Strength properties of steel slag stabilized mixes

A new type of low-strength concrete made with steel slag and gravel was investigated in this report. Increasing the amount of cement or steel slag in the mix increased the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the concrete. Additionally, the compressive and indirect tensile strength of the concrete increased with curing age. The strength of mixes with low cement contents increased with the slag content, while that of mixes with higher cement contents decreased with slag content. Finally, the average indirect tensile strength for all mixes as a percentage of compressive strength was ∼14%.     

Viscoelastic properties of silicone rubber with admixture of SiO2 nanoparticles

Measurements have been carried out to investigate the change of dynamic viscoelastic properties of silicone rubber with the admixture of small amount SiO₂ nanoparticles. A novel measurement method for the dynamic viscoelastic properties including the modulus of elasticity, the loss factor and the Poisson's ratio is employed. It was found that an admixture of rather small amount of SiO2 nanoparticles can substantially affect the viscoelastic properties of the silicone rubber. It is observed that the modulus of elasticity is increased, while the loss factor and the Poisson's ratio are reduced.     

Evaluation of rutting potential for asphalt concrete mixes containing copper slag

Copper slag (CS) is a by-product of the copper extraction process, which can be used as coarse and/or fine aggregate in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. This study used CS as a replacement of the fine aggregate with a percentage of up to 40% by total aggregate weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of CS on the rutting potential of the asphalt concrete mix using two methods. One method is based on the Dynamic modulus |E*| testing result. Actual pavement temperature data from a test section were used with the developed |E*| master curves. EverStressFE finite element program was used to perform a linear elastic load-deformation analysis for a pavement section and to determine the vertical resilient strain in a 40-mm HMA surface layer. The M-E PDG permanent deformation model was used with and Excel Visual Basic for Applications code to predict the accumulated rutting for different CS mixes for 10 million ESALs. The other method used the data from the flow number (FN) test. Based on the |E*| approach, the results indicated that adding 5% CS in the mix increased the predicted rutting from 0.59 to 0.98 mm at 10 million ESALs (increase by 68%). When 40% CS was used, rutting increased by more than 700% compared with the control mix. After analysing the FN results with the Francken model, the results indicated a decrease in FN as CS content is increased, indicating higher rutting potential. The decrease in FN ranged from 9% for 5% CS to 95% for 40% CS. The mixes containing up to 10% CS satisfied the minimum FN criteria for rutting. A calibration process for the M-E PDG distress prediction models that allows the use of waste and by-product materials such as CS should be considered in the future.     

Experimental Investigation of Strain Behaviour of Heated Cement Paste and Concrete

The material degradation of concrete subjected to fire events has a severe influence on the load‐carrying capacity of support structures. Spalling of concrete layers, exposing the reinforcement bars and degradation of the material properties (Young's modulus, compressive strength) may lead to significant damage of the reduced cross‐section and, therefore, cause failure of the structure. In order to understand the stress build‐up at the heated surface caused by thermal expansion due to fire loading, finally leading to damage and spalling of concrete, the strain behaviour of cement paste and concrete exposed to combined thermo‐mechanical loading is the focus of this work. Hereby, the evolution of thermal strains, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio with increasing temperature are investigated experimentally. For this purpose, the specimens are loaded uniaxially while the temperature is increased up to 800 °C. The obtained results provide the proper basis for the development of realistic material models, allowing more sophisticated simulations of structures exposed to fire.     

Topological optimization for the design of microstructures of isotropic cellular materials

The aim of this study was to design isotropic periodic microstructures of cellular materials using the bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) technique. The goal was to determine the optimal distribution of material phase within the periodic base cell. Maximizing bulk modulus or shear modulus was selected as the objective of the material design subject to an isotropy constraint and a volume constraint. The effective properties of the material were found using the homogenization method based on finite element analyses of the base cell. The proposed BESO procedure utilizes the gradient-based sensitivity method to impose the isotropy constraint and gradually evolve the microstructures of cellular materials to an optimum. Numerical examples show the computational efficiency of the approach. A series of new and interesting microstructures of isotropic cellular materials that maximize the bulk or shear modulus have been found and presented. The methodology can be extended to incorporate other material properties of interest such as designing isotropic cellular materials with negative Poisson's ratio.     

Mechanical Properties of a Novel Zero Poisson's Ratio Honeycomb

In this paper, a novel honeycomb is proposed by embedding a rib into every cell of the existing zero Poisson's ratio (ZPR) configuration, semi re‐entrant honeycomb (SRH). Analytical model is developed to investigate the in‐plane mechanical properties of the new honeycomb, and the resulting theoretical expressions are compared with the experimental tests and numerical results obtained from two different finite element (FE) models (3D beam model and 3D solid model), leading to a good correlation. FE analysis, analytical modeling, and experimental tests of the new honeycomb show that it can achieve ZPR effect in two principal directions. For further studies, parameters analyses are carried out to explore the dependence of the in‐plane mechanical properties versus the geometric parameters. The results show that bending is the dominated deformation model when the new honeycomb is compressed along the x‐ direction, while stretch controlled in the y‐ directional compression. It is remarkable that the new proposed honeycomb features superior specific stiffness and more flexible in mechanical properties tailoring compared to the other ZPR honeycombs in the literature. Given these benefits, the new honeycomb may be promising in some practical applications.

     

考虑泊松效应的材料/结构一体化设计方法

为实现含有不同泊松比组分复合材料的优化设计,并考虑宏观结构及复杂的边界条件,提出了考虑泊松效应的材料/结构一体化设计方法,其显著特征在于不同组分材料中引入了泊松比插值,假设宏观结构由周期性排列的复合材料组成,复合材料含两种各向同性且泊松比不同的组分材料,以静态问题中柔顺度最小化或动态问题中特征值最大化为目标以及宏微观体积比为约束建立了拓扑优化模型。采用均匀化理论预测了复合材料等效性能,推导了目标函数对宏微观密度变量的敏度表达式。分别采用密度过滤和敏度过滤来消除宏微观拓扑优化中的不稳定性现象。采用优化准则法分别更新宏观、微观密度变量,考察了微观体积比和组分材料泊松比参数对优化结果的影响。三维数值算例结果表明所提出的一体化方法具有可行性和优越性。     

碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作硅酸盐水泥混合材水化性能研究

通过对钢渣碳酸化前后的硅酸盐相提取及水化放热性能和将碳酸化钢渣和矿渣作为混合材的硅酸盐水泥的胶砂强度和水化产物种类的测定,以及对它们微观形貌的观察,研究了碳酸化钢渣对胶凝体系水化性能的影响.结果表明,碳酸化使钢渣中硅酸盐相的含量由47.06％下降至14.38％;碳酸化促进了钢渣的早期水化,抑制其后期水化;在配比相同的条件下,碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的3、28d抗压强度较未碳酸化钢渣-矿渣-硅酸盐熟料体系试样的高;碳酸化生成的CaCO3促进了熟料的水化;碳酸化钢渣促进了胶凝体系中AFt的生成,且生成水合碳铝酸钙.     

Mechanical properties and microstructure of steel/iron slag blended mortar

This study aims to examine the mechanical properties and microstructures of steel/iron slag blended mortar (SISBM), which contains two by-products of the steel and iron industries: steel slag (basic oxygen furnace slag, BOFS) and iron slag (blast furnace slag, BFS). Test results indicate that steel slag will have effective hydration reactions with iron slag and contribute strength. The optimal mixing ratio of steel to iron slags was 3:7 (by weight), and the compressive strength was about 83.59% compared with that of ordinary Portland cement mortar (OPM). The strength development was similar to that of OPM and the strength increased as the curing period increased. The X-ray diffraction analysis results implied that the main products of hydration could be C–S–H, C–A–S–H, CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂, Fe_0.974O, and C₄AF. The scanning electron microscope images indicated that the distribution of Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃ increased as the inclusion of steel slag increased, perhaps resulting from insufficient reactions between BFS and Ca(OH)₂ and f-CaO due to excessive BOFS. In addition, the results indicated that the density of OPM was superior to that of SISBM. This may be the reason for lower strength of SISBM compared to OPM.     

钢渣超微粉/橡胶复合材料的性能及补强-阻燃机制

以磁选热闷渣、未磁选热闷渣、电炉渣和风淬渣作为研究对象,以乙二醇、三乙醇胺和无水乙醇制备钢渣助磨剂,钢渣助磨剂与钢渣进行复合获得钢渣超微粉。将钢渣超微粉与炭黑N220、促进剂、硫磺、 ZnO、硬脂酸、天然橡胶进行复合,制备钢渣超微粉/橡胶复合材料。研究钢渣种类和钢渣助磨剂用量对钢渣超微粉/橡胶复合材料力学性能和阻燃性能的影响。利用XRF、 XRD、 LPSA和FTIR对化学成分、矿物组成、粒度分布和组成结构进行测试。结果表明,以电炉渣制备的钢渣超微粉/橡胶复合材料的力学性能最佳,以磁选热闷渣或未磁选热闷渣制备的钢渣超微粉/橡胶复合材料的阻燃性能最佳。钢渣助磨剂可以减小钢渣超微粉的粒度尺寸,改善钢渣超微粉的粒度分布均匀程度。随着钢渣助磨剂用量的增加,钢渣超微粉的粒度分布均匀程度改善,钢渣超微粉/橡胶复合材料的力学性能提高,阻燃性能降低。     

钢渣微晶玻璃显微硬度性能研究

用熔融法制得钢渣玻璃，通过两步热处理法获得钢渣微晶玻璃，显微硬度是其重要的性能指标。对不同的晶核剂，不同的热处理制度对钢渣微晶玻璃显微硬度的影响进行了研究，结果表明：同样情况下，TiO2作为晶核剂的微晶玻璃显微硬度要优于ZnO；在700℃保温1h，940℃保温2h得到的样品显微硬度最高791．8HV。通过X射线衍射以及扫描电镜分析发现：不同条件下，微晶玻璃体系的主晶相均为钙铁透辉石Ca（Fe，Mg）Si2O6，同时含有少量钠长石；晶粒的生长情况随着条件的改变而变化，晶体生长得越致密，样品的显微硬度越高。     

Synthesis,characterization and properties of calcium ferroaluminate belite cements produced with electric arc furnace steel slag as raw material

This study investigated the use of 10 (M1), 17 (M2) and 27 wt.% (M3) electric arc furnace steel slag (EAFS) as a raw material in the production of calcium ferroaluminate belite cement clinker, after firing at 1320 °C. The thermal behavior of the raw meals was studied by TG/DSC and XRD whereas for the analysis of the clinkers, XRD/QXRD, SEM/EDS and EPMA were employed. The resulting clinker was co-grinded with 5 and 20 wt.% Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and the properties were determined by a series of tests in accordance to EN standards. The evolution of hydration was investigated by SEM and the development of compressive strength. The results revealed that the formed phases in the clinkers were C₂S, C₄AF and C₄A₃Ŝ. The main hydration products were ettringite, AFm and hydrogarnet. The leached Cr^VI was below 1 ppm in M3. Compressive strength in cements with 5 wt.% FGD gypsum was (in MPa): 18.3 for M1, 14.3 for M2 and 7.8 for M3 at 28 days, whereas for 20 wt.% FGD gypsum, the values were almost doubled.     

Effect of design and process parameters on nip width of soft calendering

Calendering is a well-known operation in which a material is run between rolls to thin it into sheets or to produce smooth or glossy finish. An attempt has been made in this investigation to remove the drawbacks in the model of Meijers and applicable directly to soft calendering, also to make nip mechanics model generalized and applicable, so that it can be applicable where there is roll to roll or roll to plate contact. Also, the effect of various design and process parameters on results of soft calendering has been discussed using the data taken from paper industry.     

Investigations on Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash Concrete with steel slag coarse aggregate for pavement structures

The present investigation is conducted to evaluate the effect of steel slag coarse aggregates on mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour of Alkali-Activated Slag Fly Ash Concrete (AASFC) mixes. AASFC mixes were prepared with steel slag coarse aggregates by replacing natural coarse aggregates at various replacement levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% by volume). Various mechanical properties and fatigue performance were tested and compared with conventional Portland concrete. The incorporation of steel slag aggregates resulted in decrease in mechanical strength of AASFC mixes. The fatigue lives of AASFC mixes containing steel slag were found to be lower than AASFC with natural coarse aggregates. Two-parameter Weibull distribution was used for statistical analysis of fatigue data and it was observed that the fatigue data of concrete mixes can be approximately modelled using Weibull distribution. Steel slag aggregates reported acceptable performance in AASFC mixes for its use in pavement quality concrete.     

浮空器蒙皮膜复合材料单轴拉伸力学性能及弹性常数

对新型飞艇蒙皮材料在0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°、90°七个偏轴方向单轴拉伸循环试验结果进行了分析,给出了残余应变和弹性模量随循环次数的变化规律;得出了由单层板理论推导出的关于弹性模量的本构关系对各功能膜层压合成的平纹织物膜复合材料适用性较差。使用VIC-2D数字散斑测量系统测出膜材在拉伸过程中的位移场和应变场,通过位移场求膜材的泊松比和通过应变场验证分析膜材拉伸破坏机制,并可以预测断口形态和位置。采用两种不同规格的试样测试膜材的单轴拉伸强度,通过对比发现采用试样3更能反应材料Uretek5876实际强度。本文工作对该材料应用于飞艇结构设计和分析具有参考价值。