Al-3%Cu-2%Li合金的热变形行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟仪上进行热压缩实验,研究了变形温度为350~500℃,应变速率为0.001,0.01,0.1和1s-1时Al-3%Cu-2%Li合金的热变形行为。利用双曲正弦本构关系分析热变形中的流变应力,采用金相分析热变形中合金的显微组织变化。结果表明,该合金流变应力的大小受变形温度、应变速率的强烈影响,它随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大,该合金高温流变应力可采用Zener-Hollomon参数的函数来描述,其热变形激活能为325.48kJ/mol。     

Hot deformation behavior of the new Al–Mg–Si–Cu aluminum alloy during compression at elevated temperatures

The hot deformation behavior of the new Al–Mg–Si–Cu aluminum alloy was investigated by compression tests in the temperature range 350 °C–550 °C and strain rate range 0.005 s^− 1–5 s^− 1 using Gleeble-1500 system, and the associated structural changes were studied by observations of metallographic and TEM. The results show that the true stress–true strain curves exhibit a peak stress at a small strain (< 0.15), after which the flow stresses decrease monotonically until high strains, showing a dynamic flow softening. The stress level decreases with increasing deformation temperature and decreasing strain rate, which can be represented by a Zener-Hollomon parameter in an exponent-type equation with the hot deformation activation energy Q of 236 kJ/mol. The substructure in the deformed specimens consists of very small amount and fine precipitates with equaixed polygonized subgrains in the elongated grains and developed serrations in the grain boundaries, indicating that the dynamic flow softening is mainly as the result of dynamic recovery (DR) and recrystallization (RDX).     

Hot compressive deformation behavior of 7075 Al alloy under elevated temperature

The hot compression tests were conducted with wide strain rates and forming temperature ranges to study the high-temperature deformation behavior of 7075 Al alloy. The material flow behavior and microstructural evolution during hot-forming process are discussed. Based on the measured stress–strain data, a new constitutive model is proposed, considering the coupled effects of strain, strain rate, and forming temperature on the material flow behavior of 7075 Al alloy. In the proposed model, the material constants are presented as functions of forming temperature. The proposed constitutive model gives good correlations with the experimental results, which confirms that the proposed model can give an accurate and precise estimate of flow stress for 7075 Al alloy.     

GWN751K镁合金热压缩实验研究

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟机上进行了单向热压缩试验,研究了GWN751K镁合金在变形温度为623-773K,应变速率为0.002-2s-1条件下热变形行为,变形量为60%.结果表明,在相同变形温度条件下,流变应力随变形速率的增加而上升,在相同的应变速率条件下,流变应力随着变形温度的升高而下降,计算出其平均激活能Q为228.61kJ/mol,应力指数n为4.2.根据材料动态模型,计算并分析了GWN751K合金的热加工图,并确定了合适的挤压加工条件为723K,0.01/s.通过对合金的挤压试验研究,验证了加工条件,挤压后的合金断裂强度为320MPa,延伸率为18%,较铸态合金有显著提高.     

Tensile deformation behavior of spray-deposited FVS0812 heat-resistant aluminum alloy sheet at elevated temperatures

The tensile deformation behavior of spray deposited FVS0812 heat-resistant aluminum alloy sheet was studied by uniaxial tension tests at temperatures ranging from 250 °C to 450 °C and strain rates from 0.001 to 0.1 s^− 1. The associated fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the degree of work-hardening increases with decreasing temperature, and exhibits a small decrease with increasing strain rate; the strain rate sensitivity exponent increases with increasing temperature. The flow stress increases with increasing strain rate but decreases with increasing temperature. The total elongations to fracture increase not only with increasing temperature, but also with increasing strain rate, which is in marked contrast with the normal inverse dependence of elongation on the strain rate exhibited by conventional aluminum alloy sheets. The SEM fracture analysis indicates that the dependence of elongation on the strain rate may be due to the presence of a transition from plastic instability at lower strain rates to stable deformation at higher strain rates for fine-grained materials produced by spray deposition.     

Hot compressive deformation behavior of the as-quenched A357 aluminum alloy

The objective of the present work was to establish an accurate thermal-stress mathematical model of the quenching operation for A357 (Al–7Si–0.6Mg) alloy and to investigate the deformation behavior of this alloy. Isothermal compression tests of as-quenched A357 alloy were performed in the temperature range of 350–500 °C and at the strain rate range of 0.001–1 s⁻¹. Experimental results show that the flow stress of as-quenched A357 alloy decreases with the increase of temperature and the decrease of strain rate. Based on the hyperbolic sine equation, a constitutive equation is a relation between 0.2 pct yield stress and deformation conditions (strain rate and deformation temperature) was established. The corresponding hot deformation activation energy (Q) for as-quenched A357 alloy is 252.095 kJ/mol. Under the different small strains (≤0.01), the constitutive equation parameters of as-quenched A357 alloy were calculated. Values of flow stress calculated by constitutive equation were in a very good agreement with experimental results. Therefore, it can be used as an accurate thermal-stress model to solve the problems of quench distortion of parts.     

Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of Ag-containing 2519 aluminum alloy

The hot deformation behaviors of Ag-containing 2519 aluminum alloy were studied by isothermal compression at 300–500 °C with strain rates from 0.01 s⁻¹ to 10 s⁻¹. The microstructural evolution of the alloy was investigated using Polyvar-MET optical microscope and Tecnai G² 20 transmission electron microscope (TEM). It has been shown that the flow stress of the alloy increases with increasing the strain rate and decreasing the deformation temperature. When the strain rate is lower than 10 s⁻¹, the flow stress increases with increasing strain until the stress reached the peak value, after which the flow stress remains almost constant. This result indicates that dynamic recovery happens during deformation. When the strain rate is 10 s⁻¹ and the temperature is higher than 300 °C, serrated flow behavior is generally observed with the stress decreasing with increasing strain, a typical phenomenon of dynamic recrystallization.     

6063铝合金压缩实验摩擦修正及高温流动应力模型

本构关系是影响模拟结果准确性的重要因素之一,本文采用一种数值模拟和压缩实验相结合的方法鼓度法,即由鼓度θ估算摩擦因子,然后通过主应力法公式去除压缩实验中摩擦因素的影响,得到6063铝合金的真实应力-应变曲线,并回归出本构方程.     

Filament formation during elevated temperature deformation of high purity ultrafine-grained aluminum

Ultrafine-grained aluminum materials were processed by hot isostatic pressing of aluminum nanopowders (99.7 wt.% purity). Quasi-static compression tests were carried out at a strain rate of 2 × 10^− 4 s^− 1 at 200 °C. Scanning electron microscopy investigations of fracture surfaces or cavities that were formed during straining reveal the presence of filaments. The number and dimensions of the filaments depend on the shielding effect of the native amorphous alumina film that forms on the surface of the nanoparticles in the starting powder. After crystallization of the amorphous, extensive filament formation is observed.     

Microstructure evolution of ZK40 magnesium alloy during high strain rate compression deformation at elevated temperatures

Abstract

Microstructure evolution of the homogenised ZK40 magnesium alloy was investigated during compression in the temperature range of 250–400°C and at the strain rate range of 0·01–50 s^?1. At a higher strain rate (?10 s^?1), dynamic recrystallisation developed extensively at grain boundaries and twins, resulting in a more homogeneous microstructure than the other conditions. The hot deformation characteristics of ZK40 exhibited an abnormal relationship with the strain rate, i.e., the hot workability increased with increasing the strain rate. However, the dynamic recrystallisation grain size was almost the same with increasing the temperature at the strain rate of 10 s^?1, while it increased obviously at the strain rates of 20 and 50 s^?1. Therefore, hot deformation at the strain rate of 10 s^?1 and temperature range of 250–400°C was desirable and feasible for the ZK40 alloy.     

Cu-2.32Ni-0.57Si-0.05P合金热压缩变形研究

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,对Cu-2.32Ni-0.57Si-0.05P合金在应变速率为0.01～5s-1、变形温度为600～800℃、最大变形程度为60%条件下,进行恒温压缩模拟实验研究.分析了实验合金在高温变形时的流变应力、应变速率及变形温度之间的关系,研究了变形温度对合金显微组织的影响.计算了合金高温热压缩变形时的应力指数n、应力参数α、结构因子A以及平均热变形激活能Q.结果表明:合金的流变应力随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大.热变形过程的流变应力可用双曲正弦本构关系来描述.当变形温度高于750℃时,合金流变曲线呈现出明显的动态再结晶特征,合金显微组织为完全的动态再结晶组织.合金的热加工宜在应变速率为0.1～1s-1、温度为700～800℃范围内进行.     

Cyclic deformation behaviour of a nickel base alloy at elevated temperature

Low cycle fatigue tests for a hot extruded Nickel base alloy tube material have been performed at room temperature and at 204°C. The alloy shows a normal hardening and softening cyclic stress-strain response at room temperature. At 204°C, however, the cyclic stress-strain response shows a strain hardening first, followed by a relatively stable stress and finally a secondary cyclic strain hardening. This stable stress disappears with increasing strain amplitude. The mechanisms of the secondary cyclic strain hardening have also been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Besides dislocation multiplication, interactions between stacking faults and moving dislocations and between interstitial atoms and moving dislocations could also contributed to this secondary cyclic strain hardening. The formation of micro-twins during cyclic loading at 204°C and its influence on the cyclic stress-strain response were also discussed.     

Hot deformation of AA6082-T4 aluminum alloy

High-temperature tensile deformation of 6082-T4 Al alloy was conducted in the range of 623–773 K at various strain rates in the range of 5 × 10⁻⁵ to 2 × 10⁻² s⁻¹. Stress dependence of the strain rate revealed a stress exponent, n of 7 throughout the ranges of temperatures and strain rates tested. This stress exponent is higher than what is usually observed in Al–Mg alloys under similar experimental conditions, which implies the presence of threshold stress. This behavior results from dislocation interaction with second phase particles (Mg₂Si). The experimental threshold stress values were calculated, based on the finding that creep rate is viscous glide controlled, based on creep tests conducted on binary Al–1Mg at 673 K, that gave n a value of 3. The threshold stress (σ _o) values were seen to decrease exponentially with temperature. The apparent activation energy for 6082-T4 was calculated to be about 245 kJ mol⁻¹, which is higher than the activation energy for self-diffusion in Al (Q _d = 143 kJ mol⁻¹) and for the diffusion of Mg in Al (115–130 kJ mol⁻¹). By incorporating the threshold stress in the analysis, the true activation energy was calculated to be about 107 kJ mol⁻¹. Analysis of strain rate dependence in terms of the effective stress (σ − σ _o) using normalized parameters, revealed a single type of deformation behavior. A plot of normalized strain rate () versus normalized effective stress (σ − σ _o)/G, on a double logarithmic scale, gave an n value of 3. Ehab A. El-Danaf—on leave from the Department of Mechanical Design and Production, College of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.     

ZK60镁合金热压缩变形行为

为了研究ZK60镁合金的热变形行为,采用Gleebe-1500热模拟机在变形温度为423～673K、应变速率为0.001～10s-1条件下对合金进行的热压缩试验.分析合金流变应力与应变速率、变形温度之间的关系,通过引入Z参数建立合金流变应力本构方程,并观察合金变形过程中的显微组织演变.结果表明:变形温度低于473K且应变速率大于0.1s-1时试样发生宏观开裂;在变形温度较高和应变速率较低时,合金真应力-真应变曲线具有动态再结晶特征.随变形温度升高和应变速率的降低流变应力减小,热压缩后的组织中再结晶现象越明显;应变速率越高,再结晶晶粒越细小.     

新型Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Er-Zr合金的热变形行为EI北大核心CSCD

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟机研究Al-8.9Zn-1.3Mg-0.1Sc-0.1Er-0.1Zr铝合金的热变形行为,构建温度380~440℃、应变速率0.01~10 s^(-1)区间内合金的热加工图,使用X射线衍射(XRD)、选区电子衍射(SAED)与能谱(EDS)对合金中存在的物相进行分析,并使用金相显微镜(OM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察合金热变形后的微观组织。结果表明:合金的最佳热加工工艺参数区间为:400℃相似文献   

Hot deformation behavior of Cu-bearing antibacterial titanium alloy

We investigated the deformation behavior of a new biomedical Cu-bearing titanium alloy (Ti-645 (Ti-6.06Al-3.75V-4.85Cu, in wt%)) to optimize its microstructure control and the hot-working process. The results showed that true stress–true strain curve of Ti-645 alloy was susceptible to both deformation temperature and strain rate. The microstructure of Ti-645 alloy was significantly changed from equiaxed grain to acicular one with the deformation temperature while a notable decrease in grain size was recorded as well. Dynamic recovery (DRV) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) obviously existed during the thermal compression of Ti-645 alloy. The apparent activation energies in (α?+?β) phase and β single phase regions were calculated to be 495.21?kJ?mol^?1 and 195.69?kJ?mol^?1, respectively. The processing map showed that the alloy had a large hot-working region whereas the optimum window occurred in the strain rate range of 0.001–0.1?s^?1, and temperature range of 900–960?°C and 1000–1050?°C. The obtained results could provide a technological basis for the design of hot working procedure of Ti-645 alloy to optimize the material design and widen the potential application of Ti-645 alloy in clinic.     

Hot deformation behavior of an extruded Mg-Li-Zn-RE alloy

A new Mg-7.8%Li-4.6%Zn-0.96%Ce-0.85%Y-0.30%Zr alloy has been developed. α phase, β phase and RE-containing intermetallics formed in the alloy. It is found that the alloy can easily be extruded at 260 °C with σ_0.2 = 256 MPa, σ_b = 260 MPa and δ = 14%. Hot deformation behavior of the extruded alloy was studied using the processing map technique. Compression tests were conducted in the temperature range of 250-450 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s⁻¹ and the flow stress data obtained from the tests were used to develop the processing map. The different efficiency domains and flow instability region corresponding to various microstructural characteristics have been identified as follows: (1) Domain I occurs in the temperature range of 250-275 °C and strain rate range of 1-10 s⁻¹, with a peak efficiency of about 50% at 250 °C/10 s⁻¹. Incomplete DRX process has occurred in β phase and DRX process hardly occurs in α phase; (2) Domain II occurs in the temperature range of 250-275 ?C and strain rate range of 0.001-0.003 s⁻¹, with a peak efficiency of about 42% at 250 °C/0.001 s ⁻¹. Incomplete DRX process has occurred in β phase and α phase; (3) Domain III occurs in the temperature range of 400-450 °C and strain rate range of 1-10 s⁻¹, with a peak efficiency of about 42% at 450 °C/10 s⁻¹. Complete DRX process has occurred in β phase and α phase. No cracking, cavity and band of flow localization are observed in flow instability region. The optimum parameters for hot working of the alloy are 250 °C/10 s⁻¹ and 250 °C/0.001 s⁻¹, at which fine dynamic recrystallization microstructure will be achieved. RE-containing intermetallics and α phase accelerate the DRX process in β phase. The softer β phase reduces the driving force for DRX process in α phase, so DRX process in α phase is retarded.     

Creep deformation and monotonic stress-strain behavior of Haynes alloy 556 at elevated temperatures

Creep and monotonic stress-strain behaviors of Haynes alloy 556 are studied and characterized at elevated temperatures using experimental results and analytical models. The -Projection and Garofalo creep models describe the variations of the creep curve shape at different temperatures and stress levels reasonably well. The -Projection method, however, results in accurate prediction of the rupture lives, while Garofalo model overestimates them. Both models provide fair predictions of minimum creep rate variations with stress at a given temperature. An incremental time method, which combines the time independent stress-strain data from standard tensile test with the creep data, is used to predict the stress-strain curve in slow-strain-rate tensile tests at elevated temperatures.