模板支撑薄弱层对现浇钢筋混凝土建筑结构施工荷载分布的影响

对现浇钢筋混凝土建筑结构施工期间,模板支撑系统架设中可能存在的薄弱层对施工荷载分布的影响,提出了简化分析方法,并用工程实测结果进行了验证,表明模型计算结果的正确性。分析表明,模板支撑薄弱层将导致模板支撑薄弱层的上部楼板承担的施工荷载增大,而模板支撑薄弱层下部楼板承担的施工荷载减小;实测表明,模板支撑薄弱层上的楼板承担的施工荷载同比增大约4.3%,薄弱层下的楼板承担的施工荷载减小约3.9%。施工期间应避免模板支撑薄弱层的出现,以防模板支撑薄弱层可能带来的风险。     

Repairing reinforced concrete slabs using composite layers

There are several strengthening methods for rehabilitation of RC structural elements. The efficiency of these methods has been demonstrated by many researchers. Due to their mechanical properties, using fibrous materials in rehabilitation applications is growing fast. Therefore, this study presents rehabilitation of slabs in such a way that plain concrete layers on top, on bottom, on the entire cross section are replaced by reinforced concrete layers. In order to reinforce the concrete, Polypropylene (PP) and steel fibers were used by 0.5%, 1% and 2% fiber volume fractions. Nineteen slabs were studied under flexural loadings and fibrous material effects on the initial crack force, the maximum loading carrying capacity, absorbed energy and ductility were investigated. The obtained results demonstrated that increasing the fiber volume fraction or using reinforced concrete layer on top, bottom, or at the entire cross section of the slabs not only always leads to improvement in the slab performance, but also sometimes debilitates the slab performance. Hence, this study will propose the best positioning of reinforced concrete layer, fiber volume fraction and fiber type to achieve the best flexural performance of slabs.     

火灾下钢筋混凝土简支板力学响应机理

拉力膜理论针对的是板大变形下开裂状态的研究,对于火灾下板发生大变形尚未开裂的机理缺乏合理的解释。为此该文采用合理的材料热工性能和热-力耦合本构关系,应用ABAQUS有限元软件对火灾下钢筋混凝土简支单向板和双向板的温度场和热力耦合场进行了三维实体有限元分析,在实验验证的基础上深入探讨火灾下混凝土和钢筋的应力变化规律以及钢筋混凝土简支板的力学响应机理。分析结果表明：简支板发生了激烈的应力重分布现象,其变形过程经历弹性、弹塑性、塑性以及受拉开裂四个阶段,在弹塑性和塑性阶段板底混凝土双向受压的倒拱效应使得双向板抗火性能优秀;当火灾下钢筋混凝土简支板实验没有达到力学响应的受拉开裂阶段时,板底直接受火区域不会出现开裂现象;与单向板相比,双向板进入塑性与受拉开裂阶段的时间大幅度延长,且塑性与受拉开裂阶段变形速率减缓,因此其抗火性能更优。     

Influence of snowpack layering on human-triggered snow slab avalanche release

Dry-snow slab avalanches involve the release of a cohesive slab over an extended plane of weakness. In most fatal avalanches, the triggering of the initial failure occurred by localized rapid near-surface loading by people — followed by fracture propagation. Whereas a limit-equilibrium (LE) approach to snow slope failure only takes into account slab depth, slab density and weak layer strength, it omits properties such as the stiffness of adjacent layers and the fracture propagation process. Nevertheless, LE has been applied with some success to the frequency of skier triggering, suggesting that it is relevant to failure initiation. Since field studies have shown that, for a given slab thickness, stiffer slabs are less likely to be triggered, slab properties influence failure initiation, fracture propagation or both. A highly simplified finite element (FE) model of static skier loading was used to assess the effect of slab and substratum properties on skier-induced stresses in the weak layer. Compared to a uniform slab, the skier-induced stress at the depth of the weak layer varied by a factor of 2 due to layering. In particular, the simplified FE model suggests that while stiffer layers in the slab will reduce the skier-induced stress in the weak layer, stiff layers just below the weak layer can increase the shear stress. These results were incorporated into a modified stability index and compared to stability test results. However, by taking into account snowpack layering the correlation between the modified stability index and stability test results did not improve. While our simulations suggest that less stress penetrates through stiffer slabs and thus fracture initiation is less likely, other studies show that, once initiated, fractures under stiffer slabs have high propagation propensity.     

Response of SIFCON two-way slabs under impact loading

An experimental program was carried out to investigate the behaviour of slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) slabs under impact loading. Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC), reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and plain cement concrete (PCC) slabs were also cast and tested for comparison purposes. The impact force was delivered with a steel ball drop weight. The test results revealed that SIFCON slabs with 12% fibre volume fraction exhibit excellent performance in strength and energy-absorption characteristics when compared with other slab specimens. Regression models have been developed to estimate the energy absorption for SIFCON slab specimens.     

An experimental and numerical study of reinforced ultra-high performance concrete slabs under blast loads

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) which is characterized by high strength, high ductility and high toughness has been widely applied in modern structure construction. Outstanding mechanical feature of UHPC not only enables strong yet slim structure design but also highlights its potential in protective engineering against extreme loads like impact or explosion. In this research a series of reinforced concrete slabs are tested to determine their response under explosive loading conditions. Concrete materials used in the slab construction are ultra-high strength concrete (UHPC) and normal strength concrete (NSC). In total five slabs are tested including four UHPC slabs with varying reinforcement ratios and one control NSC slab with normal reinforcement. Explosive charges with TNT equivalent weights ranging from 1.0 to 14.0 kg at scaled distances ranging from 0.41 to 3.05 m/kg^1/3 are used in the current experiments. Test results verified the effectiveness of UHPC slabs against blast loads. Numerical models are established in LS-DYNA to reproduce the field blast tests on UHPC slabs. The numerical results are compared with the field test data, and the feasibility and validity of the numerical predictions of UHPC slab responses are demonstrated.     

徐变对水泥路面板湿度翘曲及应力影响研究

水泥混凝土路面板的温湿度翘曲和交通荷载的耦合作用是其发生疲劳破坏的主要原因之一。湿度梯度及湿度翘曲在路面板中的存在时间较为持续长久,不可避免地会受到混凝土徐变的影响。该文进行了干燥和密闭状态下水泥混凝土梁的弯曲徐变试验,提出弯曲徐变度和徐变系数的计算方法,并将上述徐变参数植入有限元程序中模拟分析徐变对结合式和分离式混凝土路面板翘曲变形和应力发展影响。结果表明:干燥状态下的弯曲徐变是密闭状态下徐变的1.67倍;徐变能够降低翘曲变形、翘曲应力及与荷载耦合情况下的总应力;徐变对结合式路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展影响较大,徐变降低了36%的湿度翘曲变形和45%的翘曲应力;在板角交通荷载的耦合作用下,徐变可使结合式路面板的总应力降低34%。因此徐变是合理分析混凝土路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展不可忽略的因素。     

Simulating moisture distribution within concrete pavement slabs: model development and sensitivity study

This study simulates internal relative humidity (RH) distributions for in-service jointed plain concrete pavement slabs. A one-dimensional isothermal mass transport model is used to predict the concrete slab’s RH distribution through its depth. At the top of the slab, a new statistical algorithm is applied to estimate the occurrences of drying and wetting cycles. During drying cycles, both local wind speed and ambient RH govern the slab surface’s moisture convection. During the wetting cycle, the moisture at the surface is treated as a fixed saturated condition. The feasibility of this model is verified through laboratory observations of internal RH in concrete prisms as well as through field measurements of internal RH for an in-service concrete pavement. Using the developed model, predictions of internal RH distributions of in-service slabs are centered on their sensitivity to local weather conditions, including factors such as the ambient RH, wind speed, and rainfall, especially for slabs in arid regions.     

温度与荷载耦合下农村公路混凝土路面板结构尺寸优化

为优化农村公路混凝土路面板结构设计以减小路面板厚度和节约成本,对板尺寸和板厚进行研究,分析正负温度梯度下交通荷载的最不利位置,建立文克尔地基上的板模型进行计算。研究结果表明:相比于板厚,板平面尺寸对板中最大拉应力的影响更大,因此可通过减小板尺寸来减小板厚;将只承受轮载作用的板称为小尺寸板,其临界板尺寸为2.0 m×2.0 m;路基反应模量对小尺寸路面板的板中最大拉应力影响不大;考虑疲劳损伤的小尺寸板在正、负温度梯度(15℃和-15℃)下的临界板厚分别为19 cm和16 cm。研究结果可以为节约成本为目的农村公路路面板结构尺寸优化设计提供参考。     

Modelling of creep effect on moisture warping and stress developments in concrete pavement slabs

Abstract

One of the major reasons for the fatigue failure in concrete pavements attributes to the curling and warping deformations and the traffic loads, while creep effect can reduce such deformation and consequently the stress generated in slabs. The literature on the influence of creep effect on slab warping and stress generation is found rare. In this study, a test set-up was designed to measure the flexural creep of concrete beams exposed to sealed and drying conditions. The measured creep properties were then incorporated in finite element analysis to model the creep effect on warping deformation and stress generated in slabs under the conditions of bounded and unbounded with base. It is found that creep effect is significant in slab bonded with base, it reduces warping deformation and stress by 36 and 45%, respectively. The total stress is reduced by 34%. Therefore, it is of importance to take into account creep effect when conducting deformation and stress analysis in concrete pavement slabs.     

水泥混凝土路面板早龄期翘曲行为数值分析研究

以1/4面板结构模型程序为基础,考虑基层与面板的摩擦界面作用,开展了足尺路面板结构的三维早龄期翘曲有限元数值模拟研究,并与现场实验进行校验。对比显示,相比1/4面板模型,考虑基层摩擦接触界面的全面板模型程序板角位移计算值减小,日变化量级、趋势与试验监测结果更为接近,面板-基层界面参数对计算迭代收敛性影响较大。不同的工况组合下,由于早龄期的历程效应路面板会产生很多复杂的行为特征,计算仿真显示面板早龄期存在板角-1/4板中-板中的翘曲变形迁移运动,不同条件的边界约束导致演化形成不对称面板翘曲。在夏季28 d的记忆-松弛-记忆多次叠加历程作用下,路面板一般将产生正的固化温度差性状。由于混凝土早龄期行为的复杂性,早龄期数值模拟技术仍需研究模型优化、材料早龄期参数特性以及施工工艺的影响。     

角点支承双向密肋楼盖试验与极限平衡荷载计算方法

为了了解角点支承方形区格钢筋混凝土双向密肋楼盖的受力性能与破坏形态,寻求极限平衡荷载计算方法,进行过一块尺寸为5.46m×10.92m角点支承的两跨连续方形区格双向密肋楼盖的短期荷载试验,根据试验结果,提出了此种楼盖结构的破坏机构,并由此推导出角点支承方形区格钢筋混凝土双向密肋楼盖的极限平衡荷载计算公式。     

基于钢筋应变差的混凝土双向板极限状态分析方法

为了合理确定混凝土双向板荷载-变形关系及极限状态,该文进行了一足尺混凝土双向板承载力试验研究,观察试验板裂缝开展及破坏模式,对荷载-变形关系、钢筋应变和板角约束力进行了测量。在此基础上,基于塑性铰线理论,考虑受拉薄膜效应,提出钢筋应变差概念、钢筋和混凝土应变破坏准则,结合板块内力平衡方程和弯矩平衡方程,建立混凝土双向板荷载-变形关系和极限荷载计算方法。同时,结合板壳有限元理论,编程计算混凝土板荷载-变形关系,分析薄膜效应机理及钢筋应变,并用于验证该文理论方法的合理性。最后,将该文理论方法计算结果与国内外试验结果以及其他理论结果进行对比。结果表明:与试验结果和其他理论计算结果相比,该文理论方法原理简单,计算容易,精度满足要求,可用于确定混凝土双向板的极限状态。     

水泥混凝土路面角隅应力分析

鉴于我国刚性、半刚性基层上水泥混凝土路面角隅断裂多发的状况,采用弹性地基上不等平面尺寸双层结构模型分析其产生的原因。面层角隅在单个矩形荷载作用下,讨论了半空间地基和文克勒(Winkler)地基路面结构应力、弯沉的异同,给出了按应力和弯沉等效时地基参数之间的换算关系;分析了基层超宽对面层和基层自身应力的影响,得到了基层超宽系数的近似回归式;探讨了面层角隅受荷和温度梯度共同作用下面层应力采用叠加方法和耦合方法计算的差异;初步给出了板底脱空(层间接触刚度弱化)、邻板接缝传荷对路面结构应力、弯沉影响的规律。     

用Poly MAX方法进行弹性地基板的实验模态分析

对弹性地基上自由板进行了脉冲锤击法模态试验研究。针对传统模态识别方法难以准确识别重频、高阻尼结构的模态参数的特点，利用LMSTest．Lab软件中Poly MAX方法对地基板的传递函数进行模态参数估计和识别。实测及分析表明实际地基上的自由板不存在纯刚体模态。利用识别的模态频率分别对Winkler地基，双参数地基的地基参数进行了识别。利用蒙特卡罗模拟计算地基参数以标准差5％变化时的频率值，发现地基的不均对弹性地基板的频率值有着重要的影响。为道路工程和岩土工程中混凝土板的地基参数识别和损伤诊断提供了手段和方法。     

钢筋混凝土楼板火灾反应数值计算模型

基于退化壳原理,考虑火灾下板壳截面的不均匀温度场分布而引入分层模型,同时在每分层上考虑材料在不同温度下的热力弹塑性本构关系,建立了火灾下钢筋混凝土板壳结构的有限元数值计算模型。另外,通过全拉格朗日方法考虑了大位移的几何非线性影响。最后通过一钢筋混凝土板在高温下的试验进行了验证,并分析了配筋率和保护层厚度的影响。结果表明:提出的火灾下钢筋混凝土壳单元数值计算模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可以用来分析火灾下钢筋混凝土框架结构楼板的反应。     

Dynamic response and behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under impact loading

Reinforced concrete slabs are among the most common structural elements. In spite of the large number of slabs designed and built, the effect of their details on their behavior under impact loads are not always appreciated or properly taken into account. This experimental study was aimed at understanding the dynamic behavior of structural concrete slabs under impact loading to improve the state of the art of protective design. This study investigated the effects of different types of slab reinforcements and the applied impact loads on the dynamic response and behavior of reinforced concrete slabs.     

分离式叠合板组合梁抗火性能研究与数值分析

为了研究分离式叠合板组合梁的火灾行为，对四块足尺分离式叠合板组合梁进行了均布荷载作用下的火灾试验。考虑了栓钉间距、后浇层厚度、预制板在钢梁上翼缘搭接长度的影响因素，研究了组合梁在受火过程中沿板厚混凝土温度场分布规律、混凝土板中钢筋温度、沿钢梁高度温度场分布规律、抗弯刚度以及叠合板与钢梁的整体工作性。并利用ABAQUS对叠合板组合梁在热力耦合作用下的温度场和变形行为进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:升温过程中，后浇层与预制底板结合界面未发生明显破坏，仍能共同承受荷载；但由于结合界面和预制板拼缝的存在，组合梁的整体抗弯刚度明显降低；热力耦合作用下，预制板在钢梁上翼缘搭接长度对组合梁的变形能力影响显著；对比试验研究结果与数值分析结果，二者吻合良好，验证了数值分析模型的有效性与可行性。     

不等尺寸双层混凝土路面结构力学模型研究

将刚性或半刚性基层上水泥混凝土路面简化处理为弹性地基上不等平面尺寸双层结构模型,面层、基层层间接触采用二元弹簧来模拟水平向从光滑到连续,竖向从连续到分离的情形。进而,通过一些算例,讨论了有限元解的收敛性和单元划分,实体与薄板两种单元的适用性,基层超宽效应和邻板影响,以及半无限弹性体和Winkler两种地基类型的差异。结果表明:实体单元较薄板单元更适用于混凝土路面结构应力分析;基层超宽可降低面层应力0%―22%,但增大了基层自身应力;接缝设传力杆、拉杆可有效降低板底脱空程度;采用不等平面尺寸双层结构模型,由弯沉反算的地基模量k在不同荷位均较为一致。     

组合楼盖竖向承重体系中楼板变形及内力分析

在组合楼盖体系中,当组合梁作为横向承重构件时,其变形对于楼板的内力和变形有很大影响。采用薄板理论对组合楼盖竖向承重体系中的单向混凝土板进行分析,建立控制方程,运用单三角级数法得到其挠度函数,进而求得曲率和弯矩的计算式并进行简化。通过与有限元结果对比,验证了简化公式的准确性。参数分析结果表明,随板相对刚度增大和梁上荷载增大,板内横向曲率和弯矩减小。即使在单向板中,计算板内弯矩也需同时考虑两个方向的曲率。