Influence of interfacial bonding conditions on the anti-penetration performance of ceramic/metal composite targets

This study analyzes the influence of bonded and unbonded interface conditions on the anti-penetration performance of a ceramic/metal composite target and determines the associated mechanism. The 3D finite element and 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation results revealed that a bonded ceramic/metal target exhibited better anti-penetration performance than an unbonded target, and the associated mechanism was determined. Notably, the bond strength between the ceramic and metal backplate plays an important role in the formation of the ceramic conoid, and the ceramic conoid that formed in the bonded target effectively consumed the kinetic energy of the projectile, thereby improving the anti-penetration performance of ceramic composite armor. To verify this conclusion, we also compare and analyze the anti-penetration performance of interface bonded and unbonded metal/metal composite targets. The results show that due to the absence of the ceramic conoid, the interfacial bonding conditions have little influence on the anti-penetration performance of a metal/metal composite target.

     

A mechanistic approach to evaluate the potential of the debonding distress in asphalt pavements

The debonding distress in asphalt pavement structures is a critical problem that affects the performance of asphalt concrete pavements. It occurs at the layer interface due to the poor bond quality between adjacent asphalt concrete layers and/or when stresses at the layer interface exceed the strengths of the material at the interface. The debonding of the adjacent layers, especially the top surface layer of an asphalt pavement, is a contributing factor to the premature cracking of pavements. Hence, the debonding distress can lead to a reduction in the life of the pavement. This paper presents an analytical and experimental framework to evaluate the potential for debonding at the layer interface of asphalt concrete pavements. Computational analysis was performed to determine the critical stress and strain states in layered asphalt pavements under moving vehicle loads using the Layered ViscoElastic pavement analysis for Critical Distresses (LVECD) computer program developed at North Carolina State University. This computational analysis enables a greater understanding of the critical stress that is involved in debonding and the ways that such stress is affected by pavement design parameters and environmental conditions. In addition, a prediction model was developed that can determine the shear bond strength at the interface of asphalt concrete layers with different tack coat materials at various temperatures, loading rates and normal confining stresses. The systematic and mechanistic framework developed in this study employs the maximum shear ratio concept as a shear failure criterion and provides a tool to evaluate the effects of various loading, environmental and pavement factors on the debonding potential of asphalt pavements. The overall advantages of the mechanistic framework and approach using the LVECD analysis tool will help lead to better understanding of the debonding mechanism, proper selection of the tack coats, and economic benefit in highway pavement maintenance and rehabilitation costs.     

无粘结与有粘结预应力混凝土梁抗震性能的试验对比研究

基于四对无粘结预应力混凝土梁与有粘结预应力混凝土梁的低周反复加载试验,较为系统地研究了上述两种预应力混凝土梁的延性、耗能性、变形恢复能力及破坏特征等抗震性能。研究表明：无粘结预应力混凝土梁的延性和变形恢复能力优于有粘结预应力混凝土梁,其延性系数平均高出20%;有粘结预应力混凝土梁的耗能能力优于无粘结预应力混凝土梁,其等效粘滞系数平均高出29.2%;有粘结预应力混凝土梁的承载力略高于无粘结预应力混凝土梁,其承载力平均高出7.42%;研究成果为不同工程情况下预应力梁的设计与选用提供参考。     

徐变对水泥路面板湿度翘曲及应力影响研究

水泥混凝土路面板的温湿度翘曲和交通荷载的耦合作用是其发生疲劳破坏的主要原因之一。湿度梯度及湿度翘曲在路面板中的存在时间较为持续长久,不可避免地会受到混凝土徐变的影响。该文进行了干燥和密闭状态下水泥混凝土梁的弯曲徐变试验,提出弯曲徐变度和徐变系数的计算方法,并将上述徐变参数植入有限元程序中模拟分析徐变对结合式和分离式混凝土路面板翘曲变形和应力发展影响。结果表明：干燥状态下的弯曲徐变是密闭状态下徐变的1.67倍;徐变能够降低翘曲变形、翘曲应力及与荷载耦合情况下的总应力;徐变对结合式路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展影响较大,徐变降低了36%的湿度翘曲变形和45%的翘曲应力;在板角交通荷载的耦合作用下,徐变可使结合式路面板的总应力降低34%。因此徐变是合理分析混凝土路面板的翘曲变形和应力发展不可忽略的因素。     

Fatigue behaviour of the bond interface between carbon fibre‐reinforced polymer sheets and concrete

Externally bonded carbon fibre‐reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have been applied to retrofit and strengthen civil structures. In this study, four‐point bending beams were manufactured and tested to examine the fatigue behaviour of the CFRP–concrete interface. The results indicated that the specimens exhibited debonding failure in the concrete beneath the adhesive layer under static loading. However, when cyclic loads were imposed on the small beams, debonding failure may occur in the adhesive layer. Moreover, fitting expressions were proposed to predict the shear stress–slip relationship between the CFRP sheets and concrete and the flexural strength of the CFRP‐strengthened beams under static loads, and good agreement with the test data was obtained. Finally, a fatigue life prediction model was also presented to capture the fatigue life of the CFRP–concrete interface under cyclic loads. The calculation results showed that the fatigue strength of the CFRP–concrete bond interface was approximately 65% of the ultimate load capacity.     

有粘结和无粘结相结合的预应力FRP筋混凝土梁抗弯承载力研究

纤维增强塑料筋(简称FRP 筋)是一种高强线弹性材料,非常适合用做侵蚀环境下的预应力筋,采用有粘结和无粘结相结合是提高预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁延性的一种新方法。对有粘结和无粘结相结合的预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力进行了理论分析和试验研究,基于平衡配筋率定义了有粘结和无粘结相结合的预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的破坏形态,推导了平衡配筋率和相应抗弯承载力的计算公式。为了验证公式的正确性,进行了9 根预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的试验研究,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究结果表明,在相同配筋的条件下,体内有粘结预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的承载力最高,体内无粘结预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的承载力其次,而无转向块的体外无粘结预应力FRP 筋混凝土梁的承载力最低。采用体内有粘结和无粘结预应力相结合,可以改善预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的延性。     

Thin bonded cement-based overlays: numerical analysis of factors influencing their debonding under monotonic loading

After a period in service, the degradation of concrete structures is unavoidable. For large concrete areas, thin bonded cement-based overlay is a suitable rehabilitation technique. However, the durability of such repairs sometimes remains difficult to predict, especially because of the variable conditions inherent in the work site. The present paper, associating experiment and simulation approaches, focuses on some key parameters influencing debonding propagation along the concrete overlay–substrate interface under static loading. Based on the cohesive crack concept, a model using identified and quantified parameters was built and validated by comparing numerical and experimental results. Different factors having an impact on the interface debonding were then investigated. For the overlay material, the parameters analysed were autogenous shrinkage, Young’s modulus, tensile strength and types of fibre-reinforcement. For the curing conditions, the relative humidity of the surroundings was taken into account. Concerning the overlay–substrate interface, the fracture energy and bond defects were considered. The model predictions allowed the influence of each factor to be evaluated. In particular, the effect of shrinkage on the durability of the composite specimens was clarified. The importance of the capacity of fibres to control debonding by restraining crack opening was proved.     

Fracturing behaviors of FRP-strengthened concrete structures

In this paper, we focus on the study of concrete cracking behavior and interfacial debonding fracture in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-strengthened concrete beams. An experimental program is systematically reviewed according to the observed failure modes, in which it is found that the interfacial debonding may propagate either within the adhesive layer or through concrete layer in the vicinity of bond interface. A finite element analysis is performed to investigate the different types of debonding propagation along FRP-concrete interface and crack distribution in concrete. For the numerical fracture models, interfacial debonding that initiates and propagates in adhesive layer is modeled by fictitious interfacial crack model. And concrete cracking, including the debonding fracture through interfacial concrete, is modeled by smeared crack model. Properties of the interfacial adhesive layer and concrete are considered to significantly influence the debonding propagation types and crack distribution. The interactions between interfacial bond strength, interfacial fracture energy of bond adhesive layer and tensile strength, fracture energy of concrete are discussed in detail through a parametric study. According to the results, the effects of these properties on different types of interfacial debonding, concrete cracking behavior and structural load-carrying capacity are clearly understood.     

胶粉改性沥青桥面防水层界面抗剪性能试验研究

利用剪切试验机对不同防水层厚度、不同温度及不同铺装层厚度下的防水层界面进行了动态剪切模型试验,研究胶粉改性沥青防水层与桥面水泥混凝土及其上沥青混凝土铺装层间的抗剪工作机理,分析了防水层厚度、温度、桥面铺装层厚度对界面抗剪性能的影响,并与其他防水材料进行了对比。试验分析结果表明:最佳胶粉改性沥青防水层厚度为1.5cm;随温度的升高,界面抗剪能力下降;桥面铺装层厚度对界面抗剪能力影响不大;在几种防水材料中,胶粉改性沥青防水材料效果最佳。     

型钢混凝土结构粘结滑移性能试验研究

进行了20榀试件的实腹式型钢混凝土粘结滑移性能的拉拔试验,分析了型钢与混凝土的粘结滑移机理、影响粘结滑移性能的主要因素以及沿锚固长度粘结应力和滑移量的分布规律,建立了型钢混凝土粘结强度和滑移量的计算公式,提出了型钢混凝土局部粘结破坏和整体粘结破坏极限荷载的计算原理与方法,根据混凝土板的冲切破坏理论,提出了确定临界保护层厚度的方法。研究成果为改进型钢混凝土结构的强度、刚度、变形、裂缝宽度计算理论以及进行这种结构的有限元分析提供了试验依据。     

Double shear tests to evaluate the bond strength between GFRP/concrete elements

Externally bonded reinforced systems have been widely used in civil engineering. However, the problems associated with bond between structural elements are not yet fully solved. As a consequence, many researchers have been proposing tests and techniques to standardize procedures and reach better agreement for design purposes. In the present paper, an experimental program is described that was developed to characterize the glass FRP/concrete interface by double shear tests made on 15 cm side cubes with GFRP bonded on two opposite faces. The GFRP wrap had two layers applied by the wet lay-up technique and three classes of concrete were considered. With the support of the experimental program, cohesion and friction angle for GFRP-concrete interfaces were found leading to different envelope failure laws, based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion for each concrete class, capable of predicting GFRP debonding. Results are discussed.     

Thin bonded cement-based overlays: numerical analysis of factors influencing their debonding under fatigue loading

The thin bonded cement-based overlay technique is well known nowadays for repair work on large concrete areas. However, these overlays have sometimes posed problems because of their uncertain durability: cracks and interface debonding may occur after a period in service. This paper, associating experiment and simulation approaches, focuses on some key parameters influencing debonding propagation along the concrete overlay-substrate interface. The case of monotonic loading has been treated in a previous contribution, so this work is dedicated to the case of fatigue loading, which is a more realistic representation of exploitation conditions. Based on the cohesive crack concept, a model was built and validated by comparing numerical and experimental results of fatigue tests on overlay-substrate composite specimens. Different factors having an impact on interface debonding under fatigue loading were then investigated. First, the loading level was considered. Then, for the overlay material, the parameters analysed were autogenous shrinkage, Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and types of fibre-reinforcement. For the curing conditions, the relative humidity of the surroundings was taken into account. Concerning the overlay-substrate interface, its normal tensile strength and its bond defects were examined. The numerical analysis allowed the influence of each factor to be evaluated. In particular, the effect of shrinkage on the durability of the composite specimens was clarified. The importance of the capacity of fibres to control debonding by restraining crack opening was proved.     

温度与荷载耦合下农村公路混凝土路面板结构尺寸优化

为优化农村公路混凝土路面板结构设计以减小路面板厚度和节约成本,对板尺寸和板厚进行研究,分析正负温度梯度下交通荷载的最不利位置,建立文克尔地基上的板模型进行计算。研究结果表明：相比于板厚,板平面尺寸对板中最大拉应力的影响更大,因此可通过减小板尺寸来减小板厚;将只承受轮载作用的板称为小尺寸板,其临界板尺寸为2.0 m×2.0 m;路基反应模量对小尺寸路面板的板中最大拉应力影响不大;考虑疲劳损伤的小尺寸板在正、负温度梯度(15℃和-15℃)下的临界板厚分别为19 cm和16 cm。研究结果可以为节约成本为目的农村公路路面板结构尺寸优化设计提供参考。     

Evaluation of diffusion bonds formed between superplastic sheet materials

Diffusion bonds produced in microduplex titanium and stainless steel sheet materials for various bonding conditions have been evaluated using a range of techniques. These include light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and compressive lap shear testing. The potential of other procedures such as ultrasonic inspection and resistivity measurement are also discussed. For imperfect bonds, the bond line in titanium alloys consists of clearly defined interfacial voids separated by metallurgically sound bonded regions, while the unbonded regions in stainless steel often consist of long flat voids in which the opposing surfaces have contacted but not bonded. It was observed that light microscopy and SEM observations provide a convenient and reliable method for the assessment of the bond quality, and in the case of titanium alloys it is possible to obtain quantitative data on the extent of bonding. High frequency SAM also proved to be an effective procedure for qualitative assessment. A linear relationship between the fraction of parent metal strength achieved and bonded area fraction as determined by metallography was observed for titanium alloys.     

Design limits for RC slabs strengthened with hybrid FRP–HPC retrofit system

A polymeric hybrid composite system made of high-performance concrete (HPC) and an innovative carbon/epoxy reinforced polymer (CFRP) unidirectional laminates was proposed as a retrofit system to enhance flexural strength and ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. The effectiveness of the proposed system was confirmed through experimental evaluation of three full-scale one-way slabs having two continuous spans. In this study, the results of the loading tests for the hybrid high-performance retrofit system are presented and discussed. Design limits to derive a flexural failure of a continuous RC slab strengthened with the hybrid retrofit system are extracted. Using the proposed design limits, the procedure of a flexural failure design for a continuous RC slab strengthened with the hybrid retrofit system is demonstrated with numerical examples for two types of the retrofit systems with respect to overlay strength. The flexural failure design limits can be extended for flexural and shear strengthening design with externally bonded FRP to ensure flexure failure for a continuous flexural members.     

复合式路面施工技术探讨

复合式路面是指在水泥混凝土路面上加铺沥青薄层的设计组合,他和普通的水泥混凝土路面或沥青路面相比具有很多的优势,本文结合隆百高速路面工程的实际,对28cm水泥混凝土＋1cm橡胶沥青应力吸收层＋4cm橡胶沥青磨耗层的复合式路面施工技术进行研究,主要内容包括混凝土的施工技术,界面的清理、应力吸收层的作用、橡胶沥青磨耗层的施工等等,通过工程实践,收获一些施工经验,使国内首次大面积应用的“白加黑”工程得以顺利实施。     

Evaluation of bond quality at the interface between steel bar and concrete using the small-dimension break-off test

This paper investigates the feasibility of using the small-dimension break-off test for evaluation of the bond quality at the interface between steel bar and concrete. Experimental studies were performed on bar-type concrete specimens and reinforced concrete beams. Twelve bar-type concrete specimens containing plain and deformed steel bars with different diameters were used to develop the relationship between the break-off moment and the adhesive strength at the steel bar/concrete interface. Subsequently, three reinforced concrete beams containing normal reinforcing bars, epoxy-coated reinforcing bars, and bars smeared with oil to simulate various adhesive conditions at the bar/concrete interface were used to study how the break-off moment and the bond strength were affected by the different adhesive conditions. In addition, two beam specimens containing normal reinforcing bars were vibrated severely on a self-made shaking table shortly after initial setting of concrete to simulate the bond damage in fresh reinforced concrete beams due to unexpected vibration or impact. Experimental results show that the effective break-off moment has a good correlation with the adhesive strength at the interface between steel bar and concrete. The break-off moment increases with an increase in bond strength. It is demonstrated that the small-dimension break-off test is capable of evaluating damage at the steel bar/concrete interface.     

The adhesion and interface chemistry of ion-plated selenium

A combination of fracture measurements and photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to investigate the bond strength of selenium evaporated onto α-brass substrates. Failure of thermally evaporated deposits occurs at an SeCuO interface layer even though selenium is chemically bonded to the oxide. It is shown that the interface oxide complex is removed during an ion plating process and that as a consequence the Se-brass bond strength increases significantly. However, the bulk adhesion properties of thermally deposited and ion-plated specimens are found not to be significantly different. This anomaly is discussed in terms of crack propagation, dispersion of the interface oxide during ion plating and failure at a new highly bonded CuSe interface layer.     

FRP-混凝土三点受弯梁损伤粘结模型有限元分析

该文采用双线形损伤粘结模型研究带切口FRP-混凝土三点受弯梁(3PBB)I型加载下的界面断裂性能。通过有限元参数分析,详细讨论了界面粘结强度、界面粘结能、混凝土抗拉强度、混凝土断裂能对3PBB受力性能的影响。数值模拟表明,FRP-混凝土界面有两种破坏形式,包括FRP-混凝土界面的损伤脱粘和界面混凝土的损伤脱粘破坏,与实验所观察到的现象一致。两种破坏形式尽管在宏观上均表现为界面脱粘,但破坏机制却不同。FRP-混凝土界面的损伤粘结模型与混凝土的拉伸塑性损伤模型相结合,不但再现了3PBB的宏观力学性能,数值分析得到的荷载-位移曲线接近实验结果,而且还能详细展示FRP-混凝土界面的损伤、断裂破坏过程以及损伤在FRP-混凝土界面和界面混凝土之间的转移,能够预测构件的承载力,有助于界面优化设计,这是单纯以能量判据预测裂纹发展的经典断裂力学方法所无法做到的。     

Bond strength and effective bond length of FRP sheets/plates bonded to concrete considering the type of adhesive layer

Recent experimental results of the FRP–concrete bonded joint using flexible adhesive showed that the most popular analytical models available in the literature underestimate the bond strength and the effective bond length of these experiments. Most of these existing models need to be modified to consider the type of adhesive layer. Consequently, the bond strength model proposed by Chen and Teng (2001) has been modified to consider the type of adhesive layer. An extensive database consisting of about 100 test results of FRP–concrete joint has been assembled to examine the validity of the proposed model taking the type of adhesive layer into consideration. The modified bond strength model is accurately capable of predicting the bond strength and the effective bond length.