铸态GH742合金的凝固特点及枝晶偏析

高合金化GH742合金存在严重的枝晶偏析,Nb、Ti大量偏聚于枝晶间,导致MC碳化物、(γ+γ′)共晶、Laves相、δ相等析出;高Mo含量及其枝晶间偏析是析出σ相的重要原因;La、Ce在枝晶间的富集促使含氧硫稀土相和Ni5Ce相的析出。与一般合金凝固特点不同,高含量Al、Ti、Nb导致GH742合金凝固过程中先后发生(γ+γ′)和(γ+Laves)两种类型的共晶反应。结合差热分析技术和凝固组织特点确定了合金的凝固温度区间为1346-1190℃,凝固顺序为γ、MC、(γ+γ′)、Laves、Ni5Ce。     

GH4151合金的凝固偏析行为及均匀化热处理研究

GH4151合金是一种承温能力高达800℃的新型涡轮盘用铸锻变形高温合金,该合金在凝固过程中元素偏析严重,主要偏析元素包括Nb、Mo和Ti等元素,同时合金中包含大量的C元素,在熔炼凝固后期由于残余液相中的元素富集,枝晶间会析出大量有害相,包括（γ-γ′）共晶,Laves相,η相和MC碳化物。实验通过研究C含量对各偏析元素的影响发现,增加C含量可减轻Nb元素在枝晶间的偏析,此外,随C含量的增加枝晶更发达,枝晶间区域减少。随后通过研究在1160～1210℃不同温度下的均匀化热处理对各枝晶间析出相的影响发现,（γ-γ′）共晶和Laves相的熔点约为1180℃,η相的熔点约为1200℃,MC碳化物的熔点超过1300℃;同时,发现1170℃/16 h+1200℃/8 h双步均匀化热处理不仅可以消除铸锭中的偏析,而且避免了低熔点相过烧而产生的孔洞,使坯料更加有利于后续开坯变形。     

一种铸造镍基高温合金的凝固行为

M963合金的凝固顺序为：L→L γ→L （γ‘ MC） γ→（γ γ‘) （γ MC） γ→（γ γ‘） （γ MC） γ γ‘；凝固组织呈树枝状结构，由γ固溶体基体。γ‘析出组及分布在枝晶间区的骨架状MC碳化物和（γ＋γ‘）共晶组成；碳降低合金的液相线温度和（γ＋γ‘）共晶温度，提高MC碳化物的形成温度，增加MC碳化物的体积分数，降低（γ＋γ‘)共晶的体积分数；高熔点元素W和Co在枝晶干偏聚，Al,Ti,Nb,Cr和Mo在枝晶间偏聚。     

Ni添加量对Co-Al-W基单晶高温合金凝固特性的影响

基于实验研究、热力学计算与动力学分析,研究了Ni含量对Co-Al-W基单晶高温合金凝固特性的影响。结果表明：无Ni和添加Ni的Co基单晶高温合金均具有典型的枝晶组织,但Ni的添加增大了合金的一次枝晶间距。同时,Ni的添加增大了Al和W元素的显微偏析倾向,降低了Ta元素的显微偏析倾向,但对Ti元素的显微偏析倾向的影响较小。无Ni合金的枝晶间析出相为初生γ′相和(β+γ′)共晶相,而含Ni合金的枝晶间析出相为初生γ′相,即Ni的添加改变了合金的凝固路径与铸态组织。同时,Ni的添加对Co-Al-W基单晶高温合金凝固特征温度的影响不明显。     

Nb含量对GH4169合金钢锭凝固及均匀化过程相演化规律的影响

以不同Nb含量的直径160 mm GH4169合金钢锭为研究对象,利用热力学软件Thermo-Calc的模拟计算及电子探针成分分析,系统研究了Nb元素含量变化对GH4169合金钢锭凝固及均匀化过程相演化规律的影响。结果表明:Nb元素含量的增加会降低合金初熔点和终熔点,扩大凝固区间,增加偏析形成的趋势;Nb元素含量的增加还可以提高GH4169合金钢锭凝固过程Laves相的析出温度,若Nb元素偏析浓度超过7.0%,Laves相的析出温度会高于标准均匀化温度1160℃,导致部分高浓度下生成的Laves相无法回溶。进一步的凝固过程中各相Gibbs自由能变化规律分析表明,GH4169合金凝固过程中,当达到Laves相的析出温度后,Laves相的形成激活能要显著小于MC碳化物,此时高浓度的Nb元素主要用于Laves相的析出和生长,Laves相的大量形成抑制了MC碳化物的进一步形成和长大,导致了Laves相与MC碳化物集合体的产生。上述的热力学分析结果与实际钢锭的相析出回溶实验结果一致。     

新型难变形高温合金эк151的组织特征及平衡析出相热力学计算

利用场发射扫描电子显微镜对其铸态组织进行了观察,并通过热力学计算,对该合金中成分对平衡相析出的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明,эк151合金凝固过程中,Mo、Nb和Ti等元素在枝晶间偏析,并形成大量γ′+γ共晶相。合金主要析出相为大量的γ′相、少量的一次、二次碳化物和硼化物以及μ相。其中强化相γ′多成立方状,800℃下平衡态质量分数含量高达50%左右。当成分在规定范围波动时,对熔点影响最大的为Cr、Mo、Nb和Ti;而Al、Ti和Nb含量变化均会影响到γ′相的析出量及析出温度;Cr、Mo含量变化还会影响到二次碳化物的种类,Ti、Nb、C虽然是一次碳化物MC的主要形成元素,但是成分范围内对其析出温度影响并不明显。影响μ相析出温度和析出量的主要成分为Cr、Mo和W。     

铌在一种高合金化高温合金中的偏析与扩散行为

研究铌在一种高合金化镍基高温合金凝固过程中的偏析和均匀化过程中的扩散行为。铌严重偏析于枝晶间区域,其偏析系数高达4.30。许多富铌相,包括Laves相、δ相、（γ＋γ′）共晶、MC和M6C碳化物等在枝晶间析出。利用差热分析和在不同温度、时间的均匀化处理确定各种富铌相的溶解温度和枝晶偏析的消除程度。元素扩散计算表明：铌的扩散速率随着均匀化温度的提高而显著增加,从而有效地缩短均匀化时间。提出一种无初熔的三步均匀化制度,可以完全消除铌的枝晶偏析,获得均一的组织。     

700 ℃超超临界锅炉材料GH4700合金铸态组织及 均匀化工艺

对经过真空感应熔炼和保护气氛电渣重熔的镍基合金GH4700铸锭进行研究,分析了其枝晶形貌、元素偏析和析出相特点,运用残余偏析指数理论和扩散动力学软件计算了均匀化动力学曲线并提出5种均匀化制度,通过对不同均匀化工艺结果的分析和热压缩模拟实验验证,确定了GH4700的均匀化制度.结果表明:GH4700合金电渣锭主要存在Nb、Ti元素偏析,电渣锭析出相为γ、γ’、Laves相和一次碳化物MC.经过1170℃/48 h均匀化热处理后,合金元素偏析基本消失、有害析出相Laves回溶且具有较好的热加工塑性.     

GH4169合金铸态组织特征及均匀化处理工艺

通过CLSM、OM和SEM等测试方式,研究了GH4169合金铸态组织和均匀化热处理工艺对晶粒尺寸、析出相、氧化层厚度以及溶质元素均匀性的影响.研究表明,铸态组织枝晶间存在Laves相、δ相、γ′相和MC碳化物等析出相,主要偏析元素Nb在铸锭中心偏析最严重;在第一段1160℃ ×16 h,第二段1190℃ ×30 h均匀...     

Nb含量对GH4169合金钢锭偏析规律的影响

利用光镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等手段分析了不同Nb元素含量的GH4169合金钢锭组织特点及元素偏析规律,并对经单阶段均匀化热处理后钢锭的组织及残留析出相特征进行分析.结果表明:随着Nb元素含量增加,GH4169合金铸锭由边缘到心部,枝晶组织粗化,二次枝晶间距增大,Nb、Ti元素的偏析系数亦增大;经1160℃保温20h的均匀化处理后,Nb添加量越多,未回溶的析出相残留越多,且残留析出相有很明显的聚集趋势,残留析出物聚合体主要为富Nb的Laves相及富Nb、Ti元素的碳化物.不同Nb元素含量钢锭中Laves相完全回溶需要的时间应不相同,在高Nb含量条件下,传统的均匀化工艺无法使Laves相完全回溶;若同时考虑钢锭的尺寸因素,高Nb含量条件下,残留析出相的聚合体可能会演化为“黑斑”缺陷而使钢锭报废.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.