参数对70钢小方坯二次枝晶间距和中心偏析的影响

试验研究了70钢150 mm×150 mm 小方坯连铸不同工艺参数对铸坯中心C、Mn偏析和二次枝晶间距的影响。结果表明,在一定工况条件下,铸坯中心偏析指数和二次枝晶间距均随拉速的增大而增大,随压下量和比水量的增大而减小。凝固中心处的C元素偏析指数在1.00～1.26之间,而Mn元素偏析指数仅为0.98～1.06。C、Mn元素的偏析规律相同,且随着C偏析的增加,Mn的偏析比也会不断增大。     

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观测和分析了40MnB钢铸坯断面不同位置的枝晶偏析形貌,并对枝晶和枝晶间成分偏析进行微观检测;研究了不同热轧压下量时显微组织的偏析形态;借助扩散方程讨论了枝晶间距和热轧显微组织对带状组织的影响。结果表明：40MnB钢铸坯由表面到中心偏析逐渐加重,C、Mn元素在枝晶间偏析,铸坯中心处Mn元素偏析严重;偏析间距决定着消除带状组织的难易;减轻铸坯枝晶偏析和热轧组织偏析有利于消除带状组织。     

连铸坯宏观与半宏观偏析行为表征

为了深入了解连铸坯宏观偏析和半宏观偏析的分布特征,采用碳硫检测、化学分析、直读光谱、金属原位分析方法研究连铸坯厚度方向C、Mn元素宏观偏析行为;通过连铸坯低倍组织腐蚀和图像扫描处理方法探究半宏观偏析分布特征。研究结果表明,碳硫检测和直读光谱检测方法可定量分析C元素宏观偏析,而Mn元素适合采用直读光谱和金属原位分析方法,半宏观偏析可通过半宏观偏析面积比和半宏观偏析度实现定量表征。在连铸坯厚度方向,随着距铸坯表面距离的增加,C元素和Mn元素偏析不断波动,在铸坯中心处偏析较大。半宏观偏析主要存在于铸坯芯部,在枝晶转变区和铸坯中心处半宏观偏析度达到最大值。     

低碳纯净钢连铸坯凝固前沿元素微观偏析模型的研究

建立了一个连铸坯凝固前沿的元素微观偏析模型,模型考虑了钢的包晶相变,以及凝固过程枝晶粗化的影响。首次对低碳(0.01%~0.09%C)纯净钢凝固前沿的元素偏析行为做了模拟研究。钢凝固过程P、S、C的偏析程度要高于Si、Mn,固相率大于0.9以后,C、S、P偏析度急剧上升。随着Mn含量的增加S元素的偏析度逐渐降低,当固相率大于0.8以后,S元素的偏析受到Mn的抑制,偏析程度开始降低。对0.01%~0.09%C的低碳纯净钢,凝固过程中钢液始终以δ相凝固,无δ-γ相变过程。     

利用合金元素偏析显示齿轮钢连铸坯枝晶的方法

提出了一种利用合金元素偏析显示齿轮钢连铸坯枝晶的方法。该方法通过对连铸坯进行等温退火使C元素富集到合金元素较高的枝晶间,缓冷后形成珠光体,硝酸酒精侵蚀出的珠光体组织即代表枝晶间。利用本方法可清晰、准确地将枝晶显示出,并可测量一次枝晶间距和二次枝晶间距,为优化齿轮钢连铸工艺提供依据。而且硝酸酒精溶液侵蚀省去了复杂的腐蚀试剂配制,便于检测人员操作的规范和快捷。     

连铸坯中心偏析检测

对连铸坯进行了一些常规的检测,包括原位分析、高倍观察、能谱扫描和枝晶腐蚀。检测结果说明Q345连铸坯的中心偏析主要是C元素的偏析。发现元素偏析点总与疏松等缺陷重合及负偏析谷常存在于正偏析峰两侧,佐证了疏松孔洞的负压抽吸作用引发中心偏析的观点。同时,检测结果还指出中心偏析由多种驱动因素,需要进一步研究枝晶生长和未凝固钢液的流动。     

高硫易切削钢的硫负偏析现象及其机制

钢中硫是正偏析元素,在铸坯凝固过程中,从柱状晶析出的硫元素排到尚未凝固的中心部位会形成连铸坯的中心偏析。通过对某厂生产的X1215易切削钢连铸坯进行碳、硫元素含量检测,发现连铸坯中心处硫元素出现了负偏析现象。基于Scheil方程和[Mn]-[S]反应平衡方程,建立钢液在凝固过程中硫化锰夹杂物析出的计算模型,并以此模型计算X1215钢凝固过程中硫化锰的析出时期。计算发现,X1215钢中硫化锰在凝固分率为0.45~0.50时开始析出,到达凝固末期时析出完成,进而导致铸坯中心处的硫元素产生负偏析。     

MG600钢凝固过程中的微观偏析和成分均匀化

利用动力学软件DICTRA对MG600铸坯凝固过程中的枝晶偏析和等温均匀化退火过程进行模拟,同时将模拟结果与实际退火试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,DICTRA模拟的Si、Mn偏析度结果与试验结果有较好符合,1250℃保温6 h为MG600铸坯的最佳退火工艺。     

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 摘要：对含锰碳素结构钢连铸坯中心偏析导致冷轧钢带形成严重带状组织 缺陷的问题,试验采取控制连铸的浇注温度、增加电磁搅拌等措施加以改善。结果表明：采用1510℃-1520℃温度范围的低过热度浇注、在凝固末期增加电磁搅拌等措施,可有效增加连铸末期中心钢水的流动性和形核效应,打破Mn等元素在枝晶间的定向偏聚,达到减轻连铸坯中心偏析,消除冷轧钢带带状组织缺陷的效果。     

节能、高效、优质的热处理工艺(二)

(续上一期) 2 钢的扩散退火 为了改善或消除钢中在冶金生产过程中形成的宏观成分不均匀性而实行的退火,称为扩散退火或称均质化退火.扩散退火是根据各种合金元素在高温下的扩散行为,尽可能地减轻钢锭、钢坯内部显微偏析的工艺,如消除枝晶偏析.从而使钢锭、钢坯锻轧后获得比较均匀的组织和性能.     

帘线钢坯中心碳偏析的热扩散规律研究

针对钢帘线生产对碳偏析程度的要求,通过对72A帘线钢小方坯进行热扩散试验,摸索了加热参数对中心最大碳偏析度的影响规律,以期指导钢坯加热工艺的制定.结果表明,72A帘线钢连铸小方坯的最大碳偏析均出现在其几何中心区域;延长热扩散时间和提高保温温度,均有助于中心碳偏析的改善;采用1060 ℃保温10 h与1160 ℃保温6 h,中心碳偏析的热扩散效果相当,基本都可以满足钢帘线生产需要;1060 ℃保温时的热扩散回归方程显示,试验钢条件下,通过热扩散彻底消除中心碳偏析,几乎不可能也不现实,只能作为改善中心碳偏析的弥补手段.     

The effect of segregation on the austemper transformation and toughness of ductile irons

The effect of segregation of alloying elements on the phase transformation of ductile iron during austempering was investigated. Four heats, each containing 0.4%Mn, 1% Cu, 1.5% Ni, or 0.4% Mo (wt%) separately, were melted; then three different sizes of casting bars (3,15, and 75 mm diameter) were poured from each heat. The distribution and the degree of segregation of certain elements were quantitatively analyzed using an electron microprobe. A personal computer (PC)-controlled heat treating system was used to measure electrical resistivity, and the information on resistivity variations was used to analyze the effect of segregation on phase transformations during austempering. Also, Charpy impact and Rockwell hardness tests were performed to determine the effect of segregation on properties. Results of the electron microprobe analysis showed that the degree of segregation of alloy elements increases with an increase in diameter of the casting bars (i.e., an increase of solidification time of castings). The degree of segregation of alloy elements, represented by segregation ratio (SR) (the maximum concentration of element in cell divided by the minimum concentration of element in cell), varied linearly with the casting modulus (M) (volume of casting divided by surface area of casting). Regarding the segregating tendency among alloy elements, positive segregating elements Mn and Mo showed more segregation than the negative segregating elements Si, Cu, and Ni. In addition, segregation of Mo was more significant than Mn, and that for Cu was greater than Ni and Si. Between the time of finishing the first stage and beginning the second stage of bainite reaction in ductile irons, there is a significant “processing window,” At;, for austempering to obtain optimum mechanical properties. From the electrical resistivity data, it was observed that the austempering temperature plays a major role in the processing window. There was a narrow window at 400 ‡C but a larger one at 350 ‡C. Additionally, the microsegregation of alloying elements led to variation of the time of phase transformation for various regions in the grain cells of ductile iron which caused the processing window to decrease. The span of the processing window decreased with an increase in degree of segregation. There was no significant difference in the hardness of the alloys in various diameter specimens. However, the impact toughness was significantly affected by the segregation. The impact values in 15 mm specimens with less degree of segregation were greater than those in 75 mm specimens with significant segregation. The Ni, Cu, and Mn alloys that were austempered to complete the first stage of bainite formation had approximately the same impact values for all diameter samples. The Mo alloy upon austempering produced no bainite, but it had much untransformed retained austenite in the intercellular regions and, therefore, had lower impact values.     

热扩散对高碳线材碳偏析和网状渗碳体的影响

改编了碳偏析指数随温度及时间的变化模型,研究了一种线材碳偏析指数在热扩散试验中的变化规律,通过试验验证了碳偏析模型的有效性,并根据模型公式预测了铸坯碳偏析指数需要的热扩散时间。试验结果表明:线材在1200℃经2 min和4 min热扩散后,其碳偏析可以降低至1. 10和1. 05以下,空冷组织网状渗碳体级别显著降低。线材热扩散试验数据与模拟数值趋势一致,存在着线材升温至稳定所需的约0. 5 min差值。经过数值模拟,铸坯经过1200℃-590 min热扩散后偏析指数可降低至要求范围,但在实际操作中需考虑铸坯在加热过程中的热扩散。      

On the Steel–Aluminum Hybrid Casting by Sand Casting

Hybrid casting is a well-known technology to join steel inserts and aluminum. In order to achieve a high-performance material-based joining between steel and aluminum, a new PVD Al-Si-(Fe) coating, which consists of two sub-layers, has been successfully developed for high-pressure die casting. This coating system has been investigated further in this work for the sand casting process. By extending the sand casting process to the plaster casting process with preheating possibilities for the coated steel inserts, a material-based connection between steel and aluminum with a tensile shear strength of 7.7 MPa could be created. The ductility of this connection is decreased comparing with the connection manufactured by die casting. SEM and EDS analysis and diffusion experiments show that the difference of mechanical properties between plaster and die casting is caused by the extensive diffusion and the corresponding layer growth at plaster casting. The edge separation in plaster casting is a result of the edge stresses due to the different thermal expansion of steel and aluminum which can be suppressed at high-pressure die casting. To improve the joining properties at sand casting, it is necessary to control the layer diffusion by adding other alloy elements such as Mn into the Al-Si-(Fe) coating layer.     

Mg-4Zn-1Mn镁合金均匀化热处理及导热率

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射、布氏硬度测试、扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法,研究新型Mg-4Zn-1Mn(ZM41)镁合金在铸态和不同热处理状态下的显微组织、成分、硬度变化规律。用激光闪射法测定其不同状态的热扩散系数,计算得到导热率值。以空位扩散机制为基础,研究均匀化扩散动力学过程,建立此合金的均匀化扩散方程。结果表明:铸态组织枝晶偏析严重,晶界上有许多粗大的Mg7Zn3非平衡结晶相,Mn以单质形式存在于合金中。经370℃×12 h均匀化热处理后,大部分的Mg7Zn3相已溶入基体。根据实验结果和均匀化动力学计算,确定最佳均匀化处理工艺为370℃×12 h。该合金室温导热率值为125.5 W/(m.K),比常见的镁合金如AZ系、AM系、AS系等的导热性能高出1倍左右。     

17CrNiMo6齿轮钢的组织均匀化

以17CrNiMo6齿轮钢为研究对象,通过对其锻态试样进行不同温度和不同时间的退火处理,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)组织分析手段和Origin数据处理软件,对其带状组织形成原因以及均匀化行为进行了研究与定量分析。结果表明,C、Cr、Ni、Mn和Mo元素在珠光体+贝氏体区域的富集是17CrNiMo6齿轮钢带状组织产生的根本原因,当加热温度为1100 ℃、保温时间为11 h和加热温度为1250 ℃、保温时间为2 h以上时,带状组织已消除,但合金元素不均匀程度仍较高。当加热温度为1250 ℃、保温时间为4 h时,C、Cr、Mn、Ni、P、S、Mo的偏析系数K分别为1.02、0.98、1.02、1.02、1.01、0.98、0.98,元素分布也达到均匀。     

反向挤压铸造大型轮毂杂质元素偏析行为研究

杂质元素的偏析是导致大型关键结构件异常失效破坏的重要因素。针对反向挤压铸造A356.2铝合金大型轮毂,研究了P、Ca、Zn、Pb、Cu、Fe、Zr、Mn等杂质元素的偏析程度、偏析位置和偏析类型。结果表明,挤压铸造过程中持压凝固阶段的流变行为对杂质元素的偏析会产生重要影响。发现了3种偏析:沿流变补缩通道分布的"通道偏析"、在变形死区的"零流变偏析"以及Ca和Cu的"密度偏析"。这些杂质元素的偏析程度依偏情况为:Zn、Pb、P是严重偏析元素,偏析比高于0.3,偏析级别达4级;Ca属于偏析较重的元素,偏析比为0.2~0.3,偏析级别为3级;Fe、Cu、Mn、Zr等杂质元素都属于偏析较轻的元素,偏析比为0.1~0.2,偏析级别为1~2级。各杂质元素的偏析位置受凝固顺序、流变状态和空间位置所控制,凸模(压头)下方的中心位置(零流变区)和反向充填的局部热节位置是k0<1杂质元素的集聚区,反向充填的最远位置反而是杂质元素贫乏的位置。