Mechanistic–empirical analysis of the results of finite element analysis on flexible pavement with geogrid base reinforcement

A finite-element response model was developed using ABAQUS software package to investigate the effect of geogrid base reinforcement on the response of a flexible pavement structure. Finite-element analyses were then conducted on different unreinforced and geogrid-reinforced flexible pavement sections. In this analysis, the base course (BC) layer was modelled using an elasto-plastic bounding surface model. The results of the finite-element analyses showed that the geogrid reinforcement reduced the lateral strains within the BC and subgrade layers, the vertical strain and shear strain at top of subgrade, and the surface permanent deformation. The higher tensile modulus geogrid resulted in larger reduction of surface permanent deformation. Based on the response parameters computed from the finite element analysis, the improvement of using geogrid for BC reinforcement was then evaluated using the damage models for rutting in the mechanistic–empirical method developed through NCHRP Project 1-37a. The results of mechanistic–empirical analyses showed that the traffic benefit ratio values can reach as high as 3.7 for thin base pavement section built over weak subgrade using high tensile modulus geogrid.     

Effect of geosynthetic inclusion on the bearing ratio of two-layered soil

In this article, the load-settlement characteristics of unreinforced and reinforced two-layered soil during the loading process are investigated. A series of bearing ratio tests was performed on a granular soil as the base layer overlaying a cohesive soil as the subgrade layer. Three reinforcing conditions (unreinforced, reinforced with nonwoven geotextile, and reinforced with geogrid) at the interface of layers, with four compaction moisture contents (CMCs) of the subgrade layer and three thicknesses of the base layer for both soaked and non-soaked conditions are considered. The results show that the CMC of the subgrade layer has a significant effect on the behavior of two-layered soil, such as swelling amount and the efficiency of the reinforcements. Reinforcing with geogrid resulted in a considerable increase in strength of the soaked samples due to adhesion between geogrids and clayey subgrade layer. For nonwoven geotextiles, strength of the two-layered soil decreased at shallow penetration depths due to reinforcements; and as the penetration increased in depth, the strength also increased. Also, it was found that with decreases in base layer thickness, the test variable's value (i.e., CMC), and the type of geosynthetic reinforcement have significant effects on the behavior of two-layered soil.     

土工合成材料加筋粘性土的三轴试验研究

采用固结排水三轴剪切试验,研究土工合成材料加筋对粘性土体的体变、强度以及应力应变特性的影响。结果表明,加筋可以明显抑制土体的剪胀体变,但对土体的剪缩体变影响不大,加筋有利于增强高压实度土体的体积稳定性;轴向应变较低时,加筋试件的强度低于素土试件,仅当轴向应变增大到一定程度后,加筋试件的强度才逐渐高于素土试件,加筋对土体强度的增强作用存在滞后现象,且随筋材拉伸模量和加筋层数的提高,滞后现象更明显。试验结果同时表明筋材拉伸模量较低时,增加加筋层数,虽然可以一定程度提高土体的峰值强度,但对峰值后的强度提高不明显;相比而言,采用较高拉伸模量的筋材,加筋对土体残余强度的提高幅度明显高于峰值强度,对土体应力应变特性的改变也相对较大。     

斜缝与Z-pin混合增强泡沫夹层复合材料力学性能实验研究

结合斜缝合增强和Z-pin增强2种方法, 采用混合增强方法制备泡沫夹层结构, 并对这种结构材料的平压、 平拉和剪切力学性能进行了实验研究, 考察了不同混合比例对其力学性能和破坏模式的影响。结果表明, 夹层结构中, 随着Z-pin比例的增加, 压缩强度和模量增大; 随着斜缝合比例的增加, 拉伸强度、模量以及剪切强度增大; 但不同混合增强试样的剪切模量差别不大。      

全GFRP筋混凝土电缆排管的抗剪承载力

对全玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料（GFRP）筋混凝土电缆排管的抗剪性能进行了研究。在比较分析各国规范基础上,提出了GFRP筋混凝土电缆排管的抗剪设计计算方法。通过小尺寸和足尺GFRP筋混凝土电缆排管试件抗剪试验,得到了裂缝开展模式、截面应变分布规律及荷载挠度曲线,揭示了其破坏机制。试验结果表明,抗剪承载力均随面积配箍率和纵筋配筋率增加而增加。配箍率过小时,箍筋作用可忽略。纵筋配筋率较小时,构件仍具有较高的抗剪承载力。所提出的建议公式能满足电缆排管设计中安全性和经济性的要求。     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料防弹性能影响因素及破坏机制

以超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维、S-玻璃纤维、芳纶1414纤维和杂环芳纶纤维增强聚烯烃(Polyolefin,PO)和水性聚氨酯(Waterborne Polyurethane,WPU)树脂,采用热压工艺制备正交单向无纬(UD)结构复合材料装甲板;通过装甲板弹道极限速度测试,研究了纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板防弹性能的影响因素;通过体视显微镜观察装甲板侵彻破坏形貌,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的破坏机制。结果表明:UHMWPE纤维增强PO树脂基复合材料的防弹性能与UHMWPE纤维的强度和模量呈正相关,但纤维模量对复合材料防弹性能的影响随着纤维模量的增大而逐渐变弱;在WPU树脂体系下,四种纤维的防弹性能由高到低依次是UHMWPE纤维、杂环芳纶纤维、芳纶1414纤维、S-玻璃纤维;纤维增强树脂基复合材料装甲板中纤维破坏方式有迎弹面纤维被剪切冲塞、中部被纤维拉伸变形后剪切、背弹面纤维被拉伸断裂,中部纤维拉伸变形是消耗子弹动能的主要方式。     

Geosynthetics in geoenvironmental engineering

Abstract

Geosynthetics are planar polymeric products, which are used in connection with soil, rock or other soil-like materials to fulfill various functions in geoenvironmental engineering. Geosynthetics are of ever-growing importance in the construction industry. Sealing of waste storage facilities to safely prevent the emission of wastewater, landfill gas and contaminated dust as well as the diffusion of pollutants into the environment and coastal protection against storms and floods and reconstruction after natural disaster are important fields of application. We will give an overview of the various geosynthetic products. Two examples of the material problems related to geosynthetics are discussed in detail: the effect of creep on the long-term performance of geocomposite drains and the numerical simulation of the interaction of soil with geogrids. Both issues are of importance for the use of these products in landfill capping systems. The various functions, which geosynthetics may fulfill in the protection of coastal lines, are illustrated by case studies. The geosynthetic market is evaluated and economical and environmental benefits, as well as environmental side effects related to the use of geosynthetics, are discussed.     

Improving bearing performance of composite bolted joints using z-pins

The effect of z-pins on the bearing properties and damage tolerance of composite bolted joints is experimentally studied in this paper. The region around bolt-holes in carbon/epoxy laminates was reinforced in the through-thickness direction with different volume contents and sizes of fibrous z-pins. Bearing test results show that the z-pins improved the bearing stiffness (by 7.5–9.6%), ultimate load (7.7–12.8%), failure strength (7.4–9.8%), and elastic strain energy absorption to bearing failure (8.5–16.3%) of the composite joints. The bearing properties increased at a quasi-linear rate with the z-pin content, but were not dependent on pin diameter. Stiffness is improved by z-pins increasing the through-thickness tensile modulus around the bolt-hole of the joint. Post-mortem microstructural examination of the failed joint specimens revealed that z-pins improve the bearing strength by reducing cracking near the bolt-hole via an interlaminar bridging toughening mechanism that involves debonding and frictional sliding of pins within the damaged region. The elastic strain energy to failure is increased by the through-thickness stiffening and toughening provided by the z-pins. This study proves that the reinforcement of bolt-holes with z-pins increases the bearing properties without the weight penalty incurred with the traditional strengthening method of thickening the laminate around holes.     

Transfer zone of prestressed CFRP reinforcement applied according to NSM technique for strengthening of RC structures

This study presents an experimental program to assess the tensile strain distribution along prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement flexurally applied on the tensile surface of RC beams according to near surface mounted (NSM) technique. Moreover, the current study aims to propose an analytical formulation, with a design framework, for the prediction of distribution of CFRP tensile strain and bond shear stress and, additionally, the prestress transfer length. After demonstration the good predictive performance of the proposed analytical approach, parametric studies were carried out to analytically evaluate the influence of the main material properties, and CFRP and groove cross section on the distribution of the CFRP tensile strain and bond shear stress, and on the prestress transfer length. The proposed analytical approach can also predict the evolution of the prestress transfer length during the curing time of the adhesive by considering the variation of its elasticity modulus during this period.     

The effect of surface modification with carbon nanotubes upon the tensile strength and Weibull modulus of carbon fibers

Carbon fibers are widely used as reinforcements in composite materials because of their high specific strength and modulus. Today, a number of ultrahigh strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (more than 6?GPa), and ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (more than 900?GPa) carbon fibers have been commercially available. In contrast, carbon nanotube (CNT) with the extremely high tensile strength have attracted attention as reinforcements. An interesting technique to modify the carbon fiber is CNT grafting on the carbon fiber surface. CNT-grafted carbon fibers offer the opportunity to add the potential benefits of nanoscale reinforcement to well-established fibrous composites to create micro-nano multiscale hybrid composites. In the present study, the tensile properties of CNT grown on T1000GB PAN- and K13D pitch-based carbon fibers have been investigated. Single filament tensile test at gauge lengths of 1, 5, and 25?mm were conducted. The effect of gauge length on tensile strength and Weibull modulus of CNT-grafted PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers were evaluated. It was found that grafting of CNT improves the tensile strength and Weibull modulus of PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers with longer gauge length (≥5?mm). The results also clearly show that for CNT-grafted and as-received PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers, there is a linear relation between the Weibull modulus and the average tensile strength on log–log scale.     

The effect of gauge length on tensile strength and Weibull modulus of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and pitch-based carbon fibers

Carbon fibers are widely used as a reinforcement in composite materials because of their high specific strength and modulus. Current trends toward the development of carbon fibers have been driven in two directions; ultrahigh tensile strength fiber with a fairly high strain to failure (~2%), and ultrahigh modulus fiber with high thermal conductivity. Today, a number of ultrahigh strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (more than 6 GPa), and ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (more than 900 GPa) carbon fibers have been commercially available. In this study, the tensile strengths of PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers have been investigated using a single filament tensile test at various gauge lengths ranging from 1 to 250 mm. Carbon fibers used in this study were ultrahigh strength PAN-based (T1000GB, IM600), a high strength PAN-based (T300), a high modulus PAN-based (M60JB), an ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (K13D), and a high ductility pitch-based (XN-05) carbon fibers. The statistical distributions of the tensile strength were characterized. It was found that the Weibull modulus and the average tensile strength increased with decreasing gauge length, a linear relation between the Weibull modulus, the average tensile strength and the gauge length was established on log–log scale. The results also clearly show that for PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers, there is a linear relation between the Weibull modulus and the average tensile strength on log–log scale.     

Some characteristics of high strength fiber reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete

The effect of polypropylene and steel fibers on high strength lightweight aggregate concrete is investigated. Sintered fly ash aggregates were used in the lightweight concrete; the fines were partially replaced by fly ash. The effects on compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, stress–strain relationship and compression toughness are reported. Compared to plain sintered fly ash lightweight aggregate concrete, polypropylene fiber addition at 0.56% by volume of the concrete, caused a 90% increase in the indirect tensile strength and a 20% increase in the modulus of rupture. Polypropylene fiber addition did not significantly affect the other mechanical properties that were investigated. Steel fibers at 1.7% by volume of the concrete caused an increase in the indirect tensile strength by about 118% and an increase in the modulus of rupture by about 80%. Steel fiber reinforcement also caused a small decrease in the modulus of elasticity and changed the shape of the stress–strain relationship to become more curvilinear. A large increase in the compression toughness was recorded. This indicated a significant gain in ductility when steel fiber reinforcement is used.     

高强不锈钢绞线网增强工程水泥基复合材料受拉应力-应变关系

为了研究高强不锈钢绞线网增强工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composites,EEC)的受拉性能,考虑高强不锈钢绞线配筋率、ECC抗拉强度、高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC试件宽度3个影响因素,对设计的27个高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC试件进行了单轴拉伸试验。试验结果表明,高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC受拉试件的开裂应力和极限应力随着钢绞线配筋率、ECC抗拉强度的增大而增大;增大试件宽度对试件的开裂应力和极限应力几乎无影响。基于试验结果,提出并建立了高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC受拉本构模型,推导了开裂应力和极限应力计算公式。经验证,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,说明所建立的受拉本构模型可准确描述高强不锈钢绞线网增强ECC的受拉应力-应变关系。      

孔口缝合补强对含孔层板应变集中影响的实验研究

对复合材料开口缝合补强结构进行了实验研究。测试了不同缝合参数(针距、行距、边距、单重和双重缝合) 补强的含孔复合材料层板的拉伸强度, 研究了孔边应力集中、应变集中对强度、刚度等力学性能参数的影响, 分析讨论了孔边及邻近区域应变集中及应变分布的规律, 得到不同缝合参数、孔边不同位置以及不同载荷条件下的应变集中系数。结合实验结果和分析讨论, 给出了含孔复合材料层板缝合补强的缝合设计参数。      

不同构造五边形钢管混凝土巨型柱轴压性能计算分析

基于某超高层建筑五边形钢管混凝土巨型柱,研究了不同截面构造五边形钢管混凝土巨型柱的轴压性能。进行了3个五边形钢管混凝土巨型柱试件的单向重复轴压性能试验,试件分别为设钢筋笼单腔体截面、无钢筋笼四腔体截面和设钢筋笼四腔体截面。得到了轴力-位移骨架曲线,分析了损伤破坏过程、残余变形和弹塑性耗能性能,提出了适用的极限承载力计算方法。用ABAQUS软件进行了有限元模拟,分析了截面构造参数(腔体数、有无钢筋笼)对试件受力性能的影响,计算结果与试验符合较好。研究表明:四腔体截面试件与单腔体截面试件相比,承载力和延性明显提高,残余变形较小,耗能能力较强;四腔体试件中腔体内设钢筋笼的试件与不设钢筋笼的试件相比,承载力、延性、耗能能力进一步提高,残余变形减小。四腔体设钢筋笼的五边形钢管混凝土巨型柱综合抗压性能良好,可用于超高层结构设计。     

Possible estimation of resilient modulus of fine-grained soils using a dynamic lightweight cone penetrometer

Resilient modulus is an important parameter to characterise the resilient behaviour of pavement materials. Resilient modulus can be determined in the laboratory from repeated load triaxial test and is defined as the ratio of deviator stress to recoverable strain. Inherently, it is a challenge to perform repeated load triaxial tests as a routine basic test due to its complicated, time-consuming and expensive procedure; hence, several empirical approaches to estimate the resilient modulus from other soil mechanical properties – California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength or physical properties – have been proposed. This study has investigated the application of a dynamic lightweight cone penetrometer for the estimation of the resilient modulus in the laboratory and field conditions for some Victorian fine-grained subgrade soils. The results show the possibility to estimate the resilient modulus of fine-grained soils using the dynamic lightweight penetration index at any moisture content (MC) from optimum MC to soaked conditions.     

含脱胶缺陷复合材料L形接头拉脱强度实验研究

为考察脱胶缺陷对整体化结构在面外拉伸载荷下承载能力的影响, 实验研究了脱胶形状、间距、位置和尺寸对L形接头拉脱强度的影响规律, 定量评估了脱胶对L形接头拉脱强度的影响程度, 提出了脱胶缺陷对L形接头拉脱强度影响的定量表征参数。结果表明, L形接头的拉脱强度对脱胶形状、脱胶间距的变化不敏感, 对脱胶位置和脱胶尺寸的变化较为敏感; 位于填充区所在胶接面区域的脱胶对L形接头拉脱强度影响最大; 随着脱胶尺寸特别是填充区所在胶接面脱胶尺寸的增大, 拉脱强度显著降低。     

Characterising the elastic behaviour of fine-grained subgrade soils under traffic loading

Resilient modulus is a measure of the elastic behaviour of subgrade soil under traffic loading. The design thickness of a pavement structure and its predicted performance are highly dependent on subgrade modulus. Characterisation of subgrade resilient modulus involves conducting advanced repeated loading triaxial testing that requires special equipment and technical experience that are not available in many soil laboratories. The objectives of this paper were to characterise the resilient modulus of typical fine-grained subgrade soils and develop design inputs for the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. The resilient modulus of subgrade soil samples was tested at different levels of moisture content. Results of the laboratory testing were used to develop prediction models for resilient modulus as function of physical properties of the subgrade soil and stress state. The proposed models were compared to those developed under the Long-Term Pavement Performance programme. The results showed that the proposed models provided more reliable predictions with lower root mean square error.     

焊管焊接接头拉伸试验相关标准的讨论

焊管常用标准对焊缝接头拉伸试样是否去除焊缝余高要求不一。本文从焊接接头拉伸的实际意义出发,探讨了是否去除焊缝余高及断裂位置对试验结果的影响。不去除焊缝余高的情况,更偏重于焊缝结构的整体强度,而不是严格意义上的焊接接头的抗拉强度。为避免分歧及便于对比,西气东输二线管道工程技术条件中统一规定了焊接接头拉伸试验必须去除焊缝余高,且报告断裂位置。     

土工合成材料加筋边坡剪切屈服区特性和破坏模式

用有限元分析方法模拟筋材与土的相互作用,分析加筋边坡的稳定性,研究边坡加筋后剪切屈服区特性和破坏模式的变化,以及加筋层数和筋材拉伸模量的影响。结果表明,加筋后边坡的剪切屈服区和破坏模式发生改变,筋材拉伸模量和加筋密度不同,加筋边坡的破坏形态也不相同。筋材拉伸模量过低时,加筋边坡的剪切屈服区与素土边坡接近,加筋的稳定效果不明显,即便增大加筋密度对边坡安全系数的提高也不大;随着筋材拉伸模量增大,加筋的稳定作用增强,且随加筋层数增加,边坡的剪切屈服区宽度增宽,并向边坡内部和基础发展;对于加筋密度相同的加筋边坡,随着筋材拉伸模量的增大,边坡将呈现三种典型的破坏模式。