矿物掺合料对地聚合物抗冻性能的影响

以碱激发偏高岭土制备地聚合物混凝土,分别研究了掺入15%的钢渣、矿渣或粉煤灰的地聚合物混凝土的力学抗压强度和抗冻性能,测试了地聚合物混凝土的真空饱水体积吸液率,运用XRD、SEM和DSC-TG等测试方法分析了矿物掺合料对地聚合物微观结构和水化产物的影响。结果表明:钢渣或矿渣能有效提高地聚合物混凝土的抗压强度,而粉煤灰的掺入使其强度稍有降低;地聚合物表观形貌中存在较多的孔洞和微裂缝导致其抗冻性能较差,掺入钢渣或者矿渣后地聚合物形成了新的产物C-S-H凝胶、C-A-S-H凝胶等并填充在结构中形成更加密实的板状结构,降低了地聚合物混凝土冻融破坏速率,五次冻融循环后地聚合物的相对强度均在90%以上,抗冻性能得到提高;粉煤灰降低了制备地聚合物混凝土的用水量且未水化的粉煤灰颗粒镶嵌在结构中增加了其密实性和抗冻性能,五次冻融循环后相对强度为86.9%,基准组的相对强度仅为79.7%。     

Nanoscale mechanical properties of concrete containing blast furnace slag and fly ash before and after thermal damage

Portland cement blended with waste products such as blast furnace slag and fly ash are frequently used to create more sustainable concrete, but their nanoscale mechanical behavior, particularly after thermal damage, has not been well-studied. Here, nanoindentation experiments confirm that concrete produced with blended cements contains hydration products with nearly identical nanoscale mechanical properties to the hydration products found in concretes produced with ordinary Portland cement. The volume fractions of the hydration products, particularly calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) phases, are formed in different proportions with the addition of fly ash and blast furnace slag. After exposure to fire damage, the nanoscale behavior of concretes produced with fly ash and slag also matches the nanoscale behavior of conventional concretes. This suggests that any macroscopic differences between fire damage behavior of blended cement concrete and ordinary Portland cement concrete must have origins in a larger length scale.     

矿渣对道路混凝土表面透气和吸水性影响

研究不同掺量的矿渣对硅酸盐水泥混凝土表面透气和吸水性能的影响规律,并对其作用机理进行探讨。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和孔隙分析(MIP),对水化生成物、混凝土微观结构和孔结构及其孔分布进行分析。结果表明:添加矿渣可以改善混凝土的表面透气和吸水性能。掺加15%矿渣对改善混凝土表面透气和吸水效果较显著,其透气和吸水系数分别为0.035和0.8,均小于基准混凝土。这是由于矿渣具有微集料效应和潜在水化活性造成的。随着矿渣掺量的增加,混凝土表面的透气和吸水性能随之降低。     

Microcracking and chloride permeability of concrete under uniaxial compression

In the previous studies on microcracks and rapid chloride permeability tests, microcracks were quantified in terms of total crack length. This was carried out by examining concrete slices after compression tests. No attempts have been made to characterise the microcracks during the compression test prior to the chloride permeability test. In the present study, concrete cylinders were loaded under uniaxial compression between 30% and 95% of the ultimate strength. A non-destructive method of microcrack evaluation was used to study the progressive microcracking in concrete cylinders during compression tests. After the compression test, a rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) (ASTM C1202) was carried out on a specimen cut from the same cylinder. The total crack length was also determined from the same specimen to compare with the observed microcracking behaviour, assessed by the non-destructive testing. The characteristics of the microcracks in terms of the specific crack area are different when a concrete is under a load and when it is completely unloaded. The chloride permeability of a concrete (after it was unloaded) appears to be influenced by the occurrence of a certain stress level known as the critical stress. When the critical stress is exceeded in a concrete specimen, a comparatively large chloride permeability was measured. Where the critical stress in a specimen is not exceeded, the increase in the permeability is marginal in spite of the large increase in microcracks.     

Microfracture in polycrystalline solids

This paper is concerned with the nucleation of microcracks in single-phase and polyphase polycrystalline solids. Since microcracks in polycrystalline solids are mostly formed at grain boundaries, the subject of microcracking at grain boundaries is given considerable attention. It is emphasized that in certain single-phase polycrystalline solids such as metals and ceramics, spontaneous microcracks do not form; on the other hand, the stress-induced microcracks have a tendency to propagate indefinitely under a uniaxial tensile loading. A fracture process is suggested for single-phase polycrystalline solids, which is consistent with the dislocation theories of microcracking, and adequately explains the effect of hydrostatic loading on fracture.     

矿渣水泥水化产物平衡体系的研究

通过分析硅酸盐水泥熟料矿物组成、水化特性,矿渣的化学组成和水化过程,研究了普通矿渣水泥、碱矿渣水泥水化产物平衡体系的稳定性,并根据矿渣水泥系统水化产物稳定存在的条件,研制了适用于高掺量矿渣水泥的复合外加剂。     

Load effects on fracture of concrete

Failure of concrete under any type of loading is associated with the development of visible cracks and very large inelastic deformations. These cracks are the precipitation of internal microcracks under high strains. The concrete system consists of microcracks even before the application of load. These microcracks propagate under different types of loading to form failure planes with a resulting loss in structural strength leading to failure. This paper discusses the formation of microcracks in concrete under short-term and sustained loadings. Concrete specimens were subjected to constant and incremental sustained loading and the deformations observed are related to the intensity of microcracking. The results show that at equal strains, the degree of internal microcracking is considerably reduced if the sustained load is applied incrementally over a period of time rather than applied as a step. It is concluded that the development of combined bond and mortar cracks is essential to cause failure under sustained loading. The longer the time to failure the higher the intensity of internal cracking at failure.     

复合外加剂对铬铁渣基复合材料水化机理的影响

采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、差热-热重同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析铬铁渣基复合材料的水化产物的物相组成、微观结构和形貌特征,用甲醇法测定了复合材料的孔隙率。研究了复合外加剂对复合材料水化性能的影响及其作用机理。研究表明:掺入外加剂能显著提高复合材料的早期强度,水化初期大量的钙矾石(AFt)和水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-SH)是复合材料早期强度的主要来源,水化后期外加剂能促进铬铁渣、矿渣等的二次水化反应,使其水化速度增长较快。C-S-H凝胶的不断形成和增多及其对体系孔隙的填充使复合材料的结构更加致密。     

有机仿钢纤维和钢纤维对钢渣混凝土性能的影响

研究有机仿钢纤维和钢纤维对含钢渣的硅酸盐水泥混凝土力学性能的影响规律,从而选出最佳掺量,并对其作用机理进行探讨。利用水银压入测孔仪和电化学分析仪,对养护28 d混凝土中的水化产物组成及其水化混凝土孔结构及分布、微观结构进行测试分析。结果表明:添加钢渣能够降低水泥混凝土的早期强度,但随着时间的延长,添加适量钢渣可以提高混凝土结构的致密性,提高后期强度。添加适量钢纤维和仿钢纤维亦可提高混凝土的力学性能。钢渣、钢纤维和仿钢纤维的最佳掺量分别为:w(钢渣)=30%,φ(钢纤维)=1.0%,φ(仿钢纤维)=0.7%。     

碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作硅酸盐水泥混合材水化性能研究

通过对钢渣碳酸化前后的硅酸盐相提取及水化放热性能和将碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作为混合材的硅酸盐水泥的胶砂强度和水化产物种类的测定,以及对它们微观形貌的观察,研究了碳酸化钢渣对胶凝体系水化性能的影响.结果表明,碳酸化使钢渣中硅酸盐相的含量由47.06％下降至14.38％;碳酸化促进了钢渣的早期水化,抑制其后期水化;在配比相同的条件下,碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的3、28d抗压强度较未碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的高;碳酸化生成的CaCO3促进了熟料的水化;碳酸化钢渣促进了胶凝体系中AFt的生成,且生成水合碳铝酸钙.     

矿物掺合料早期水化活性的测试和分析

本文采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)和热重-差热(TG-DTA)分析仪对磨细矿渣微粉、高钙粉煤灰、低钙粉煤灰的早期水化活性进行了系统测试和分析.理论和试验结果分析表明,掺合料取代水泥时,浆体早期抗压强度的提高取决于掺合料自身参与水化反应的速度和水化产物的数量.水化产物在掺合料颗粒表面沉积的速度和浆体中硅酸盐、铝酸盐水化产物的非蒸发水量随掺合料活性的提高而提高.掺合料活性按磨细矿渣微粉、高钙粉煤灰、低钙粉煤灰的顺序降低,将磨细矿渣微粉或高钙粉煤灰与低钙粉煤灰复合,可以克服低钙粉煤灰大掺量取代水泥时混凝土早期强度降低的缺陷,这是提高低钙粉煤灰在高强高性能混凝土中掺量的一个有效措施.     

Long-term deformations and cracking risk of concrete with high content of mineral additions

This paper presents results from a study on long-term deformations of concrete with a high content of mineral additions, such as blast-furnace slag and fly ash. Autogenous and drying shrinkage were monitored. The kinetics and magnitude of these deformations are modified by the type and content of mineral additions. This behaviour is mainly due to the slow advancement of their hydration reaction and to the evolution of their microstructure during the first days. Mechanical properties were also affected by mineral additions. All these modifications led to an increase in cracking susceptibility of concrete mixtures with blast-furnace slag. But their optimisation in terms of mechanical performance allowed reducing their cracking risk. An analytical model (Eurocode 2) was also applied for comparison. The prediction of the total shrinkage of the studied concrete mixtures was found to be satisfactory, but the autogenous shrinkage of concrete mixtures with mineral additions was significantly underestimated.     

混凝土的充水空间与水化产物填充理论

混凝土的充水空间与水化产物填充理论研究的是混凝土充水空间的特性及其被水化产物填充的一般规律。充水空间的特性及其被填充的密实程度和完全程度决定硬化混凝土的性能，而其被填充的密实程度和完全程度又取决于充水空间的大小、水化产物的总量以及混凝土浇筑成型后拌合水是否损失。水化产物填充理论是混凝土的生长发育理论，是由于高抗渗规律的发现而逐渐形成的理论。这一理论已经在实际工程中得到应用，有效控制了混凝土工程裂与渗的质量通病。加强对这一理论的研究，对于我们正确认识混凝土的硬化规律、驾驭混凝土的性能、控制好硬化混凝土的质量、提高混凝土的耐久性都有着十分重要的意义。     

Microscopic observations of samples affected by delayed ettringite formation (DEF)

This article, which deals with the study of the microscopic modifications of DEF-affected materials, has two main objectives. The first one is to study the influence of sample preparation on the microcracks of specimens observed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that direct observations of the samples are inappropriate because they produce cracks that are not ascribable to the pathology. It is therefore preferable to use an indirect technique of observation such as the replica technique. This technique was developed in the 1980s and used to study the evolution of microcracking due to mechanical damage to the concrete. The results presented in this article show that it is possible to use this technique to study the microcracking associated with delayed ettringite formation. The second objective is to study ettringite formation during the swelling of DEF-affected specimens. The main results show that secondary ettringite is initially formed in the paste–aggregate interface even at low levels of expansion. For these levels of expansion, there is no trace of secondary ettringite or microcracks observable in the paste. However, for higher expansions, cracks filled with ettringite appear in the paste.     

Simulation of a temperature rise in concrete incorporating fly ash or slag

Granulated slag from metal industries and fly ash from the combustion of coal are among the industrial by-products and have been widely used as mineral admixtures in normal and high strength concrete. Due to the reaction between calcium hydroxide and fly ash or slag, compared with Portland cement, the hydration of concrete containing fly ash or slag is much more complex. In this paper, by considering the producing of calcium hydroxide in cement hydration and the consumption of it in the reaction of mineral admixtures, a numerical model is proposed to simulate the hydration of concrete containing fly ash or slag. The heat evolution rate of fly ash or slag blended concrete is determined from the contribution of both cement hydration and the reaction of mineral admixtures. Furthermore, a temperature rise in blended concrete is evaluated based on the degree of hydration of cement and mineral admixtures. The proposed model is verified with experimental data on the concrete with different water-to-cement ratios and mineral admixtures substitution ratios.     

超早期混凝土爆破安全振动速度的讨论

在已有的超早期混凝土爆破震动作用下的安全振速试验的基础上,根据混凝土的微观结构、混凝土的水泥水化过程及强度发展规律,分析了超早期混凝土的安全质点振动速度。结果表明:超早期混凝土受到轻微的振动损伤时产生的微裂隙由于水泥水化的继续进行能够愈合,超早期混凝土的安全振动速度在3.0cm/s以上,具有一定的抗爆破震动能力。     

超早期混凝土爆破安全振动速度的讨论

在已有的超早期混凝土爆破震动作用下的安全振速试验的基础上,根据混凝土的微观结构、混凝土的水泥水化过程及强度发展规律,分析了超早期混凝土的安全质点振动速度。结果表明:超早期混凝土受到轻微的振动损伤时产生的微裂隙由于水泥水化的继续进行能够愈合,超早期混凝土的安全振动速度在3.0cm/s以上,具有一定的抗爆破震动能力。     

A method for predicting the alkali concentrations in pore solution of hydrated slag cement paste

The alkalinity of the pore liquid in hardened cement paste or concrete is important for the long-term evaluation of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion and corrosion prevention of steel bar in steel reinforced structures among others. It influences the reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials as well. This paper focuses on the alkali binding in hydrated slag cement paste and a method for predicting the alkali concentrations in the pore solution is developed. The hydration of slag cement is simulated with a computer-based model CEMHYD3D. The amount of alkalis released by the cement hydration, quantities of hydration products, and volume of the pore solution are calculated from the model outputs. A large set of experimental results reported in different literatures are used to derive the alkali-binding capacities of the hydration products and practical models are proposed based on the computation results. It was found that the hydrotalcite-like phase is a major binder of alkalis in hydrated slag cement paste, and the C?CS?CH has weaker alkali-binding capacity than the C?CS?CH in hydrated Portland cement paste. The method for predicting the alkali concentrations in the pore solution of hydrated slag cement paste is used to investigate the effects of different factors on the alkalinity of pore solution in hydrated slag cement paste.     

Microcracking and strength development of alkali activated slag concrete

Alkali activated slag concrete (AASC) is made by activating ground granulated blast furnace slag with alkalis without the use of any Portland cement. This study investigates the level of microcracking which occurs in AASC when subjected to various types of curing regimes. The corresponding compressive strength developments of AASC were monitored. The level of microcracking were measured using three different types of tests: (1) frequency and size of surface cracks using crack-detection microscope (2) water sorptivity tests measuring absorption of water by capillary attraction and (3) mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests which measured the pore size distribution of AASC and AAS pastes (AASPs). The results show that the lack of moist curing of AASC increased the level of microcracking measured using all three different tests mentioned above. The strength development of AASC is also significantly reduced by lack of moist curing.