significance in the formation of 3-MCPD

3-Mono-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a contaminant that occurs in food in its free (diol) form as well as in an esterified (with fatty acids) form. Using a simple intestinal model, it was demonstrated that 3-MCPD monoesters and 3-MCPD diesters are accepted by intestinal lipase as substrates in vitro. Under the chosen conditions, the yield of 3-MCPD from a 3-MCPD monoester was greater than 95% in approximately 1 min. Release from the diesters was slower, reaching about 45, 65 and 95% of 3-MCPD after 1, 5 and 90 min of incubation, respectively. However, in human, the hydrolysis of 3-MCPD esters is unlikely to release 100% as 3-MCPD, as triglycerides and phospholipids are hydrolysed in the intestine liberating 2-monoglycerides. Assuming a similar metabolism for 3-MCPD esters as that known for acylglycerols in humans in vivo, the de-esterification in positions 1 and 3 would thus be favoured by pancreatic lipases. Therefore, 3-MCPD, and 3-MCPD-2 monoesters would be released, respectively, from the 1-/3-monoesters, and the diesters potentially present in food. Hence, information on the exact amounts of the partial fatty acid chloroesters, i.e. 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, is important to assess the contribution of foods to the bioavailability of 3-MCPD. Therefore, a rapid method for the determination of the ratio of 3-MCPD monoesters to diesters in fats and oils was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isotopically labelled 3-MCPD esters as internal standards. The analysis of 11 different samples of fat mixes typically employed in food manufacturing demonstrated that a maximum of about 15% of the total amount of 3-MCPD bound in esters is present in the monoesterified form. The potentially slower release of 3-MCPD from 3-MCPD diesters, and the mono- to diesters ratio suggest that 3-MCPD esters may in fact contribute only marginally to the overall dietary exposure to 3-MCPD. Further work on the bioavailability, metabolism and possible toxicity of chloroesters per se is warranted.