Synthesis and properties of quaternary ammonium salts on the basis of piperidine

Quaternary ammonium salts have been synthesized from piperidine and alkenyl halides (4-chloropent-2-ene, 2-methyl-3-chlorobut-1-ene, 3-methyl-3-chlorobut-1-ene), and their structure has been confirmed. The optimal synthesis conditions have determined, and the product compounds have been to serve as efficient bactericides against sulfate-reducing bacteria.     

Anticorrosive effects and antimicrobial properties of alkyldimethyl(hydroxyalkyl)ammonium bromides

Quaternary ammonium compounds containing the hydroxyalkyl moiety in the head group have been synthesized. These compounds exhibit a micelle-forming ability, high anticorrosive activity, and antimicrobial action. The compounds of the formula R(CH₃)₂N⁺(CH₂CH₂CH₂OH)Br⁻ with R = C₁₄H₂₉-C₁₈H₃₇ are characterized by a protective effect higher than 90–99% at 10 mg/l with respect to hydrogen sulfide corrosion, inhibiting properties against carbon dioxide corrosion (84–98% at 10–25 mg/l), and bactericidal action on sulfate-reducing bacteria (10–50 mg/l).     

硫酸盐还原菌对油田套管腐蚀的研究

主要研究温度对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)生长的影响和SRB对油田套管的腐蚀作用,着重分析温度、Fe²⁺浓度对碳钢SRB腐蚀的影响.实验表明,在37℃时SRB的活性最强,对碳钢促进腐蚀,介质中Fe²⁺对碳钢SRB腐蚀影响还与温度有关:37℃时加速SRB腐蚀,60℃时则相反,这与腐蚀产物生成不同的硫化物有关.实验结果与中原油田文10-1井套管内腐蚀上部严重下部轻微一致.     

Factors influencing the aggregation behavior of residual associative polymer in produced oily fluids

The influence of emulsified oil, suspended solids, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺, cationic water clarifier and sulfate-reducing (SR) bacteria on the aggregation behavior of residual hydrophobic modified polyacrylamide in treated oily wastewater from polymer flooding was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The result of I₁/I₃ showed that the polarity of hydrophobic microdomains increased, whereas the size of the hydrophobic microdomains may be decreased, where the value of I₁/I₃ represents the ratio of the intensity of peak I₁ (374.0 nm) to that of peak I₃ (385.0 nm) of the vibration fine structure of pyrene monomer emission in residual polymer solution. The results of the ratio of I₁ at 48 h to I₁ at 0 h (I_1,48h/I_1,0h) indicated that oil and cationic water clarifier could inhibit the aggregation to some extent, while Fe₂₊ and suspended solids were helpful for aggregation, and Fe₃₊ and SR bacteria had no significant influence on the aggregation of polymer.     

绥中36-1油田A油藏生物竞争排斥技术治理下H2S主控因素及机理研究

目的绥中36-1油田A油藏采用生物竞争排斥技术治理因注入海水引入硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)而产生的H₂S,以油藏为研究对象,进行了H₂S生长主控因素和机理研究。 方法选取油藏典型油井考查其停药期间不同油井的H₂S含量、硫化物含量、微生物含量,观察SRB生长曲线规律,对H₂S生长主控因素和机理进行研究。 结果生物竞争排斥法能够抑制SRB生长,单井H₂S质量浓度降至30 mg/m³以下。停药期间,油藏H₂S生长趋势符合Compertz模型,单井A1、A4、A17、A20、A22模型拟合度在0.8以上,方差的统计量较高,显著性为0.001~0.002。 结论H₂S不受油藏生产动态的控制,海水提供了丰富的SO2-₄营养源,绥中36-1油田A油藏H₂S生长的主控因素为油藏中的SO2-₄含量。该油藏已经形成了非常稳定的生态菌群,稳定的生态系统能自动消除外部引入的硫酸盐,从而系统地控制H₂S的生长。      

大港孔店油田1区块本源微生物驱油潜力分析

通过分析大港孔店油田1区块油藏物理化学条件,注入水、地层水中微生物种群的组成及硫酸盐还原作用和产甲烷作用的速率来研究该区块进行本源微生物驱油的潜力。利用最大或然法(MPN)对注入水和地层水中的嗜热好氧腐生菌、烃氧化菌、厌氧发酵菌、硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌的数量进行了测定。用放射性同位素方法对硫酸盐还原作用和产甲烷速率进行了分析。结果表明,孔店油田1区块含有多种微生物群落,注入水中嗜热好氧腐生菌105个/mL、烃氧化菌103个/mL、厌氧发酵菌107个/mL、硫酸盐还原菌102个/mL、产甲烷菌1~10个/mL,上述5种微生物数量在生产井中也较高。综合微生物学、油藏条件研究结果,通过激活地层烃氧化菌、发酵菌和产甲烷菌的本源微生物驱提高原油采收率技术在该区块是可行的。     

Bactericidal and corrosion-inhibiting activity of quaternary ammonium salts synthesized from aliphatic amines and alkenyl halides

The performance of quaternary ammonium salts based on di-, tri-, and polyamines and alkenyl halides as bactericides for inhibition of sulfate-reducing bacteria and biocorrosion inhibitors has been studied. It has been found that complete inhibition of bacterial growth by the synthesized quaternary ammonium salts of this series is attained at concentrations of 25 to 150 mg/L. The protection effect is 75 to 91%, with the corrosion rate in the presence of these reagents ranging within 10^?4–10^?3 g/(m² h). Quaternary ammonium salts that are the best in both bactericidal and corrosion-inhibiting activity have been determined. It has been shown that the bactericidal and inhibitory properties of ammonium salts depend on the nature of alkenylated amine and the number of alkenyl substituents in the structure of the ammonium salt.     

Numerical modelling of the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria indigenous to an oilfield in Japan

Abstract

We performed kinetic studies of the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) indigenous to the water in an oilfield in Japan. The SRB growth was most active in injection water supplemented with ethanol; therefore, the SRB inhabiting the injection water of the reservoir were assumed to grow predominantly by assimilating sulfate and ethanol and generating H₂S. Based on this mechanism and the results of incubation experiments in the injection water, we derived numerical models that calculate the growth rate and H₂S generation of the SRB under three variables (temperature, sulfate concentration, and ethanol concentration).     

地表土壤中噬烃微生物数量与地下油气分布

探讨了甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌和硫酸盐还原菌在油气勘探中的意义, 并将其作为指示微生物, 以新都地区已知气田为例, 对微生物的勘探效果进行了研究。结果发现, 气田范围内甲烷氧化菌等噬烃微生物存在明显差异现象, 甲烷氧化菌和硫酸盐还原菌数量较高, 而气田外缘三种噬烃微生物的数量分布正好相反, 这和从新都气田地质特征角度分析的油气分布相吻合, 说明微生物地表油气勘探技术用于油气预测是有效的。     

功能化离子液体液相合成6-氨基-5-氰基-4-芳基-2-甲基-4H-吡喃-3-羧酸甲酯

报道了以离子液体1-(2-羟丙基)-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐为支撑试剂,β-酮酯和芳亚甲基丙二腈为原料,液相合成了11种6-氨基-5-氰基-4-芳基-2-甲基-4H-吡喃-3-羧酸甲酯化合物的新方法,产率83%～90%,纯度96%～99%。     

Functional derivatives of acetylene as reagents for inhibiting the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria in oil production

The [4+2] and [2+1] cycloaddition reaction of vinylacetylene derivatives with cyclopentadiene (hexachlorocyclopentadiene) and dichlorocarbene was used to prepare the corresponding cyclic derivatives that contain a triple bond and a functional group in the side chain and exhibit bactericidal activity against sulfate-reducing bacteria. It has been found that bacterial growth is suppressed at a reagent concentration of 50–200 mg/l. The introduction of electron-withdrawing chlorine atoms into the cycle is shown to reduce the bactericidal activity of bicyclic ethers and alcohols.     

反式-1-苯磺酰基-2-甲基-4-羟基-2-丁烯的合成

以异戊二烯为原料,经与苯磺酰氯加成、水解乙酰化、皂化3步反应,合成了辅酶Q10的重要中间体——反式-1-苯磺酰基-2-甲基-4-羟基-2-丁烯(简称终产物);分别考察了3步反应的反应条件;用傅里叶变换红外光谱和核磁共振表征了其结构。实验结果表明,加成反应的适宜条件为:氯化亚铜为催化剂,三乙胺盐酸盐为相转移助催化剂,乙腈为溶剂,90～100℃下密闭带压(约0.6M Pa)反应2h,n(异戊二烯)∶n(苯磺酰氯)=1.2,中间产物反式-1-苯磺酰基-2-甲基-4-氯-2-丁烯的收率为75%;水解乙酰化、皂化反应的适宜条件为:120～125℃下常压回流反应4h,0～5℃下碱性水解反应3h,以体积比为1∶1的乙酸乙酯-乙醚混合溶剂进行结晶精制。3步反应终产物的总收率为60%;终产物经液相色谱法分析,纯度达到99%。     

Reagents for the suppression of growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria

The conditions of synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts based on diethylenetriamine (DETA) and 4-chloropentene-2(HCP) were studied. The optimal conditions of the synthesis were found, the main physicochemical characteristics were determined, the structure was proven, and the bactericidal activity for the suppression of the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria was determined.     

The effect of packaging conditions on the quality of minimally processed celeriac flakes

The aim of the study was to select packaging conditions of minimally processed celeriac to preserve their quality during storage for 12 days at 4 and 15 °C. The quality of the product was determined on the basis of colour measured in the CIE L¹a¹b¹ system, sensory quality and total counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria, counts of moulds and yeasts, coliform counts, counts of Pseudomonas bacteria and the presence of bacteria from the genus Clostridium perfringens. Moreover, changes were determined in oxygen and carbon dioxide contents in the atmosphere within the packs, in which the product was stored. Celeriac flakes were packaged in the atmosphere with varying CO₂ contents (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% plus 2% O₂ and with balance N₂). After 12 days at 4 °C, it was found that celeriac flakes packaged in atmosphere containing 5% or 10% CO₂, 2% O₂ and balance N₂ were characterized by better quality than samples packaged in air atmosphere or in the atmosphere with CO₂ contents of 0% or higher than 10%. Modified atmosphere with the content of 5% or 10% CO₂, 2% O₂ and balance N₂, applied in the packaging of celeriac flakes, resulted in the inhibition of growth of mesophilic, psychrophilic and coliform bacteria in the tested minimally processed product.     

Detection and monitoring of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in cooking oils

A series of refined palm oil products were collected from different refineries in Malaysia and were analysed for 3-MCPD esters content. Samples were analysed using acidic transesterification and quantification by Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detector (GC-MSD). This method is based on the Federal German Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Method 008 for 3-MCPD esters. Limit of Detection (LOD) for this method was 0.25 mg kg⁻¹ and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) was 0.50 mg kg⁻¹ 3-MCPD esters were generally not detected in crude oils, but were found at trace levels in bleached oils. Deodorized or fully refined oils contained higher 3-MCPD esters. The values ranged from <0.25-5.77 mg kg⁻¹ for palm oil products, whilst other cooking oils in the retail ranged from <0.25-2.45 mg kg⁻¹.     

川渝页岩气集气管线失效原因分析

川渝某页岩气平台集气管线投产后短时间内发生穿孔失效,为找出集气管线腐蚀失效的原因,分析了失效管段所处的腐蚀环境,结合材料理化性能和腐蚀产物形貌成分测试结果,认为输送介质中的CO2和返排液中高含量的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)是造成管道腐蚀穿孔的重要原因,两者同时参与了腐蚀反应,形成主要由代表性腐蚀产物FeCO3、FeS构成的...     

Oleic acid-based compounds as lube oil additives for engine oil

The ongoing research focuses on preparing three compounds, based on oleic acid esters, through two steps to form 2-(3-acetylthioureido)-3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl) propyl oleate (Compound A), 2-(3-acetyl thioureido)-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diyl dioleate (Compound B) and 2-(3-acetyl thioureido)-2-[(oleoyloxy) methyl] propane-1,3-diyl dioleate (Compound C). The chemical structure of the prepared compounds has been distinguished and ascertained using different spectroscopic techniques as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C NMR), quantum chemical study “theoretical studies”. The efficacy of the prepared compounds was ultimately scrutinized as lubricating oils’ additives. It gives excellent results as detergent/ dispersant additives. Both the experimental and theoretical quantum chemistry studies of antioxidant compounds yield insufficiently effective findings. The strength of the produced compounds shows that the one with three oleic groups is most effective when compared to one and two groups. Additionally, the dispersancy increases as the percentage of the dispersants rises from 0.25 to 1.5 %. Keep in mind that as time passes, dispersancy increases more. C > B > A, correspondingly, is the order in which the dispersancy percent decreases.     

Co-culture of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Wickerhamiella versatilis to improve soy sauce flavor and quality

Salt-tolerant yeast is very important for the formation of soy sauce flavor. In this work, the optimal ratios of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (Z. rouxii) and Wickerhamiella versatilis (W. versatilis) for soy sauce application were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and the interaction between the two aroma-producing yeast strains was explored in terms of growth promotion and aroma production. Results showed that the best overall acceptability and caramel-like aroma was obtained at an optimal inoculation ratio of 10:1 between Z. rouxii and W. versatilis. The amount of W. versatilis inoculation should not be excessive because it would alter the soy sauce aroma characteristics due to the production of large quantities of alcohols, esters and phenols. Moreover, interaction tests showed that two yeasts had different effects on each other. The metabolites of Z. rouxii significantly promoted the W. versatilis biomass and metabolic capacity, with the yields of 4-hydroxy-2(5)-ethyl-5(2)-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (HEMF) and 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (4-EG) being 1.92 and 8.02 times greater than the sum of the production in culture alone (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the metabolites of W. versatilis had little effect on the Z. rouxii biomass, but remarkably improved its production capacity of 4-EG. This study provides insights into the potential of yeast interactions to enhance the soy sauce aroma.     

Survival of Listeria innocua in Minas Traditional Serro cheese during ripening

Cheese produced with raw milk can be a risk to consumer health. It is known that lactic acid bacteria present in raw milk and in natural starters can produce antimicrobial compounds against some foodborne bacteria. This work aimed to evaluate the survival of Listeria innocua in Minas Traditional Serro cheese during cheese ripening. The cheeses were inoculated with 10¹, 10² or 10³ CFU mL⁻¹ of the bacterium and were analyzed for 60 days of ripening at 30 °C. It was observed that the time and the dose of bacteria inoculated affected (p < 0.05) the survival of L. innocua. Even when the lowest dose was inoculated, at the end of the 60 days, approximately 10² CFU mL⁻¹ of L. innocua was detected in the cheese. The lactic acid bacteria present in the milk and in the natural starter were not sufficient to guarantee the absence of L. innocua in Minas Traditional Serro cheese even after 60 days of storage, as is required by Brazilian legislation.     

Novel Energetic Compounds Based on 3-Methyl-1,2,5-Oxadiazole 2-Oxide

Two derivatives of 3-methyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide, (E) 4-methyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxaldehyde 5-oxide (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazone (1) and 2,2,2-trinitroethyl 4-methyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboxylate 5-oxide (2), were designed, synthesized, and fully characterized. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Physicochemical and energetic properties including density, thermal stability, and sensitivity were investigated, and energetic properties (e.g., detonation velocities and detonation pressures) were calculated using EXPLO5 code. The results indicated that compound 1 exhibits positive heat of formation of 448.0 kJ mol^?1 and acceptable sensitivities (IS: 20 J, FS: 280 N). In addition, compound 2 possesses low melting point (99.92°C), moderate decomposition temperature (183.67°C), good detonation performances (D: 8430 m s^?1; P: 31.5 GPa), and lower sensitivities (IS: 18 J; FS: 220 N), which suggest 2 has the potential to be melt-cast explosive.