铝合金的疲劳裂纹及其萌生机制分析

研究了2024和2524铝合金的疲劳裂纹,并分析了合金裂纹的萌生机制。结果表明,2024-T3铝合金中有粗大的Al7Cu2(Fe,Mn)(β相)、小圆形Al2Cu Mg(S相)和Al2Cu(θ相)第二相粒子。2524-T34铝合金中有长方形Al20Cu2Mn3相(弥散相)、粗大的Al7Cu2Fe或Al2Cu2(Fe,Mn)3相(β相),以及圆形Al2Cu相(θ相或θ′相)或Al2Cu Mg相(S相)。2024-T3和2524-T34铝合金的包铝层受滑移带变形的影响而为裂纹萌生提供条件,成为裂纹萌生的主要位置。另外,其裂纹还在不同的第二相粒子处萌生。     

腐蚀对2024铝合金板材力学性能的影响

2024铝合金常用于航空工业中,在海洋大气环境下服役时受到盐水环境的腐蚀,会显著缩短结构的使用寿命。本文以2024铝合金为研究对象,通过力学试验、电化学分析和扫描电子显微镜等分析手段,探讨2024铝合金在不同腐蚀时间下的力学性能变化、电化学腐蚀机理与断口裂纹演化特征。结果表明：2024铝合金在EXCO溶液中腐蚀0～9 h后,其腐蚀形貌表现为点蚀和晶间腐蚀的混合腐蚀模式;随着腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀速率加快,蚀坑尺寸逐渐增大。腐蚀坑对2024铝合金的力学性能有较大影响。腐蚀时间在1 h内时,蚀坑导致的应力集中使试样的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率迅速下降,蚀坑萌生的裂纹源诱发疲劳寿命显著下降69%;腐蚀时间超过1 h时,蚀坑在深度方向的缓慢扩展削弱了应力集中的影响,使硬度、抗拉强度、伸长率及疲劳寿命下降趋势减缓。2024铝合金在EXCO溶液中腐蚀后的疲劳断裂为沿晶断裂、解理断裂和韧性断裂的混合断裂模式。     

基于ProCAST的铝合金连杆裂纹控制

采用ProCAST软件对2024-T351铝合金连杆的铸造过程进行仿真,预测连杆表面可能产生裂纹的位置。根据仿真结果,对2024-T351铝合金重力铸造工艺参数进行优化。实验结果表明,仿真预测的裂纹出现位置与实际相符,通过合理的选择浇注温度、模具预热温度和铸件留模时间,可有效地阻止铸件表面裂纹的产生。     

A356铸造铝合金的疲劳裂纹萌生及短裂纹扩展研究

研究了A356-T6铸造铝合金的缺口疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展行为及机制.结果表明,热等静压试样的疲劳抗力优于非热等静压试样.对于钝缺口试样,疲劳裂纹萌生于缺口根部附近的多个平面,最终哪个裂纹源扩展成主裂纹取决于局部微观组织.对于缺口几何形状不同的热等静压和非热等静压疲劳试样,在疲劳过程中,不管是在高应力状态下,还是在低应力状态下,都出现了铝基体的循环塑性变形和共晶硅粒子断裂导致疲劳裂纹萌生.对于非热等静压试样,铸造缩孔在构件的疲劳过程中起着重要作用,但即使缺口根部存在较大尺度的铸造缩孔,导致了疲劳裂纹萌生,但也同时观察到疲劳裂纹从共晶硅粒子、金属间化合物、铝基体的滑移带和铁基金属间化合物等处萌生.对于脆性的A356铸造铝合金可采用修正的断裂力学参量ΔKn、局部应力范围Δσ或局部应变幅Δε/2作为控制参量来表征疲劳裂纹萌生行为,而缺口有效应力强度因子范围ΔKneff和ΔJs参量可用来表征缺口场中短裂纹扩展行为.     

基于非线性超声的疲劳裂纹检测中二次谐波的激发效率

提出在疲劳裂纹的非线性超声检测中,将二次谐波激发效率作为定量表征疲劳裂纹缺陷的特征参数,并对其理论公式进行了详尽的推导,证明了将二次谐波激发效率作为特征参数对疲劳裂纹缺陷进行定量化是有效的。     

含铒铝合金显微组织对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

对含铒铝合金板材进行了不同的热处理,分析了各板材的显微组织对疲劳裂纹扩展和力学性能的影响。结果表明:晶粒的长/径比越小,板材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率越慢;且随着疲劳裂纹扩展速率的降低,裂纹宽度增加且裂纹路径曲折;稀土元素Er的加入,在合金中形成Al_3(Er,Zr)第二相粒子,其强烈地钉扎位错,阻碍位错运动,以减少位错在晶界处的聚集产生的应力集中,降低板材的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。     

铝合金板材疲劳损伤的非线性导波检测

针对传统线性超声检测技术无法检测疲劳微损伤的问题,提出了疲劳微裂纹的非线性超声导波检测技术。首先,通过检测信号时频分布与频散曲线的对比分析,确定了铝板中的Lamb波模态,据此优化试验参数,并在板中激发单一模态的兰姆波;其次,通过试验方法判断该模态Lamb波的非线性响应条件,确定该模态在激励微裂纹疲劳损伤上的实用性;第三,提取了非线性超声检测特征参数,分析了各特征参数随疲劳周数的变化关系。结果表明:铝板中的兰姆波频散特性会导致基频幅值波动较大,非线性系数随基波变化无法反映真实的微裂纹非线性响应;二次谐波幅值在疲劳损伤初期随着疲劳周数的增大而增大,可用于评价缺陷的微观损伤。     

非线性超声脉冲反转法在铝合金焊缝疲劳寿命预测中的应用

以不同疲劳寿命的铝合金焊缝为例研究了疲劳过程中的超声波非线性效应,同时建立了非线性参数与疲劳寿命的关系曲线(S-N曲线).采用脉冲反转法对非线性超声信号进行处理.结果表明,经过脉冲反转法获得的S-N曲线与经过滤波模块获得的S-N曲线相比谐波幅值提高了一倍,所以脉冲反转法可以提高非线性超声检测法表征疲劳损伤程度能力,而S-N曲线在疲劳过程中呈先缓慢增长后快速增长,最后下降的趋势,此趋势对应了材料疲劳的3个阶段,而金相组织验证了曲线的准确性,所以通过非线性超声脉冲反转法来预测疲劳寿命是可行的.     

Ultrasonic wave intensity reflected from fretting fatigue cracks at bolt joints of aluminum alloy plates

The in-process ultrasonic measurement was carried out during fatigue testing of the bolted aluminum alloy 2024-T3 plates by using a water bag to obtain the surface acoustic wave (SAW) reflected from a fretting fatigue crack. The echo reflected from the fretting fatigue crack was detected at a position 1.5–2.1 mm ahead of the bolt hole under fastened conditions. In the fatigue process, the intensity of the scattering wave gradually increased in the fretted region ahead of the bolt hole with the number of fatigue cycles, and then a steep increase in the scattering wave intensity was observed. Relationships between the crack length and the average and the peak intensities were also obtained, and the average and peak intensities increased with the crack length. A relationship between the average intensity of the scattering wave and the surface roughness was also obtained. Experimental results suggested that appearance of a fretting fatigue crack in the fretted region caused a steep increase in the scattered wave intensity.     

铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展声发射监测

采用声发射(acoustic emission,AE)技术对7N01铝合金单边缺口三点弯曲试样不同应力比、不同峰值载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展过程中声发射信号进行了监测,建立了裂纹扩展速率、声发射计数(count)与应力强度因子之间的关系.结果表明,大部分的声发射信号主要产生于疲劳循环载荷的低应力阶段,这主要是低应力阶段的声发射活动主要与裂纹尖端的塑性变形和裂纹闭合现象有关,声发射计数与应力强度因子之间呈指数增长的关系.基于所建立的声发射计数率与裂纹扩展速率的关系,可以预测疲劳损伤结构的剩余寿命.     

Comparison of corrosion- fatigue properties of precorroded 6013 bare and 2024 bare aluminum alloy sheet materials

The corrosion- fatigue resistance of precorroded 6013 bare and 2024 bare aluminum alloy sheet materials was evaluated to compare the effect of corrosion on initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The specimens were precorroded in 3.5% NaCl water solution per ASTM G 44 for periods of 4 and 30 days, and then were subjected to cyclic testing to failure in a 3.5% NaCl corrosive environment. The notched 6013 specimens showed better corrosion- fatigue resistance for the longer exposure time only. In all other cases, the 2024 material had better resistance. Fractographic and microstructural examinations sug-gested that the lower corrosion- fatigue life of the 6013 alloy is due to intergranular corrosion. Although the surface corrosion (pitting) on the 2024 alloy appeared severe, there was little evidence of intergranu-lar corrosion in this alloy.     

Tensile and fatigue properties of aluminum alloy sheet 6022

Tensile and fatigue tests were performed on aluminum alloy 6022 T4E29 and T6 sheet specimens in ambient air. The tensile and fatigue properties were compared with other commercial aluminum alloys. The results showed that 6022 alloy has high fatigue strength and good ductility with moderate tensile strength.     

超声冲击对7A52铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

文中对超声冲击处理前后的7A52铝合金焊接接头显微组织、显微硬度以及残余应力进行了分析,并对超声冲击处理前后的接头在不同循环应力比的加载条件下进行了疲劳试验.结果表明,经超声冲击处理后接头塑性变形层厚度在45~70 μm左右,母材区表面硬度提高了170%,焊缝区硬度提高了大约70%,改变了焊态残余应力分布,成功引入了压应力;在疲劳试验中,循环次数为2×106的条件下,加载应力循环比为0.1时,冲击态接头的疲劳强度为60.26 MPa,比疲劳强度为40.74 MPa的焊态试样提高了47.9%,而在加载应力循环比为0.45时,冲击态接头的疲劳强度为46.53 MPa,比疲劳强度为39.97 MPa的焊态试样提高了16.4%.     

Effect of electromagnetic bulging on fatigue behavior of 5052 aluminum alloy

The effect of electromagnetic bulging on the fatigue behavior of the 5052 aluminum alloy was investigated through tensile–tensile fatigue testing. The intriguing finding is that the bulged specimens exhibited enhanced fatigue strength as depicted by maximum stress vs the number of cycles until failure (S–N) curves, by comparison with these original aluminum alloys. Although the fatigue process of the original and budged alloys follows the same mechanism with three distinct steps, namely, crack initiation at a corner of the tested samples, stable crack propagation with typical fatigue striations and finally catastrophic fracture with dimple fractographic features. The typical crack propagation rate vs stress intensity factor range (da/dN–ΔK) curves derived from the spacing of striations reveal a lower crack propagation rate in the bulged specimens. The enhancement of fatigue strength in electromagnetically bulged aluminum alloy is further rationalized in-depth on the basis of strain hardening and dislocation shielding effect.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊疲劳性能研究

研究了2mm厚的6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊接头的疲劳性能。在最优的焊接工艺参数和良好的焊接接头的基础上,完成了点焊接头的疲劳实验,观察分析点焊接头薄弱环节的微观组织和疲劳断口的形貌,并测试接头显微硬度,得到了在一定范围内预测疲劳寿命的表达式。结果表明:疲劳裂纹在上下板间的接头根部起裂,在热影响区和热力影响区的交界处扩展直至断裂;微量元素形成的强化相在很大程度上影响点焊接头的疲劳性能;点焊接头的疲劳寿命随着应力强度因子的变小呈增大趋势。     

6005A铝合金焊接接头预腐蚀对其疲劳性能的影响

6005A铝合金广泛用于高速列车的生产。通过对4 mm厚6005A铝合金焊接接头进行预腐蚀试验及疲劳性能测试,研究不同预腐蚀等级下6005A铝合金焊接接头的疲劳寿命及预腐蚀对焊接接头疲劳强度的影响。结果表明,6005A铝合金焊接接头经预腐蚀后,腐蚀最严重的为熔合线,其次为母材,焊缝腐蚀程度最轻;与未腐蚀试样相比,预腐蚀试样的疲劳极限有一定降低;预腐蚀后焊接接头断裂均在熔合线;断口疲劳源区可发现类解理河流、台阶花样及擦伤痕迹,疲劳扩展区发现明显疲劳条带。