循环流态化焙烧加压浸出从极难浸石煤中提取钒

以广西某极难浸石煤钒矿为研究对象,研究循环流态化焙烧试样在加压浸出条件下的钒浸出率。结果表明:在相同酸浸条件下,循环流态化空白焙烧试样的钒浸出率高于钠化焙烧的钒浸出率。系统的焙烧浸出工艺对比研究表明:该石煤钒矿只有在循环流态化焙烧并加压高浓度酸浸作用下才能获得最高的钒浸出率,应属于极难浸石煤钒矿。在V(H2SO4):V(HF)=1:1和MnO2添加量(质量分数)为3%的条件下,循环流态化空白焙烧矿的最佳酸浸条件为液固比1:1、浸出温度150℃、浸出时间6 h,钒浸出率可达98.11%。同时,研究循环流态化空白焙烧矿加压浸出的动力学模型、浸出控制步骤及表观活化能。循环流态化空白焙烧能避免钠化焙烧产生的Cl2及HCl等有害气体的排放问题。从焙烧反应设备的创新应用着手,探索试验工艺条件,为极难浸石煤钒矿的工业化利用提供参考和依据。     

石煤提钒低温硫酸化焙烧矿物分解工艺

针对石煤提钒常压硫酸浸出能耗高、作业周期长的缺陷,提出石煤低温硫酸化焙烧矿物分解新工艺.以贵州凯里石煤为原料,对石煤低温硫酸化焙烧的时间、焙烧温度、硫酸加入量以及焙砂水浸工艺参数进行研究.结果表明:先对石煤进行低温硫酸化焙烧处理,再将焙砂按液固比1.2 mL/g加水于100 ℃下搅拌浸出2 h,钒的浸出率可达78.2%;而在相同酸矿比和固液比的条件下,采用常压直接酸浸石煤时,在100 ℃下搅拌浸出48 h后,钒的浸出率只有67.8%.石煤通过低温硫酸化焙烧可有效强化矿物分解过程,缩短提钒作业周期,提高酸的利用率及钒的浸出率.     

微波焙烧对石煤提钒的影响

通过微波焙烧与传统焙烧后的对比实验,考察焙烧温度、焙烧时间和添加剂用量对石煤提钒的影响。结果表明,微波焙烧温度为700℃、焙烧60min、添加剂（Na2C03）用量为矿样质量的6％时,V2O5浸出率达到64．1％以上;经微波700℃焙烧120min,矿样中小于0．074mm粒级的含量提高10．0％左右。根据微波焙烧前后矿样粒度的变化,提出了微波焙烧过程矿样裂解模型,用此模型可以解释微波焙烧能够提高石煤中V2O5浸出率的原因。     

石煤提钒过程中钒氧化和转化对钒浸出的影响

采用H2SO4、HF浸出石煤原矿和石煤焙烧料中钒,通过浸出对比实验,考察了钒氧化和转化对钒浸出的影响。结果表明：含钒矿物晶体结构未被破坏时,V（Ⅲ）无法浸出;石煤原矿在3.5 mol/L HF中于60℃浸出8 h后,含钒矿物的晶体结构完全被破坏,钒浸出率可达到97.91%;通过焙烧或在浸出过程中添加NaClO3,可使V（Ⅲ）氧化为V（Ⅳ）或V（Ⅴ）。     

悬浮焙烧法强化从难选石煤中提取钒（英文）

提出一种难选石煤在空气气氛下悬浮焙烧-酸浸强化的提钒新技术。在焙烧温度为800℃、焙烧时间为20 min、气体流量为400 m L/min的条件下钒的浸出率从过去的20%提高到目前技术的47.14%。在焙烧过程中，石煤表面逐渐变得粗糙和不规则，颗粒比表面积增加，硅酸盐矿物的片状结构被破坏，促进了钒的释放。同时，石煤中的钒被氧化为V(Ⅴ)或V(Ⅳ)。结果表明，由于悬浮焙烧过程中钒的释放和转化，因此，其浸出率得到了提高。     

高碳石煤流态化氧化焙烧提高钒的浸出率

采用流态化氧化焙烧方式预处理广西某难浸高碳石煤以提高钒的浸出率,对氧化焙烧过程的热力学和钒的氧化动力学进行了分析,并考察了流态化焙烧对钒浸出率的影响。结果表明:石煤在氧化焙烧过程中,碳、黄铁矿的氧化反应在热力学上比V(Ⅲ)氧化反应更易进行,它们的存在对钒氧化具有抑制作用。钒的氧化反应受扩散动力学控制,其表观活化能为347.00 kJ/mol。钒浸出率随焙烧温度的增加先增加后减小,当焙烧温度为700℃和750℃时,钒浸出率随焙烧时间的延长而增加;当焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间0.5 h时,钒浸出率最高,达97.51%,延长焙烧时间反而不利于钒浸出。与传统的钠化氧化焙烧法相比,浸出率高,环境污染少。     

石煤湿法强化提钒新工艺

分别考察石煤常压氧化酸浸和加压氧化酸浸过程中的钒浸取率.结果表明:采用石煤加压氧化酸浸强化提钒新工艺钒浸出率接近90%,比传统工艺提高15%以上,比现有常压浸出工艺的钒浸出率提高20%,特别是当加入催化剂R时,加压氧化酸浸工艺的优势更为突出.提出石煤加压氧化酸浸新工艺的较佳工艺条件:硫酸酸度约为250 g/L,时间约为4 h,加压釜内压强约为1.2 MPa, 浸出温度为100～120 ℃,催化剂R的用量约为石煤矿量的2.5%.     

钛白废酸加压酸浸转炉钒渣提钒的研究（英文）

研究了以钛白废酸直接加压浸出转炉钒渣提钒的工艺。矿物学研究表明:钒、钛、铁、锰、铬等金属元素形成的尖晶石是转炉钒渣的主要物相。绘制了V-Fe-H2O、V-Ti-H2O、V-Mn-H2O、V-Cr-H2O等三元系150℃高温电位-p H图,明确了酸浸提钒过程的热力学:在低酸度浸出提钒条件下,可溶性离子Fe2+、Fe3+、Mn2+、Cr2+、Cr3+等的热力学稳定与可溶性含钒离子的热力学稳定区重合,酸浸过程中与钒共同进入浸出液中。钛白废酸酸浸正交试验结果表明:温度和初始酸浓度是影响酸浸过程的主要因素。基于正交试验结果,进一步考察温度对浸出过程的影响,结果表明,随着酸浸温度由100℃升高到160℃的过程中,浸出渣中的钛有效富集含量在4.56%至12.0%之间变化,其他离子主要赋存于浸出液中。在较优条件下:温度140℃,液固比10:1,初始酸浓度200 g·L-1,搅拌转速500 r/min,酸浸时间90 min,钒的浸出率为96.85%。     

等离子体诱变菌浸出及石煤的空白焙烧相结合提高石煤中钒浸出效果（英文）

为了提高石煤中钒的浸出效率,采用空白焙烧及微生物浸出相结合的方法,以胶质芽孢杆菌为原始菌,采用等离子体技术对其进行诱变处理。结果表明,培养2天后,照射时间为50s时所得诱变菌B.mucilaginosus BM-50代谢产生的总有机酸含量较原始菌株提高近1倍。含钒石煤浸出20天时,诱变菌B. mucilaginosus BM-50的钒浸出率达到18.2%,相比原始菌的钒浸出率(15.3%)有所提高。空白焙烧预处理可以进一步提高钒浸出效率,浸出20天时,诱变菌B. mucilaginosus BM-50的钒浸出率为68.3%,较未预处理的诱变菌浸出体系的钒浸出率大大提高。研究表明,采用等离子体诱变菌浸出与空白焙烧相结合的方法具有提高低品位石煤钒回收率的巨大潜力。     

石煤氧压酸浸提钒工艺优化

研究石煤一段氧压酸浸过程中硫酸亚铁添加剂对钒浸出率的影响.结果表明:在石煤氧压酸浸过程中加入适量添加剂,钒浸出率可提高8.5%左右.不同气体的压力酸浸实验表明,工业生产过程中,可完全用空气代替工业氧气.采用两段氧压酸浸工艺可有效控制一段浸出液的酸度,并实现钒的选择性浸出,最终一段浸出液的酸度可控制在10 g/L左右,钒浸出率可提高10%.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.