无线传感器网络分簇路由协议

在无线传感器网络体系结构中,网络层的路由技术至关重要.分簇路由具有拓扑管理方便、能量利用高效、数据融合简单等优点,成为当前重点研究的路由技术.分析了无线传感器网络分簇路由机制,着重从簇头的产生、簇的形成和簇的路由角度系统地描述了当前典型的分簇路由算法,并比较和分析了这些算法的特点和适用情况.最后结合该领域当前研究现状,指出分簇路由算法未来的研究重点.     

一种基于非均匀分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议

在路由协议中利用分簇技术可以提高无线传感器网络的可扩展性.当簇首以多跳通信的方式将数据传输至数据汇聚点时,靠近汇聚点的簇首由于转发大量数据而负载过重,可能过早耗尽能量而失效,这将导致网络分割.该文提出一种新颖的基于非均匀分簇的无线传感器网络多跳路由协议.它的核心是一个用于组织网络拓扑的能量高效的非均匀分簇算法,其中候选簇首通过使用非均匀的竞争范围来构造大小不等的簇.靠近汇聚点的簇的规模小于远离汇聚点的簇,因此靠近汇聚点的簇首可以为簇间的数据转发预留能量.模拟实验结果表明,该路由协议有效地平衡了簇首的能量消耗,并显著地延长了网络的存活时间.     

无线传感器网络节能路由研究

分簇结构作为一种提高能源利用率、减少网络能耗的有效途径,成为当前无线传感器网络节能路由协议的研究热点。介绍和分析了LEACH、PEGASIS和HEED三种典型节能分簇路由协议,通过对三者的综合比较总结出现有分簇路由协议存在的问题,并提出相应的解决思路。解释了要想将WiFi应用于无线传感器网络面临的困难。最后,展望了无线传感器网络路由协议未来的研究工作。     

一种基于分簇的无线传感器网络动态密钥分发协议

层簇式无线传感器网络具有能量利用率高的优点,目前已经提出了多种基于分簇的路由协议,但这些协议并没有考虑到安全性因素.针对这个问题,提出了一种基于分簇的动态密钥分发协议SDKD,通过综合考虑节点的剩余能量和地理位置信息优化簇头选举机制,并使用哈希函数产生动态密钥加密通信过程.仿真实验表明,SDKD协议与典型的分簇协议LEAP相比,降低了网络能量消耗,并延长了网络生命周期.     

WSN中一种能量均衡的分簇路由协议的设计

无线传感器网络中,LEACH协议是典型的分簇路由协议.文章针对LEACH协议的缺点,结合PEGASIS协议的优点,从簇首选择、簇的形成、簇间路由等方面对LEACH协议进行了改进,设计了一种能量均衡的分簇路由协议EBLP,并进行了仿真分析.仿真结果表明,EBLP协议节约了能量,平衡了能量消耗,延长了无线传感器网络的生存时间.     

基于分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议

路由技术是无线传感器网络的关键技术.其中分簇路由协议具有拓扑管理方便,数据融合简单等特点.分析了无线传感器网络分簇路由机制,着重从簇头的产生、簇的形成和成簇后的数据通信三个方面描述了当前典型的分簇路由算法,并比较分析了这些算法的特点及存在的问题,在此基础上提供了一些解决思路.     

传感器网络中基于节点密度的分布式成簇算法

在分簇路由协议中,延长传感器网络的寿命,很大程度上依赖于簇头节点选择的合理性。提出一种基于传感器节点分布密度的分布式成簇算法,该算法是对LEACH算法的改进,在选取簇头的时候除了考虑节点轮流成为簇头的问题,同时还考虑各节点的分布密度。仿真实验证明,新算法能比LEACH算法更有效地降低网络的能量消耗,均衡网络能耗水平,从而使得传感器网络的生命周期在LEACH算法的基础上有较大提高。     

无线传感器/执行器网络中能量有效的实时分簇路由协议

无线传感器/执行器网络(WSANs)主要应用于自动控制领域,实时性问题是其面临的首要挑战.根据实际环境中的节点部署情况,建立了系统模型;研究了分簇策略与功率控制技术对于自组织网络实时性的影响,提出了一种可适用于WSANs的能量有效的实时分簇路由协议--RECRP协议.该协议采用二级成簇策略使网络中的各类节点稳定分簇.分簇后的各类节点具有不同发射功率,利用执行器节点的强大通信能力有效降低网络延时.采用能量有效性算法使网络中的传感器节点轮换担任簇首,从而使网络能量均匀消耗,延长网络的生存时间.实验结果证明,在WSANs中RECRP协议可使网络稳定分簇,并且在网络的实时性与能量有效性方面与现有典型路由协议相比具有更优越的性能.     

基于簇的无线传感器网络交会路由协议

针对现有无线传感器网络(WSN)协议中更多消耗sink附近节点能量导致网络寿命短的问题,本文提出一种基于簇的无线传感器网络交会路由协议(Cluster-based Rendezvous Routing Protocol, CRRP)。该协议是基于交会的路由协议,其中在网络的中间构建交会区域,该交会区域划分整个网络区域并在传感器节点之间分配网络负载,这延长了网络寿命。此交会区域内的节点分为不同的簇,每个簇的簇头(CH)负责不同簇之间的通信,sink在此交会区域内发送其更新的位置信息,并且当传感器节点想要发送数据时,会从该交会区域检索sink的当前位置信息并直接将数据发送到sink。仿真实验结果表明,在能耗与网络寿命性能方面,本文CRRP协议优于Rendezvous协议、LBDD协议、Railroad协议和Ring协议。     

HierTrack: an energy-efficient cluster-based target tracking system forwireless sensor networks

Target tracking is a typical and important application of wireless sensor networks(WSNs).Existing target tracking protocols focus mainly on energy efficiency,and little effort has been put into network management and real-time data routing,which are also very important issues for target tracking.In this paper,we propose a scalable cluster-based target tracking framework,namely the hierarchical prediction strategy(HPS),for energyefficient and real-time target tracking in large-scale WSNs.HPS organizes sensor nodes into clusters by using suitable clustering protocols which are beneficial for network management and data routing.As a target moves in the network,cluster heads predict the target trajectory using Kalman filter and selectively activate the next round of sensors in advance to keep on tracking the target.The estimated locations of the target are routed to the base station via the backbone composed of the cluster heads.A soft handoff algorithm is proposed in HPS to guarantee smooth tracking of the target when the target moves from one cluster to another.Under the framework of HPS,we design and implement an energy-efficient target tracking system,HierTrack,which consists of 36 sensor motes,a sink node,and a base station.Both simulation and experimental results show the efficiency of our system.     

CEFT: A cost-effective,fault-tolerant parallel virtual file system

The vulnerability of computer nodes due to component failures is a critical issue for cluster-based file systems. This paper studies the development and deployment of mirroring in cluster-based parallel virtual file systems to provide fault tolerance and analyzes the tradeoffs between the performance and the reliability in the mirroring scheme. It presents the design and implementation of CEFT, a scalable RAID-10 style file system based on PVFS, and proposes four novel mirroring protocols depending on whether the mirroring operations are server-driven or client-driven, whether they are asynchronous or synchronous. The comparisons of their write performances, measured in a real cluster, and their reliability and availability, obtained through analytical modeling, show that these protocols strike different tradeoffs between the reliability and performance. Protocols with higher peak write performance are less reliable than those with lower peak write performance, and vice versa. A hybrid protocol is proposed to optimize this tradeoff.     

一种能耗均衡的WSN分簇路由协议

节能是WSN的研究热点之一,而路由协议对能耗有直接影响。在对已存在的分簇多跳路由协议进行分析的基础上,提出了一种考虑多种因素来均衡节点能耗的分簇多跳路由协议——EBCRP。EBCRP协议中,选择中继簇头时综合考虑了邻近簇头相对自身的距离和方向;加入经验因子使簇头概率随节点与Sink的距离成负指数变化;中继簇头进行一定时间的等待以便数据融合,等待时间与它到Sink的距离成反比;另外,还通过仿真确立了较优的轮转周期。仿真实验结果表明,EBCRP协议能够使网络第一个节点死亡时间明显延后,能耗更均衡,生命期更长。     

无线传感器网络基于中转区域的分簇算法

在无线传感器网路中,分簇是当前重要的路由方法之一。提出了一种基于中转区域的分簇路由算法,每个区域独立进行簇头选择和轮换,为了均衡负载能耗和保证网络的顺利运行,节点通信采取了簇通信和孤立节点通信相结合的方式。采用下一跳中转区域来简化路由过程,确保节点通信的低损耗。仿真表明,与几个典型的分簇算法比较,该算法有效地均衡了网络负载,延长了网络生存期。     

无线传感器网络中一种高能效数据收集协仪

针对大规模无线传感器网络中收集数据的需要,提出一种基于簇的高能效数据收集协议CEDGP(Cluster-basedEnergy-efficient Data Gathering Protocol).在该协议中,首先,节点根据自身剩余能量竞争簇首;然后,为了均衡节点的能耗,簇首节点将收集到的数据通过多跳方式传送至sink...     

一种改进的无线传感器网络分簇路由算法

在无线传感器网络中,分簇路由具有管理方便、高效节能、易于实现等特点,成为当前重点研究的路由算法。现有的典型分簇路由算法存在着簇首节点能耗分布不均,簇首节点与基站未采用最短路径,数据可能“绕道”传递等缺陷,使得在网络规模较大时网络能耗及生命周期等性能表现不佳。针对这些问题,结合LEACH和SHORT的思想提出了一种改进的多层分簇路由算法（LEACH-S）,它建立了簇首到簇首路由,并保证相邻簇首之间距离最短。NS2仿真结果表明,在网络规模较大,密度较低时,LEACH-S较LEACH-C将网络生命周期延长了约15%。     

C-DTB-CHR: centralized density- and threshold-based cluster head replacement protocols for wireless sensor networks

Advances introduced to electronics and electromagnetics leverage the production of low-cost and small wireless sensors. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of large amount of sensors equipped with radio frequency capabilities. In WSNs, data routing algorithms can be classified based on the network architecture into flat, direct, and hierarchal algorithms. In hierarchal (clustering) protocols, network is divided into sub-networks in which a node acts as a cluster head, while the rest behave as member nodes. It is worth mentioning that the sensor nodes have limited processing, storage, bandwidth, and energy capabilities. Hence, providing energy-efficient clustering protocol is a substantial research subject for many researchers. Among proposed cluster-based protocols, low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and threshold LEACH (T-LEACH), as well as modified threshold-based cluster head replacement (MT-CHR) protocols are of a great interest as of being energy optimized. In this article, we propose two protocols to cluster a WSN through taking advantage of the shortcomings of these protocols (i.e., LEACH, T-LEACH, and MT-CHR), namely centralized density- and threshold-based cluster head replacement (C-DTB-CHR) and C-DTB-CHR with adaptive data distribution (C-DTB-CHR-ADD) protocols that mainly aim at optimizing energy through minimizing the number of re-clustering operations, precluding cluster heads nodes premature death, deactivating some nodes located at dense areas from cluster’s participation, as well as reducing long-distance communications. In particular, in C-DTB-CHR protocol, some nodes belong to dense clusters are put in the sleeping mode based on a certain node active probability, thereby reducing the communications with the cluster heads and consequently prolonging the network lifetime. Moreover, the base station is concerned about setting up the required clusters and accordingly informing sensor nodes along with their corresponding active probability. C-DTB-CHR-ADD protocol provides more energy optimization through adaptive data distribution where direct and multi-hoping communications are possible. Interestingly, our simulation results show impressive improvements over what are closely related in the literature in relation to network lifetime, utilization, and network performance degradation period.     

一种改进的WSN非均匀分簇路由协议

针对无线传感器网络中的“热区”问题,提出了一种新的低能耗的非均匀分簇路由协议——LEUC.该协议中,采用分布武与集中式相结合的方式依据节点的剩余能量与相对圆环中心线的位置选择簇首,成簇时综合考虑簇首能量与信号强度,簇内根据簇的大小采用单跳或者多跳传输数据,簇间构建多跳动态路由.仿真结果表明:LEUC协议可以较好地解决“...     

被动无线传感器网络的新数据传输模式

被动式工作环境下,无线传感器网络有其独特的特点。在已有的基于簇的数据传输模式的基础上提出了簇中建链的新传输方法。在簇中节点被唤醒后,由簇头将这些节点连接成链（Link）并随机选择链首,链首收集数据后发送到簇头。这种方式消除了多个唤醒节点同时向簇头发送数据造成的数据冲突现象,节省了节点传输能耗也使节点间的能耗更加均衡,从而延长了网络寿命。     

基于能量平衡的WSN簇头选择机制

通过对已有的基于簇的自组织路由算法和簇头选择机制的分析比较,发现经典LEACH算法在选取簇头节点时具有不合理性,提出了一种基于PSO模型的簇头选择机制。以网络总体能量消耗最小为原则,综合考虑节点剩余能量和网络当前平均能量,较好地平衡了无线传感器网络中的能量负载,延长了网络的生命周期。     

An energy-saving routing architecture with a uniform clustering algorithm for wireless body sensor networks

Wireless body sensor networks are expected to extend human-centered applications in large-scale sensing and detecting environments. Energy savings has become one of the most important features of the sensor nodes to prolong their lifetime in such networks. To provide reasonable energy consumption and to improve the network lifetime of wireless body sensor network systems, new and efficient energy-saving schemes must be developed. An energy-saving routing architecture with a uniform clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper to reduce the energy consumption in wireless body sensor networks. We adopted centralized and cluster-based techniques to create a cluster-tree routing structure for the sensor nodes. The main goal of this scheme is to reduce the data transmission distances of the sensor nodes by using the uniform cluster structure concepts. To make an ideal cluster distribution, the distances between the sensor nodes are calculated, and the residual energy of each sensor node is accounted for when selecting the appropriate cluster head nodes. On the basis of the uniform cluster location, the data transmission distances between the sensor nodes can be reduced by employing an adaptive multi-hop approach. The energy consumption is reduced, and the lifetime is extended for the sensor nodes by balancing the network load among the clusters. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the previously known schemes in terms of the energy consumption and the network lifetime for the wireless body sensor networks.