Wavelet-based watermarking for color images through visual masking

In this paper, a wavelet-based watermarking scheme for color images is proposed. The watermarking scheme is based on the design of a color visual model that is the modification of a perceptual model used in the image coding of gray scale images. The model is to estimate the noise detection threshold of each wavelet coefficient in luminance and chrominance components of color images in order to satisfy transparency and robustness required by the color image watermarking technique. The noise detection thresholds of coefficients in each color component are derived in a locally adaptive fashion based on the wavelet decomposition, by which perceptually significant coefficients are selected and a perceptually lossless quantization matrix is constructed for embedding watermarks. Performance in terms of robustness and transparency is obtained by embedding the maximum strength watermark while maintaining the perceptually lossless quality of the watermarked color image. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is more robust than the existing scheme while retaining the watermark transparency.     

Robust watermarking against print and scan attack through efficient modeling algorithm

This article proposes a blind discrete wavelet transform-discrete cosine transform (DWT-DCT) composite watermarking scheme that is robust against print and scan distortions. First, two-dimensional DWT is applied to the original image to obtain the mid-frequency subbands. Then, a one-dimensional DCT is applied to the selected mid-frequency subbands to extract the final coefficients for embedding the watermark. To specify watermarking parameters, we utilize a Genetic Algorithm to achieve a predefined image quality after watermark insertion. Suitable locations for watermarking are determined by analyzing the effect of a modeling algorithm. This model simulates noise and nonlinear attacks in printers and scanners through noise estimation and system identification methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a high robustness against print and scan attack such that its robustness is higher than related watermarking algorithms.     

DCT和DWT域音频水印幅值变化规律分析

 嵌入水印对音频信号波形的影响受到的关注不多.分析得出改变采样序列离散余弦变换(Discrete Cosine Transform,DCT)域某个交流系数时,逆DCT后幅值变化服从余弦曲线,改变离散小波变换(Discrete Wavelet Transform,DWT)域某个近似系数时,重构后采样序列幅值变化呈现为所选小波的尺度函数.并对在DWT-DCT混合域嵌入水印做了讨论.通过推导和实验,得到采样点的改变量与DCT域低频系数的改变量、DWT域近似系数的改变量及混合域低频系数的改变量成线性关系.所得结论有助于发现嵌入算法带给采样点序列的不连续变化而使含水印音频产生可听噪声,也有助于提高水印的嵌入效率.     

一种基于彩色图像的双重水印算法

针对传统水印算法功能单一,抗几何攻击能力较弱的问题,提出了一种基于离散小波变换(DWT)、奇异值分解(SVD)、离散余弦变换(DCT)和HSV空间模型的彩色图像双重水印算法.该算法基本思想是在彩色载体图像中先后嵌入可见水印和不可见水印.根据HSV 空间模型和DCT变换实现二值可见水印自适应嵌入,用来标识版权;通过DWT和SVD变换实现不可见彩色水印的嵌入,用于加强版权保护,利用Zernike矩进行旋转校正.实验结果表明,该算法在保证图像质量的前提下,可见水印具有较好的视觉可见性,不可见水印的抗几何攻击能力得到了提升.双重水印相互作用,功能互补提高了水印的版权保护功能.     

Performance analysis for geometrical attack on digital image watermarking

We present a technique for irreversible watermarking approach robust to affine transform attacks in camera, biomedical and satellite images stored in the form of monochrome bitmap images. The watermarking approach is based on image normalisation in which both watermark embedding and extraction are carried out with respect to an image normalised to meet a set of predefined moment criteria. The normalisation procedure is invariant to affine transform attacks. The result of watermarking scheme is suitable for public watermarking applications, where the original image is not available for watermark extraction. Here, direct-sequence code division multiple access approach is used to embed multibit text information in DCT and DWT transform domains. The proposed watermarking schemes are robust against various types of attacks such as Gaussian noise, shearing, scaling, rotation, flipping, affine transform, signal processing and JPEG compression. Performance analysis results are measured using image processing metrics.     

基于DWT-SVD的大容量音频水印算法

在音频水印领域,嵌入大量水印而不影响宿主音 频的听觉质量,同时具有良好的鲁棒 性,仍然是一项具有挑战的工作。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种大容量,透明,鲁棒的音 频水印算法。首先对音频应用2级离散小波变换(DWT),并选取低频分量作奇异值分解(SV D),然后将水印嵌入在奇异值矩阵的非对角线元素中,可同时提高算法的透明性和嵌入容 量。另外,利用汉明码编码提升水印的鲁棒性和安全性。仿真实验结果表明,所提算法在平 均信噪比37.75 dB的情况下,可以达到5512 bps 的嵌入容量,对噪声添加、滤波、剪切、压缩等各种信号处理攻击具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Optimal Spread Spectrum Watermark Embedding via a Multistep Feasibility Formulation

We consider optimal formulations of spread spectrum watermark embedding where the common requirements of watermarking, such as perceptual closeness of the watermarked image to the cover and detectability of the watermark in the presence of noise and compression, are posed as constraints while one metric pertaining to these requirements is optimized. We propose an algorithmic framework for solving these optimal embedding problems via a multistep feasibility approach that combines projections onto convex sets (POCS) based feasibility watermarking with a bisection parameter search for determining the optimum value of the objective function and the optimum watermarked image. The framework is general and can handle optimal watermark embedding problems with convex and quasi-convex formulations of watermark requirements with assured convergence to the global optimum. The proposed scheme is a natural extension of set-theoretic watermark design and provides a link between convex feasibility and optimization formulations for watermark embedding. We demonstrate a number of optimal watermark embeddings in the proposed framework corresponding to maximal robustness to additive noise, maximal robustness to compression, minimal frequency weighted perceptual distortion, and minimal watermark texture visibility. Experimental results demonstrate that the framework is effective in optimizing the desired characteristic while meeting the constraints. The results also highlight both anticipated and unanticipated competition between the common requirements for watermark embedding.     

一种基于DWT的同步数字音频水印算法

本文提出了一种基于离散小波变换的同步数字音频盲水印算法。嵌入的水印为视觉上可辨的二值图像。算法中引入了嵌入同步信号的思想,利用同步信号定位水印的嵌入位置。为了提高信号的鲁棒性,把同步信号与水印隐藏在DWT域的低频系数中。同时,检测水印时不需要原始音频。仿真实验表明,所提出的方法具有较强的鲁棒性和不可感知性,并能有效抵御各种常见攻击。     

Watermarking Algorithm based on the DWT

Watermarking is considered as a desirable alternative for copyright protection of digital materials such as images, video and audio. Two kinds of watermarking algorithms are usually used: the watermarking algorithms using pseudorandom patterns and those using visual recognizable patterns. The main advantage of watermarking algorithms embedding a visual recognizable pattern, which can be the owner or provider logotype, is that after the extraction process the pattern can be visually recognized and then identified. In general the visual recognizable patterns has a large impact and less ambiguity during the copyright claim process as compared with the random patterns, however the amount of information required by the visual recognizable pattern is much larger than the amount of information required by the pseudorandom one, and then to achieve imperceptibility and robustness of the watermark is more difficult. This paper proposes a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based watermark embedding algorithm for visual recognizable pattern which uses the relation between the human visual system and the DWT for embedding the watermark is such way that it becomes imperceptible and robust. Evaluation results show the desirable features of proposed scheme.     

Watermarking with refined perceptual masking tuned for synthetic aperture radar images

A watermarking scheme designed for remote sensing images needs to meet the same demand of both invisibility as for ordinary digital images.Due to specific perceptual characteristics of Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） images,the watermarking algorithms with consideration of Human Vision System （HVS） modeling from optical images give poor performance when applied on SAR images.This paper examines a variety of factors affecting the noise sensitivity,and further proposes a refined pixel-wise masking approach for watermarking on SAR images.The proposed approach is applied on logarithmic transformed SAR images,and has increased the acceptable watermark embedding strength by about 6 dB to 10 dB while achieving the same levels of watermarked image visual quality.Experimental results show that this approach enhanced the perceptual invisibility of watermarking based on wavelet decomposition.     

基于DWT-PCA和感知哈希的鲁棒零水印算法*

针对数字图像水印容易受到攻击,提出一种基于DWT-PCA和感知哈希的鲁棒零水印算法.首先对原始图像进行多级小波分解,得到小波逼近子图;然后对小波逼近子图进行主成分分析(PCA),取小波逼近子图的第一主成分;通过比较第一主成分中各系数与系数均值的大小关系生成二值序列,即为原始图像的感知哈希序列.结合零水印的概念,水印并未真正嵌入到图像中,而是与图像的感知哈希序列相关联生成密钥,在水印提取过程中使用.实验结果表明,该算法能抵抗较强的常规攻击和一定的几何攻击.     

一种基于特征的自适应水印算法

基于图像多尺度空间理论和扩频机制以及视觉感知模型的特性,给出一种基于特征的数字图像水印算法。算法采用尺度不变特征变换算子提取图像的局部不变特征区域,根据信噪比特点自适应选取水印嵌入强度因子,将一幅二值水印图像嵌入到原始图像中,实现了数字水印的不可感知性和鲁棒性。仿真结果表明,该算法对添加噪声、压缩、旋转等常见的图像处理攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于视觉特性和纹理特征的图像水印算法研究

利用人眼对比敏感度视觉特性和图像的纹理特征,提出了一种彩色图像的水印算法。算法首先依据图像的纹理特征,将图像进行分割;再将水印嵌入到图像纹理复杂的部分,并利用人眼对比敏感阈值控制水印的嵌入量,从而实现水印的嵌入;最后利用逆过程实现水印的提取。同时对3幅不同复杂纹理的图像进行仿真实验,并对3幅含水印图进行5种方式的攻击测试,且与近些年国内外报道的8种水印算法进行对比分析。结果表明,在中间剪切1/4区域、质量因子为20%的压缩和旋转90°较强的攻击下,提取水印的NC值和含水印图的SSIM值均仍能达到0.8以上,且比8种水印算法具有更好的鲁棒性。综合结果表明,在水印嵌入过程中,提出的算法能够有效解决水印容量与视觉透明性、鲁棒性之间的平衡,是一种行之有效的图像水印算法。     

Gray-scale image watermarking using GA-BPN hybrid network

In this paper, a novel watermarking scheme is proposed by embedding a binary watermark into gray-scale images using a hybrid GA-BPN intelligent network. HVS characteristics of the images in DCT domain are used to obtain a sequence of weighting factor from a GA-BPN. This weighting factor is used to embed and extract the watermark from the image in DWT domain. The GA-BPN is trained by 27 inference rules that includes three input HVS parameters namely luminance sensitivity, edge sensitivity computed using threshold and contrast sensitivity computed using variance. The robustness of the embedding scheme is examined by executing seven different image processing attacks. Visual quality of signed images before and after the attacks is examined by PSNR. The extracted watermarks from signed and attacked images show a high degree of similarity with the embedded content. Overall, the algorithm is robust against selected attacks and is well optimized.     

一种新的小波域盲水印算法

文章提出了一种新的小波域鲁棒性水印算法,将载体图像小波变换后的近似子带进行分块,结合HVS,用密钥对子块进行选择,直接进行灰度水印的嵌入。该算法具有嵌入和提取过程十分简单、水印嵌入信息量大、鲁棒性强等突出特点,并能够实现水印盲检测。     

抗JPEG压缩攻击的DWT域图像量化水印算法

分析了DWT域系数对JPEG压缩的稳定性,在此基础提出了一种新的抗JPEG压缩攻击的DWT域图像量化水印算法。此算法在提取水印时无需原始图像。实验结果表明,该算法对嵌入的水印具有很好的透明性,对JPEG压缩攻击具有很强的鲁棒性,对其他常见的图像处理攻击,如亮度调整、对比度调整、加噪声、重采样、颜色抖动和平滑等,均具有很强的鲁棒性。     

改进的基于离散小波变换的数字水印技术

提出一种基于离散小波变换静止图像的数字水印技术，探讨了增强数字水印鲁棒性的方法，首先是新的伪随机序列的生成方法，其次是基于马尔可夫随机场（MRF）提出了自适应的水印嵌入手段，最后提出了提高数字水印对几何变换鲁棒性的基于图像配准技术的数字水印提取技术。     

抗仿射变换的扩频图像水印算法

稳健性是数字水印算法的重要性能指标之一.本文提出了一个抗仿射变换攻击的图像水印盲检测算法.该算法从影响水印稳健性的因素-嵌入策略、水印结构和水印检测的同步三个方面(特别是水印检测同步)来提高水印的稳健性.有意义的水印经过直接序列扩频调制后与一个训练序列一起嵌入于图像DWT域的低频子带.在图像DFT域的中频我们嵌入一个匹配模板.检测时,先检测匹配模板,得到图像所受几何攻击的参数并作几何校正,然后在DWT域根据训练序列作平移同步后检测水印信息.应用所提出的算法,我们把一个由44个字符构成的水印(264 bits)嵌入到一幅512×512×8的图像中,实验结果表明所提出算法在隐藏数据量、对抗常规信号处理和线性几何变换的稳健性方面大大优于已报道的算法.     

Realisation and robustness evaluation of a blind spatial domain watermarking technique

A blind digital image watermarking scheme based on spatial domain is presented and investigated in this paper. The watermark has been embedded in intermediate significant bit planes besides the least significant bit plane at the address locations determined by pseudorandom address vector (PAV). The watermark embedding using PAV makes it difficult for an adversary to locate the watermark and hence adds to security of the system. The scheme has been evaluated to ascertain the spatial locations that are robust to various image processing and geometric attacks JPEG compression, additive white Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, filtering and rotation. The experimental results obtained, reveal an interesting fact, that, for all the above mentioned attacks, other than rotation, higher the bit plane in which watermark is embedded more robust the system. Further, the perceptual quality of the watermarked images obtained in the proposed system has been compared with some state-of-art watermarking techniques. The proposed technique outperforms the techniques under comparison, even if compared with the worst case peak signal-to-noise ratio obtained in our scheme.     

基于DWT的数字水印算法研究

数字水印是在不影响多媒体产品（如数字图像、文档、视频、音频等）使用质量的前提下,将具有特定意义的标记（水印）,按照某种给定算法嵌入到媒体产品中,以实现对该产品的保护或认证。针对数字图像水印技术,比较系统地研究了基于DWT域的两种数字图像水印嵌入算法及对应的提取算法。实验结果表明,两种嵌入算法都有不错的效果;第一种算法对应的提取算法提取出的水印效果不很理想,第二种算法对应的提取算法提取出的水印效果较为理想。