南宁市防洪排涝工程当务之急的初探

防洪排涝是按照人们的要求,用工程手段去改变洪水的天然特性。本文从南宁市气候情况入手,分析了南宁市防洪排涝工程存在问题及解决措施。充分印证了,防洪排涝工程已成为南宁市城市建设的当务之急。     

基于遥感与无线定位技术的防洪减灾信息系统的设计与实现

防洪减灾信息系统是一项重要的综合性非工程防洪减灾措施,但现有系统存在灾情报警信息传输不及时等问题。为此,采用遥感影像数据及无线定位技术进行了系统设计,实现了防洪数据的查询与管理、接警无线定位、空间分析等关键技术。并通过实例说明了该系统能够实现防洪信息的高效、统一的管理,提高综合防汛减灾的能力。     

Mapping and classification of direct flood impacts in the complex conditions of an urban environment. The case study of the 2014 flood in Athens,Greece

Urban flooding is a gradually increasing problem as the urban population expands into floodplains. In urban environments, flood vulnerability is significantly increased as a more concentrated population and assets makes flooding costly and challenging, in terms of impact estimation. This work focuses on mapping and classifying impacts after the catastrophic 2014 flood in Athens, Greece. The study proposes a method for classifying flood effects into four categories including: the natural and built environment, mobile objects and human population, organized in five classes of increasing severity, i.e. minor, weak, moderate, strong and extreme. Flood effects are grouped based on the qualitative nature of the recorded effects, allowing the development of an impact-severity map. Mapping of the 2014 flood effects indicated specific locations where the severity of impacts was distinctively higher than others, providing a holistic overview of the flood’s effects and highlighting the usefulness of the approach in future flood protection planning.     

Public Housing: Legacies and Futures

Federal flood control works and disaster relief have not curtailed rising annual flood losses in the United States. The National Flood Insurance Program takes a new approach. Flood insurance at low rates is offered in communities which adopt floodplain regulations prescribed by the Federal Insurance Administration. Thirteen thousand communities are participating in NFIP on a provisional basis. Final implementation awaits completion of federal floodplain maps. Timely regulation of floodplains by local communities is unnecessarily delayed by various legal and hydrologic issues.     

Soft systems methodology and integrated flood management: a study of the Adayar watershed,Chennai, India

This paper applies Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) within the context of action research and Integrated Flood Management (IFM). A case study from the Adayar watershed, Chennai, is provided as an example of how SSM can be used to understand complex situations and as a problem‐solving strategy for flood management. Flat topography, uncontrolled urban development, population growth, sand bar formation at the river mouth and low tidal action render complexity to flood management in Chennai. For effective flood management, a participatory and integrated approach, which includes stakeholders in the decision‐making process and an enabling institutional set‐up, is essential. As part of an integrated approach, the relationship between various organizations and the public is identified. SSM is an approach for addressing fuzzy problematic situations involving human activity. In this paper, SSM techniques like ‘Rich Picture Diagrams’ and ‘CATWOE analysis’ and participatory action research tools like ‘pairwise ranking’ and ‘force field analysis’ were investigated. Two workshops were conducted to define and explore the problematic situation, the role of various actors involved in the problem, to develop the conceptual model, to rank decision‐making criteria, and to analyse the forces for and against to solve the problem. The flood management approach provided in this paper can be used by government agencies and policy makers to manage floods.     

Integrating socio-economic analysis into decision-support methodology for flood risk management at the development scale (Scotland)

Legislation for Scotland increasingly requires that environmental enhancement schemes must be integral in property construction. With the introduction of the Water Framework Directive and the Water Environment and Water Services Act, developments on areas surrounding an existing watercourse often include river restoration and sustainable flood alleviation schemes. To support this, a decision-making tool is proposed that considers the hazard, exposure and vulnerability of a residential development to flooding. Rather than assessing flood risk purely in terms of hydraulic performance, it is shown that appropriate channel design selection also requires information on the socio-economic impacts. This paper takes a novel stance in predicting the social impact of flooding by using statistical evaluation of census data. This holistic approach to flood risk investigation is suitable for use by developers, planners and councils at a local (development) scale to strategically aid flood alleviation works, emergency planning and housing development.     

陈庄水库洪水计算

介绍了陈庄水库的基本概况,针对水库运行中存在的问题,指出对陈庄水库进行除险加固是必要的,并需要先确定陈庄水库入库洪水过程。陈庄水库洪水按无资料地区考虑,采用《山西省暴雨洪水计算实用手册》进行计算。     

Making Room for the River

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study we analyze plan integration for flood resilience in the city of Nijmegen, the site of the largest Room for the River project in The Netherlands. Little is known about the degree to which local and regional plans are coordinated with the national Room for the River program or about the cumulative influence of plans on flood vulnerability. To effectively investigate these issues, we use and build upon the Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard (PIRS) concept and method, which analyzes the consistency and effects of networks of plans on community vulnerability. We expand the scope to include plans from multiple administrative scales and the focus to include environmental vulnerability. Using a three-phase evaluation process, we demonstrate that Room for the River policies are well integrated in Nijmegen’s network of plans, particularly with respect to flood safety and natural protection. However, we also find that policies at different administrative scales lack consistency in some places, some socially vulnerable neighborhoods receive comparatively little policy attention, and local plans often prioritize development over flood resilience, though higher tier plans sometimes make up for these policy gaps. Flood resilience is still finding its way in the Dutch planning system.

Takeaway for practice: The PIRS offers planning practitioners a method to assess how networks of plans influence community vulnerability and, as demonstrated in this analysis, to determine the degree to which plans at multiple administrative scales target the most physically, socially, and environmentally vulnerable geographic areas. It can be used to support the ambitious goals of a program like Room for the River and align them with local development priorities.     

浅谈宁阳县柴汶河防洪治理工程质量监管

以柴汶河防洪治理工程为例,阐述了在水利工程施工中如何实施全过程、全方位的质量监管,确保防洪治理工程质量。     

Feature selection methods for characterizing and classifying adaptive Sustainable Flood Retention Basins

The European Union’s Flood Directive 2007/60/EC requires member states to produce flood risk maps for all river basins and coastal areas at risk of flooding by 2013. As a result, flood risk assessments have become an urgent challenge requiring a range of rapid and effective tools and approaches. The Sustainable Flood Retention Basin (SFRB) concept has evolved to provide a rapid assessment technique for impoundments, which have a pre-defined or potential role in flood defense and diffuse pollution control. A previous version of the SFRB survey method developed by the co-author Scholz in 2006 recommends gathering of over 40 variables to characterize an SFRB. Collecting all these variables is relatively time-consuming and more importantly, these variables are often correlated with each other. Therefore, the objective is to explore the correlation among these variables and find the most important variables to represent an SFRB. Three feature selection techniques (Information Gain, Mutual Information and Relief) were applied on the SFRB data set to identify the importance of the variables in terms of classification accuracy. Four benchmark classifiers (Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbours, C4.5 Decision Tree and Naïve Bayes) were subsequently used to verify the effectiveness of the classification with the selected variables and automatically identify the optimal number of variables. Experimental results indicate that our proposed approach provides a simple, rapid and effective framework for variable selection and SFRB classification. Only nine important variables are sufficient to accurately classify SFRB. Finally, six typical cases were studied to verify the performance of the identified nine variables on different SFRB types. The findings provide a rapid scientific tool for SFRB assessment in practice. Moreover, the generic value of this tool allows also for its wide application in other areas.     

PLANNING FOR FLOOD RISK IN THE FENS

The fens of eastern England rely on flood defences for their existence, and planning for flood risk has always had a high priority. A new focus was given with the issue of Planning Policy Guidance 25, and this paper presents experience from a Strategic Flood Risk Assessment of South Holland District, in Lincolnshire. The assessment pioneered the examination of fenland flood risk in terms of risk zones related to flood hazard and standard of protection. Methods for evaluating the risk zones are described; they consider flooding from embanked rivers which are subject to tide locking, internal drainage systems, tide level and wave action. The methods would be appropriate for many lowland areas of the UK where conventional flood analysis cannot be used.     

非常规突发与常态化应对的镇村健康发展路径

在非常规突发事件影响下,镇村空间在物质、社会、管控三个层次上均表现出极大的不适应性和脆弱性。基于 疫情防控的时空过程特征和防控作用的效能指向性与影响差异,应从镇村物质空间、社会空间和管控空间三个层次共 同入手,即物质空间方面构建内外结合、常非结合、三生结合的基础运行单元共同支撑的有机转换结构;社会空间方 面构筑法治、德治、自治融合的镇村治理共同体;镇村管控空间完善,实现制度和信息技术的精准配置,保障镇村健 康运行,以期促进镇村人居环境的健康发展。     

Prognose der Bauwerksschädigung unter Hochwassereinwirkung

Prognosis of building damage due to flood impact. Reliable prognoses of building damage caused by flood impact require realistic correlations between action and loss describing parameters. Due to the fact that commonly applied damage relationships between inundation level and loss are related to the costs for the different insurance sectors or usage classes (i.e. private housing), the required differentiation according to the parameters on the resistance side is still missing. The large scatter in the damage data has complicated the derivation of reliable general loss predictions and specific cost‐benefit analyses. On the basis of the August 2002 Saxony flood data base, a method to determine the structural damage of a single building or of the affected building stock for any given flood scenario is developed. Repeatedly observed damage patterns are transformed into a classification scheme of damage grades. With this tool, the structural damage of all damage cases can be analysed in a systematic way and related to the parameters describing flood impact. Vulnerability classes for the different building types are defined by using the data for determining characteristic ranges of damage expectation. Basic steps of the procedure are illustrated for a fictive data‐set, and subsequently applied to the existing database. As one of the main results, a new type of vulnerability function is proposed, describing the empirically‐based relationship between inundation height and the introduced damage grades D_i. With these vulnerability functions the damage distribution caused by the August 2002 flood can be reinterpreted for test areas with close agreement to the observed effects. A similar good prognosis could be achieved for the reported loss in monetary terms by correlating vulnerability class and impact parameter (inundation level) in specific loss functions. Thus, the prerequisites for the practical application of the procedure and presented tools are given.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD VULNERABILITY ZONES IN THE NIGER DELTA,NIGERIA

This study deals with an assessment of flood vulnerability zones in the Niger Delta region by using a hydrological technique based on some measurable physical characteristics of flooding and vulnerability factors. On the basis of these factors, 18 settlements randomly selected across the three ecological zones in the region were assessed. Three flood risk zones emerged from the analysis. These are severe flood risk zones, moderated flood risk zones and low flood risk zones. Strategies for mitigating the hazard of flooding in the region are recommended.     

济南城市综合排涝规划研究

针对当前城市频繁遭遇洪涝灾害,而城市排涝问题尚未受到足够重视的现状,济南市城市综合排涝规划对排涝的任务、涝灾形成原因进行了深入探讨,提出了洪涝分家、完善防洪排涝沟系、设置蓄滞洪区、优化雨水管道系统、开展竖向规划等排涝规划措施,以期改善城市遇雨易涝的局面,为其他城市提供借鉴。     

Quantitative assessment of groundwater vulnerability using index system and transport simulation, Huangshuihe catchment, China

Groundwater vulnerability assessment has been an increasingly important environment management tool. The existing vulnerability assessment approaches are mostly index systems which have significant disadvantages. There need to be some quantitative studies on vulnerability indicators based on objective physical process study. In this study, we tried to do vulnerability assessment in Huangshuihe catchment in Shandong province of China using both contaminant transport simulations and index system approach. Transit time of 75% of hypothetical injected contaminant concentration was considered as the vulnerability indicator. First, we collected the field data of the Huangshuihe catchment and the catchment was divided into 34 sub areas that can each be treated as a transport sub model. Next, we constructed a Hydrus1D transport model of Huangshuihe catchment. Different sub areas had different input values. Thirdly, we used Monte-Carlo simulation to improve the collected data and did vulnerability assessment using the statistics of the contaminant transit time as a vulnerability indicator. Finally, to compare with the assessment result by transport simulation, we applied two index systems to Huangshuihe catchment. The first was DRASTIC system, and the other was a system we tentatively constructed examining the relationships between the transit time and the input parameters by simply changing the input values. The result of comparisons between the two index systems and transport simulation approach suggested partial validation to DRASTIC, and the construction of the new tentative index system was an attempt of building up index approaches based on physical process simulation.     

Quantifizierung der Schäden infolge Hochwassereinwirkung: Fallstudie Eilenburg

Assessment of damage due to flood impact: the case study of Eilenburg. Estimating damage caused by flood impact is an important, yet scientifically and methodically insufficiently investigated task, which is necessary for preparing the management of catastrophes. Alluding to the procedure developed in the risk analysis of earthquakes it is checked, whether methodical fundamentals can be transferred or have to be modified, and which parameters must be derived from data surveys. As an essential improvement, in addition to the inundation level, the influence of the buildings' parameters are considered. Subsequently, the building types are sorted into vulnerability classes, to which characteristic structural damages, depending on the impact, or humidity penetration ratios can be assigned, which ultimately determine the extent of the damage and the resulting cost. As can be shown for the case study of Eilenburg, areas with unusually high vulnerability of the building stock can be identified by applying the chosen approach assuming a defined scenario, leading to recommendations for future decisions on building in the area. A key element of the procedure lies in the preparation of the required or, respectively, usable data, which must be linked by damage functions. The paper gives an overview of the approaches for observations on mesoscale and microscale. As can be shown on the example of the town Eilenburg, with the provided tools and data, the damages caused by the flood in August 2002 can be reinterpreted regarding their height and distribution.     

Assessing the effects of flood resilience technologies on building scale

The impacts of floods on housing are increasing due to more frequent and severe weather events as well as the ongoing development of settlements in flood-prone areas together with the rising vulnerability of assets at risk. Therefore, the improvement of the resilience properties of buildings to better cope with flooding has become a key issue towards more flood resilient cities in European research in recent years. The implementation of flood resilience technologies (FReT) on the individual property scale provides a previously untapped potential to reduce flood damage to buildings due to insufficient transparency of their effects. To overcome this obstacle, the paper presents a four-step extension of a synthetic approach for flood vulnerability analysis to provide evidence on the potential effects of FReT uptake concerning flood damage mitigation. The proposed approach has been integrated in the GIS-based flood damage simulation model HOWAD to support the assessment of FReT alternatives. The simulation of flood damage to buildings in the case study Heywood, Greater Manchester (United Kingdom) revealed the potential of the extended approach to determine the consequences of FReT implementation on building scale.     

唐家山滑坡成因机制与堰塞坝整体稳定性研究

 根据唐家山滑坡的地质背景,研究滑坡及堰塞体工程地质特征,分析唐家山滑坡类型及发生的地质成因机制;基于唐家山堰塞体的岩体结构稳定性分析、宏观现象监控与地表位移监测,研究堰塞体的整体稳定性。研究得出如下结论与启示：(1) 唐家山滑坡属于基岩顺层滑坡,是典型的地震诱发高速滑坡,滑坡滑动带可能发育在层间剪切带,滑坡区发育的构造背景为复式倒转背斜的一翼。(2) 唐家山堰塞体整体结构以块状岩体为主,上覆风化松散堆积物,整体地质稳定性较好;堰塞体地表位移监测显示,泄洪对地表位移有影响,最大位移约140 mm,随后位移增量较小,目前处于稳定状态。(3) 应注重地震诱发滑坡→堰塞湖→溃决→洪水的“多米诺”链式灾变研究;应注重含层间剪切带斜坡的工程地质调查分析和地震滑坡危险性研究。