Microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave sintered austenitic stainless steel

The objective of this work is focused on understanding the effect of microwave heating on sintering of 316L powders. The stainless steel samples were prepared from prealloyed powders of 316L. The powder samples were compacted at a pressure of 560 MPa and sintered at 1300°C in a microwave furnace of 2.4 GHz and 2KW capacity in nitrogen atmosphere. The sintering time was varied from 10 to 20 minutes in order to study the effect of sintering time on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of the sintered samples. The sintered samples were subjected to optical metallography, hardness testing, tensile testing and fractogrphy. The average density of sintered stainless steels was 92% of the theoretical density, approximately 18% increment from green density for 20 min. sintering time. Microstructural analysis showed the regularly distributed porosity with very small grains. The hardness value was in the range of 365VHN to 396VHN and tensile strength, in the range of 255MPa to 580 MPa. Fractographs for these steels revealed mixed mode of fracture.     

Effect of atomisation medium on sintering properties of austenitic stainless steel by eliminating influence of particle shape and particle size

Abstract

Gas and water atomised 316L stainless steel powders with similar powder morphology and particle size were injection moulded and sintered. The results show that compacts prepared from the gas atomised powder exhibit higher density and tensile strength, whereas those prepared from the water atomised powder exhibit higher elongation, finer grain size and superior corrosion resistance. Chemical analysis shows that the water atomised powder has a higher Si and O content, and microstructural analysis of the sintered compacts reveals that SiO₂ particles disperse as a second phase in the compacts prepared from the atomised powder, which accounts for the property behaviour. Due to the presence of SiO₂, the porosity increases, whereas the pore coarsening and grain growth are inhibited. Besides, SiO₂ particles can also improve the passivation effect of stainless steel, and hence increase the corrosion resistance.     

氮含量对无镍奥氏体不锈钢力学性能的影响

设计并冶炼了氮质量分数为0.02%～1.20%的无镍奥氏体不锈钢,通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察,研究了氮含量对强度、塑性、韧性的影响。结果表明,氮可显著提高屈服强度和抗拉强度。氮质量分数为0.02%～1.20%时,其与屈服强度和抗拉强度的关系基本为线性关系,并获得了其关系式。韧性对氮含量十分敏感,在氮质量分数为0.39%～0.78%时,冲击吸收功较高,均保持在380 J;氮含量过高或过低时,韧性都会下降。氮含量对断面收缩率的影响较小,氮质量分数在0.78%以下时均超过了70%;而氮质量分数超过0.78%后,塑性则有所下降。当氮质量分数超过0.60%时,拉伸断口上韧窝尺寸随着氮含量的升高而逐渐减小;GN 12N钢断口上出现了大面积的无韧窝区。     

Effect of vanadium on the microstructure and properties of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301LN

In this study,the effect of vanadium on the microstructure and properties of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301LN w as investigated. Results of the study show that the addition of vanadium can refine grains and increase the strength of AISI 301LN by solution treatment. After 60%cold-rolling reduction,the microstructure of the steel w as composed of w ork-hardened austenite bands and deformation-inducedɑ'martensite.Considerable w ork-hardening and phase transformation strengthening occurred. After cold rolling and subsequent annealing,the deformation-inducedɑ'martensite w as reversed into fine-grained austenite. The w orkhardened austenite bands underw ent recrystallization; how ever,the structure of the recrystallized austenite grains w as coarser than that of the reversed ones.Simultaneously,the strength of the experimental steels decreased w ith the increase in annealing temperature. The pinning effect of precipitates of vanadium inhibited the grow th of austenite grains.Thus,the desirable combination of strength and ductility w as obtained by grain refinement.     

微波烧结与传统烧结对纯钛组织与性能的影响

和熔炼铸造法相比,采用粉末冶金法制备钛材,可以避免引入杂质,提高原料利用率。本文探讨微波烧结与传统烧结对纯钛组织及性能的影响,结果表明,在1200℃保温2 h传统烧结得到等轴α-Ti组织,密度为4.33 g·cm-3,相对密度为96.06%,硬度为HV 260,抗压强度为1309 MPa,断面膨胀率为10.63%,呈典型的解理状脆性断裂;在1200℃保温15 min微波烧结得到等轴的α-Ti与条状β-Ti组织,密度为4.30 g·cm-3,相对密度为95.45%,硬度为HV 311,抗压强度为1175 MPa,断面膨胀率为18.89%,展现出一定的塑性,呈准解理状脆性断裂。     

固溶处理对冷轧Cr-Mn-N奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响

对一种节镍型Cr-Mn-N奥氏体不锈钢(Fe-13.8%Cr-11%Mn-0.35%N)的固溶处理工艺进行研究,设计固溶温度为800~1 100 ℃,保温时间为10、20和30 s,冷却方式为水冷和空冷。结果表明,试验钢经过900 ℃保温30 s水冷后,综合力学性能最佳,其中断后伸长率为47.7％,抗拉强度为1 023 MPa,屈服强度为540 MPa,强塑积为48.8 GPa·%。当固溶温度为800 ℃时,塑性提升并不明显,主要由于该温度仍处于敏化温度区间,导致含铬碳化物析出于奥氏体晶界,这对试样的塑性具有不利影响。根据EBSD的统计结果,经过900 ℃保温30 s后,试样组织中晶粒十分细小且均匀,平均晶粒尺寸约为1.4 μm;而提高固溶温度会导致晶粒粗化,1 000 ℃保温30 s后试样平均晶粒尺寸约为2.1 μm,1 100 ℃保温30 s后平均晶粒尺寸约为9.2 μm。     

Elevated temperature mechanical properties of shock-strengthened austenitic stainless steel

The mechanical properties of explosively shock-strenghened (320 kbar) Type 304 stain-less steel were investigated. Tensile tests were performed on the shock-strengthened material at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 650°C. The shock hardening caused large increases in yield strength, moderate increases in ultimate strength, and reductions in ductility. Annealing studies on the shock-strengthened stainless steel indicated that considerable amount of the shock-induced strength stainless steel indicated that considerable amount of the shock-induced strength increase is retained after long time anneals at 700 and 750°C. However, metallographic studies on the annealed material indicated the presence of fine carbide particles which may partly account for the strength of the material. Creep studies indicated that the minimum creep rate at 650°C was reduced by a factor of 1000 due to shock strengthening.     

Precipitation of carbide and its effects on the properties of nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel

In this work,the effects of temperature and cooling rate on the precipitation of carbides in nickel-saving metastable austenitic stainless steel were studied.The test results show that the temperature range of carbide precipitation in the test steel was 500-950℃,and 750℃was the most sensitive temperature.However,when completely solution treated samples were cooled from high to room temperature at a cooling rate of more than 50 K/s,no carbides precipitated.The carbide precipitates increased the yield strength but decreased the corrosion resistance of the steel,with little impact on toughness.     

合金元素对316LN不锈钢的力学性能和点蚀性能的影响

研究了N、Cr、Mo和Ni四种合金元素含量的变化对核电主管道用固溶态316LN不锈钢的晶粒尺寸以及常规力学性能和点蚀性能的影响.随着N含量的升高,316LN的晶粒明显细化,其在固溶处理过程中晶粒长大趋势也减小.N含量的升高可改善316LN的力学性能和耐点蚀性能,但是当N质量分数达到0.20%时,其耐点蚀性能又开始变差.晶粒细化对316LN强度的影响远小于N含量对316LN强度的影响.Cr及Ni含量对316LN的晶粒尺寸及抗拉强度、屈服强度等力学性能影响不大;Cr含量增加可轻微改善316LN的抗点蚀能力,Ni元素对316LN的耐点蚀性能影响不大,但可增大钝态的腐蚀速度从而不利于钝化膜的稳定.随Mo含量增加,316LN的晶粒尺寸略有减小,强度增大,延伸率显著降低,耐点蚀能力改善.     

Analysis of the microstructure and mechanical properties of 309L austenitic stainless steel

309L is a kind of austenitic stainless steel.This paper discusses 309L,which was smelted and rolled in a lab.Its microstructural characteristics in states of as-cast,hot-rolling,cold-rolling and solid solution were investigated respectively by optical microscope (OM).It is found that 309L is composed of austenite and residual δ-ferrite under these conditions,and the δ-ferrite cannot be eliminated easily by heat-treatment.Its hot plasticity and deformation resistance were investigated in a series of heat simulation tests.Its mechanical properties under different cold reductions were studied.All these provide valuable experimental data for the industrial production.     

奥氏体耐热不锈钢的焊接实践

通过对奥氏体耐热不锈钢的焊接性分析，提出奥氏体耐热不锈钢焊接应采取的焊接工艺及应注意的问题．     

超级奥氏体不锈钢的发展

日益增长的工业需求推动着超级奥氏体不锈钢的研发,以研发时间为序阐述超级奥氏体不锈钢3个发展阶段。第1个阶段主要是为解决硫酸介质环境的耐腐蚀性而开发的不锈钢;第2个阶段是在第1阶段研发钢的基础上添加质量分数约为0.2%的N元素、并将Mo元素质量分数增加到约6%而研发的几种耐腐蚀性能良好的超级奥氏体不锈钢;第3个阶段是在6%Mo钢的基础上将Cr、Mo、N含量都进行较大幅度的提高,其中Mo元素质量分数增加到约7%,N元素质量分数控制在0.5%左右,并加入适量Mn元素而研发出耐腐蚀性优异的超级奥氏体不锈钢。阐述了超级奥氏体不锈钢研发过程中的2个重要技术,即炉外精炼与氮合金化技术,并展望了超级奥氏体不锈钢的未来发展及推广应用。     

冷轧工艺对奥氏体不锈钢组织性能的影响

通过对亚稳定奥氏体不锈钢SUS301L和稳定奥氏体不锈钢SUS309进行10％～70％的冷轧变形,研究了两个典型奥氏体不锈钢的组织和力学性能演变.结果表明,SUS301L不锈钢在冷轧变形过程中发生形变马氏体的转变,马氏体形核于剪切带的交叉点处,形核点的不断连接长大成为板条的形变马氏体;而SUS309通过滑移来协调塑性变形,冷变形过程中不发生马氏体转变.二者均有明显的加工硬化,即硬度和强度均随着冷轧变形量的增加而升高,延伸率表现为相反的趋势.但SUS301L是位错累积和形变马氏体转变量增加的综合作用,而SUS309仅是位错不断累积增多的结果.     

奥氏体不锈钢中硫含量的研究

通过对不同硫含量铸坯和成品硫化物夹杂大小以及等级进行分析,研究了奥氏体不锈钢中硫含量对性能的影响。结果表明,随着硫含量的增加,不锈钢铸坯和成品中最大夹杂物尺寸逐步增加,成品夹杂物等级也相应提高,当硫的质量分数不大于21×10~(-6)时,成品硫化物夹杂低于最小评级要求;奥氏体不锈钢冲击性能与硫含量呈反比例关系,当硫的质量分数高于75×10~(-6)时,可能导致304不锈钢脆断。     

奥氏体不锈钢保护渣的研制

针对奥氏体不锈钢成分的特殊性及可能产生的夹杂物,提出了连铸保护渣的相应研制思路,以此开发的保护渣在宝钢集团浦钢公司进行了数十炉的工业试验。结果证明,研制的奥氏体连铸保护渣各项性能均取得了较为满意的结果,铸坯质量及轧制性能达到了用户要求。     

核电用316奥氏体不锈钢钢丝扭转性能分析

针对核电用奥氏体不锈钢钢丝研制过程中存在的单向扭转性能不均匀及异常断裂问题,利用光学显微镜(OM)与扫描电镜(SEM)等手段,对该钢丝的金相组织、单向扭转断口及断口附近表面形貌进行了分析。研究发现,产生单向扭转性能不均匀与异常断裂的主要原因是钢丝表面质量较差及钢丝用钢棒焊接连接处局部过烧。通过将拉拔模具由钨钢模更换为聚晶模、润滑剂由润滑粉更换为水性油等措施,改善了钢丝表面质量;通过适当降低焊接接头处焊接时的热输入,消除了单向扭转时异常断裂的问题。改进后钢丝单向扭转圈数趋于均匀且最大扭转圈数可达169 圈,远高于技术要求值。     

Effect of technological factors on the properties of forged austenitic stainless steels

The conditions for the production of austenitic stainless steel Kh18N10, Kh18N12M2, and Kh23N18 (i.e., Cr18Ni10, Cr18N12Mo2, and Cr23Ni18) by forging porous blanks have been studied and optimized. In many cases, the properties of these steels are determined by the production technology: the duration, temperature, and heating medium used in the presintering and the duration and temperature of the heating for forging the blanks. In each specific case the choice of fabrication conditions depends on the shape and purpose of the part. Simple parts with plane-parallel ends without changes in section along the height can be produced by hot forging without presintering of the powder blanks. Complex parts require hot forging at high temperatures (1150–1200°C) of presintered blanks. If the stainless steels do not have to meet stringent ductility requirements but must possess high strength, the blanks can be heated at 950–1050°C without a protective gas atmosphere.Institute of Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Kiev. Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 5–6, pp. 40–45, May–June, 1994.