双波长高阶光栅分布布拉格反射半导体激光器的研究

为了获得适用于非线性差频法产生太赫兹波的双波长半导体激光器,设计并利用普通光刻技术制备了一种双波长高阶光栅分布布拉格反射(DBR)激光器。这种DBR激光器是在条宽为100μm的光波导上,制备了一组周期为9.5μm,沟槽宽度为1.36μm,光栅长度为100μm的高阶光栅结构,实现高功率连续双波长激射,短波长光模式的边模抑制比大于35 d B,长波长光模式的边模抑制比为39 d B,光谱半峰全宽均为0.04 nm,双波长间隔大于0.58nm,适用于光混频产生太赫兹波。注入电流1.2 A时,实现了单边88 m W的高功率激射。提出了一种可实现高功率双波长激光输出的高阶光栅DBR激光器结构,为双波长半导体激光器的大规模生产提供了一种新方法。     

使用激光技术获得太赫兹电磁波

太赫兹电磁波有很多潜在的应用领域,但是至今还没有一种简便的产生太赫兹电磁波的方法.TOPTICA Photonics公司的Anselm Deninger和Thomas Renner对使用分布反馈二极管激光器和飞秒光纤激光器这两种产生太赫兹电磁波的方法进行了分析和比较.     

基于衍射光栅耦合输出的一级分布反馈太赫兹量子级联激光器

对比研究了两种不同结构太赫兹波段的双金属波导一级分布反馈量子级联激光器(THz-DFB-QCL).提出并实现基于衍射光栅耦合输出的THz-DFB-QCL中,太赫兹波通过衍射光栅而非解理腔面形成出射.计算表明,优化衍射光栅的结构可实现约70%的激光输出效率和小于1%的反射率,激光发散角约为10°×50°.极低的反射率可以有效抑制反射波对腔内谐振的干扰,是获得单模激射的关键.实验上,利用衍射光栅耦合输出的激光器实现了频率约2.58 THz的稳定单模激光,边模抑制比达23 dB,光束分布与理论计算相吻合.得益于较好的衍射效率和光束准直性,相比于常规的解理腔面边发射激光器,通过衍射光栅耦合输出显著提升了激光功率.     

硅基氮化镓波长可调DFB激光器的模拟分析

基于严格耦合波以及介质平板波导理论,构建了硅基氮化镓分布反馈激光器的二维稳态物理模型。且利用多物理场直接耦合分析软件Comsol Multiphysics求解波动方程,得到了分布反馈激光器在可见光各波段形成单模输出的电场模一维、二维图谱,以及相对应的入射波长与电场模关系曲线。结合硅基光微机电系统技术和微加工技术,本文提出利用悬空的自支撑氮化镓周期可调光子光栅实现分布反馈激光器波长可调。数值模拟表明,在光栅的格子数目、光栅厚度、光栅宽度以及有源层厚度一定的情况下,改变光栅周期可以实现分布反馈激光器输出不同波长激光。理论分析与仿真结果基本一致,证明所建立激光器模型具有一定的合理性,得出的仿真数据为实现分布反馈激光器波长可调提供了有意义的参考。     

基于SSP的双侧开口型金属光栅实现太赫兹波的场增强与紧聚焦

基于金属光栅结构的SSP色散曲线,本文设计了一种一侧均匀另一侧非均匀且中间开 口排布的铜带 光栅结构,用于在太赫兹波段实现紧聚焦和场增强。研究表明,当0.57 THz入射的平面 波经双侧开口型金 属光栅后,可产生明显的局域电磁场增强与紧聚焦效应,其中增强因子Q=59.9,紧聚焦焦斑的半高全宽 约为7.5 μm (1/70λ)。此外,将单个双侧开口型金属光栅视为一个独立的单元,将其在一维横向和纵向进 行排列或延伸,研究了这种结构对太赫兹波的光场调控特性。研究发现,0.57 THz入射的平面波经横 向排列的单元结构后可以生成一维的焦斑阵列,其焦斑阵列所对应的半高全宽约为 7.5 μm。同时,0.57 THz 入射的平面波经纵向延伸的结构后可产生纵向焦线,其焦线的长度为100 μm,并且焦线的宽度约为7.5 μm。 这种周期性结构所产生的焦斑阵列和纵向焦线在提高太赫兹近场成像的速度方面具有明显的 优势。     

增益导引折射率反导引大模场光纤激光器特性分析

为了研究增益导引折射率反导引光纤激光器的功率分布及输出特性,根据此类光纤的结构原理和特点,建立了端面抽运的增益导引折射率反导引光纤激光器的基模光速率方程,推导了避免激发高阶模的增益阈值判决条件,并运用弦切法和Runge-Kutta法数值求解了该速率方程,分析了光纤长度、腔镜反射率等参量对基模输出功率的影响.采用芯径为1...     

全息光刻制备LC-DFB及光栅刻蚀优化

成功制备出室温激射波长为2 μm的GaSb基侧向耦合分布反馈量子阱激光器.采用全息曝光及电感耦合等离子体刻蚀技术制备二阶布拉格光栅.优化了光栅制备的刻蚀条件,并获得室温2 μm单纵模激射.激光器输出光功率超过5 mW,最大边模抑制比达到24 dB.     

预群聚电子束团辐射特性

研究了预群聚电子束团沿周期性理想金属光栅表面平行移动时产生的史密斯-帕塞尔辐射(SPR).详细分析了电子束团能量、束团群聚长度、具有不同电流密度分布的电子束团以及光栅结构对辐射特性的影响,同时研究了多个群聚束团的辐射.分析发现,电子束团能量增加、束团群聚尺寸变小以及光栅周期变短,辐射能量角分布峰值所对应的频率明显向高频方向移动;光栅周期与电子束团参量相同的条件下,三角形光栅辐射能量角分布峰值所对应的频率明显高于正弦光栅;群聚束团尺寸越小辐射能量越大,并且束团的纵向群聚长度对辐射能量与辐射频率起主要作用.研究结果表明,通过合理选择光栅尺寸与束团参量,可获得工作频率锁定的太赫兹(THz)波段辐射.     

全息光刻制备LC-DFB及光栅刻蚀优化（英文）

成功制备出室温激射波长为2μm的Ga Sb基侧向耦合分布反馈量子阱激光器.采用全息曝光及电感耦合等离子体刻蚀技术制备二阶布拉格光栅.优化了光栅制备的刻蚀条件,并获得室温2μm单纵模激射.激光器输出光功率超过5 m W,最大边模抑制比达到24 d B.     

电子束光刻制备1.5μm 波长的一级DFB激光器

英国 STC 及卡文迪斯实验室报导了采用高压电子束曝光、化学蚀刻配合 LPE 及 MOCVD外延技术,制备1.5μm InGaAsP 一级光栅的分布反馈(DFB)半导体激光器。该激光器采用一级分布反馈光栅,比起一般用的高阶光栅有较好的耦合效率及性能。一般的 DFB 激光器是采用全息曝光的方法制备光刻胶的周期光栅的,但由它得到的光栅     

Mode analysis of DFB SE lasers

This paper presents theoretical results on mode characteristics of surface-emitting (SE) lasers utilizing an active second-order grating section. Based on a coupled-mode approach, longitudinal modes and the associated space-harmonic transverse modes are calculated via a numerical technique. From these, the lasing-mode spectrum, near- and far-field patterns of the radiation mode, and the surface-emission power efficiency are obtained. Effects of the substrate reflector and the grating parameters are also investigated. Finally, comparisons are made with conventional, edge-emitting DFB lasers. The results indicate that with a suitable choice of structural parameter values, DFB SE lasers can be made to possess both the spectral discrimination of the conventional DFB lasers and the advantages of SE lasers at the same time and also that the second lowest longitudinal mode may be preferred over the fundamental longitudinal mode for many applications due to its symmetric field distribution     

Computer simulation of laser photon fluctuations: Single-cavity laser results

In this second paper of a series I present statistical results obtained from computer simulated experiments in single-cavity semiconductor lasers and show that the probability distribution for realistic lasers are much broader than the Poisson distribution. When the gain saturation parameter is properly chosen, the computer simulated probability distributions agree very well with published experimental results. The following is a summary of the results. 1) Only the longitudinal laser mode at the center of the gain peak shows a probability distribution whose peak coincides with the average photon number. The modes to either side of the central mode have noise-like character with probability maxima at zero photon number. 2) The photon probability distribution narrows with increasing power output, increasing cavity mirror reflectivity and decreasing cavity length. 3) For the photon probability distribution to approach the Poisson limit, the cavity mirrors must have reflectivity near unity and the cavity losses must be very low. 4) Two modes symmetrically located at either side of the gain peak have a probability distribution that is constant from zero photon number to a cutoff value, because the modes compete for power and fluctuate widely. 5) Pulsed single-cavity lasers do not turn on consistently in the same longitudinal mode even if they are biased above threshold. 6) The performance of coupled-cavity (C³) and distributed feedback lasers (to be discussed in a subsequent paper) is much better than that of single-cavity lasers.     

DBR单纵模光纤激光器波长温度调谐

报道了采用DBR方式,利用8 mm的高浓度掺Yb3+单模光纤,实现了波长为1 064 nm的单纵模调谐激光稳定输出的实验结果。该DBR谐振腔有效腔长为16 mm,输出最大功率为7.4 mW,通过半导体制冷器温控改变谐振腔的温度,实现了0.824 nm的单纵模无跳模调谐。采用光纤外差法,并利用低损耗环形器和光纤反射镜倍增延迟线长度提升测量精度的方式,测量得到激光最大线宽为4.4 kHz。单纵模激光的弛豫震荡峰位于900 kHz处,其相对强度噪声为-110 dB/Hz,当频率大于1.5 MHz时相对强度噪声为-145 dB/Hz。     

The heteroepitaxial ridge-overgrown distributed feedback laser

A new distributed feedback laser, the heteroepitaxial ridge-overgrown distributed feedback (HRO-DFB) laser, is proposed and demonstrated. The growth steps permit post-active-layer growth determination of the grating period, and the fabrication of this laser is simple with an automatic alignment of the current confinement to the ridge-overgrowths, which form the strip-loaded waveguide of the laser. The lateral overgrowth extending over the oxide films on both sides of the window stripe enhances the effect of grating feedback. Both LPE and MO-CVD have been employed successfully for the ridge overgrowth. The HRO-DFB laser was shown to operate in stable single-longitudinal mode with no observable mode partition events under 2 Gbit/s pseudorandom pulse modulation. The dynamic spectral width under 2 Gbit/s modulation was typically 0.5-2 Å. Other characteristics of these 1.5 μm HRO-DFB lasers include ∼8 mW/facet of single-longitudinal mode output power, and narrow beam divergence of 10° operating in the fundamental transverse mode in the junction plane. The CW thresholds were usually 50-100 mA. Transmission experiments with dispersive fibers (17 ps/km-nm) atsim1.55 mum at 2 Gbits/s over 82 km and at 420 Mbits/s over 203 km confirmed that the HRO-DFB laser is an excellent a single-frequency optical source for use in optical communication applications.     

Gain saturation in fiber distributed feedback lasers

Systematic numerical studies of the nonlinear operation of a fiber distributed feedback (DFB) Nd:YAG laser are presented. An approximate formula relating small-signal gain to output power and the parameters of the structure for this kind of laser is derived. Characteristics revealing saturation effects for weak and strong coupling regions are presented. The fiber DFB structure provides the discrimination between the different kinds of transverse modes. An interesting behavior of the laser characteristics is revealed. For large coupling strength the longitudinal mode spectrum is inversed to the one observed at the threshold or to the one above the threshold for weak coupling. This mode inversion strongly depends on the output power level and the normalized loss coefficient. Similar phenomena are observed for the transverse mode     

分布反馈光纤激光器模式特性分析

根据耦合波理论,在分析分布反馈(DFB)光纤激光器纵模特性的基础上,着重阐述其偏振特性。另外给出了偏振态同耦合系数和双偏振态相移量差的关系。理论分析结果表明,当分布反馈光纤激光器输出为0阶模时,输出激光的偏振状态由耦合系数和双偏振态的相移量差共同决定,即在耦合系数一定的情况下,通过增加双偏振态相移量的差,或在双偏振态相移量差一定的情况下,通过减小耦合系数,可以实现单偏振输出。实验中在经载氢处理的掺铒光纤上制作分布反馈光纤激光器,由于耦合系数较大和双折射效应过小,输出为双偏振态。     

Emission Characteristics and Performance Comparison of Polyfluorene Lasers with One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Distributed Feedback

We report the fabrication of optically pumped solid‐state polymer lasers based on the semiconducting polymer poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) (PFO) using resonator structures that offer one‐ and two‐dimensional distributed feedback. The lasers are readily fabricated by solution deposition of thin polymer films on top of suitable grating microstructures etched into fused silica substrates. The devices operate in the blue spectral region, are highly efficient (slope efficiencies as high as 7.8 % are demonstrated), and exhibit very low threshold energies for oscillation (0.8 nJ per pulse). The operating characteristics of the lasers are investigated in detail. The transverse mode profiles and divergence of the output beams are measured and correlated with the internal lasing modes and the feedback mechanism present in the resonators. Additionally, broadband tuning of the emission wavelength over a range of ～ 40 nm is demonstrated by controlling the supported resonant frequency of the laser cavities.     

单瓣近衍射极限输出的带外腔半导体激光器

实验研究了带外腔反馈注入的宽接触条形激光器，并用光线传输矩阵分析了该外腔结构。利用闪耀光栅及耦合输出反射镜对表面未镀增透膜的半导体激光器构成外腔，选择一定模式的激光反馈注入回激光器，从而限制了其他模式在半导体激光器内的振荡，压缩了激光器输出激光的光谱宽度。当激光器驱动电流为2．7倍阈值电流时，获得230mW输出功率，0．6nm谱宽，单瓣近衍射极限的激光输出。用一平面镜代替光栅作为外腔反射镜，获得了320mW输出功率，1．5nm谱宽的单瓣近衍射极限的激光输出。     

Longitudinal mode competition in chirped grating distributedfeedback lasers

Gain competition often inhibits the simultaneous lasing of multiple longitudinal modes in homogeneously broadened laser systems. A stability analysis is developed to demonstrate that the two lowest order degenerate longitudinal modes in an index-coupled distributed feedback (DFB) laser will lase simultaneously when the index grating is chirped asymmetrically along the axis of the device. This chirped grating structure is shown to decrease the gain competition by reducing the spatial overlap between the degenerate modes. Stable mode beating between the two lowest order lasing modes results, and this beating produces high-frequency output self-pulsations which can be used for millimeter-wave and soliton pulse train generation. An exact closed-form expression for the output intensity of an antisymmetrically chirped index-coupled DFB laser, as a function of the unsaturated gain, is also derived. The expression is valid for arbitrary levels of gain saturation