Experimental investigation of a vapor absorption refrigeration system

An experimental investigation of the performance of a commercially available vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) system is described. The natural gas-fired VAR system uses aqua-ammonia solution with ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent and has a rated cooling capacity of 10 kW. The unit was extensively modified to allow fluid pressures and temperatures to be measured at strategic points in the system. The mass flow rates of refrigerant, weak solution, and strong solution were also measured. The system as supplied incorporates air-cooled condenser and absorber units. Water-cooled absorber and condenser units were fitted to extend the VAR unit's range of operating conditions by varying the cooling water inlet temperature and/or flow rates to these units. The response of the refrigeration system to variations in chilled water inlet temperature, chilled water level in the evaporator drum, chilled water flow rate, and variable heat input are presented.     

数码涡旋变容制冷系统冷凝器动态特性分析

针对数码涡旋压缩机的容量调节方式,将冷凝器内部流量的响应规律转化为外部一个变化的流量输入信号,建立数码涡旋变容制冷系统的冷凝器仿真模型;分析了热负荷、出风温度、制冷剂进口压力在不同容量输出下的动态变化特性。结果表明,在容量调节作用下,热负荷、出风温度呈现出周期性波动趋势,但其总体是随容量输出比例的降低而减小;而制冷剂进口压力变化不显著。     

Economic analysis of air-cooled chiller with advanced heat rejection

This study analyses economic benefits of an air-cooled chiller retrofitted with advanced heat rejection features. The rated capacity was 282 kW and operating variables were monitored comprehensively to develop random forest models. The top five variables to ensure model accuracy were identified. Electricity savings were predicted by the models with 3 advanced operating modes: variable speed control for condenser fans with an adjustable condensing temperature (the VSD mode), mist precooling of condenser air (the Mist mode), and their composites (the VSD + Mist mode). The integrated part load value (IPLV) was 2.90, 3.31, 2.93 and 3.34 for the normal mode, VSD mode, Mist mode, and the VSD + Mist mode, respectively. For a chiller system serving an office building, the VSD mode gave the highest economic benefit with a simple payback of 10.83 yrs and an internal rate of return of 4.38% over a 15-yr life cycle.     

Potential energy benefits of integrated refrigeration system with microturbine and absorption chiller

This paper presents and analyzes the performance potential of a refrigeration system that is integrated with a microturbine and an absorption chiller (RMA). The waste heat from the microturbine operates the absorption chiller, which provides additional cooling. This additional cooling capacity can be utilized either to subcool the liquid exiting the condenser of the refrigeration system or to precool the air entering the condenser in the refrigeration system. Moreover, any surplus cooling capacity not utilized in the subcooler can be utilized to precool the microturbine intake air. The additional assistance to the refrigeration system enhances the efficiency of the refrigeration cycle, which in turn reduces the required microturbine size. The smaller size of the microturbine enhances the part load efficiency, especially in lower ambient temperatures. With increased microturbine efficiency, RMA with subcooler, RMA with subcooler and microturbine intake air precooler, and RMA with condenser air precooler can reduce the annual energy consumption by 12, 19, and 3%, respectively, as compared to a refrigeration system operating without any waste heat utilization from the microturbine. Therefore, RMA with subcooler and microturbine intake air precooler has the best potential of energy savings. The payback period of RMA with subcooler and microturbine intake air precooler is estimated in 3 years, which facilitates it as an economically feasible solution among the options investigated.     

蒸发冷却式热管与蒸气压缩复合数据中心空调系统性能实验研究

为解决传统数据中心空调系统能耗高和冷却效率低等问题,本文提出了带有蒸发式冷凝器的制冷剂泵驱动热管与蒸气压缩复合数据中心空调系统,实验分析了不同室外温度与冷凝器风速下系统的运行性能.结果表明:在热管模式下,当室外温度低于0℃时,降低冷凝器风速能够提升系统COP;当室外温度高于0℃时,增大室外机风速能够提高系统节能性.降低...     

Analytical solution for the simultaneous heat and mass transfer problem in air washers

An analytical solution approach for the simultaneous heat and mass transfer problem in air washers operating as evaporative coolers is presented. A one-dimensional model using the coupled mass and energy balance equations in the air washer is presented. Then, starting from a linear approach for the experimental curve of the air saturation, an analytical solution for the model was derived. The solution showed an excellent agreement with the available results found in the literature. The influence of several important parameters for the cooling process such as temperature and ambient air humidity, air flow rate and feeding water temperature, in the air cooling rate was investigated. The efficacy of the process can be greatly increased by reducing the cooling water temperature and the applied air flow rate. The analytical solution can be easily included into the models used for simulating desiccant air-conditioning systems operating in conjunction with air washers.     

动力型分离式热管设计与试验研究

为了研发数据机房用蒸气压缩/热管复合型环控系统,进行动力型分离式热管模块的设计和性能试验。热管系统采用平行流冷凝器和管片式蒸发器,由屏蔽泵提供循环动力,并由调节阀控制供液量。在标准焓差法试验室进行热管模块的制冷性能试验,结果表明：1热管系统在设定工况的制冷性能达到设计指标,验证热管系统参数匹配的合理性和实用性;2热管模块的制冷量、EER与室内外温差近似为线性关系;3液泵驱动的动力型分离式热管系统运行稳定、可靠,解决了重力型分离式热管的运行稳定性问题,简化了系统的安装,易于实施流量调节和能量控制。     

直接空冷机组变工况运行特性分析

水资源的减少及分布不均问题促进了火力发电系统中空冷技术的产生,但是空冷机组也有能耗较高的缺点。凝汽器是空冷机组的核心设备,其排汽压力是影响整个系统性能的最关键指标之一。以某电厂600 MW机组为例,提出一种冷凝器背压的简便计算方法,分析了迎面风速、环境温度、凝汽流量以及污垢热阻对凝汽器排汽压力的影响,为优化空冷机组运行、节能降耗提供参考。     

AHRI风冷冷水机组的测试要求

为了方便广大冷水机组厂商全面地了解AHRI风冷式冷水机组的测试要求,本文就冷水机组冷凝器进风温度测量方案,冷冻水测量系统配置及制冷量计算方法,不同大气压下测试的制冷量和能效比的修正方法等方面分别作了介绍。     

Proposal of an eco-friendly high-performance air-conditioning system. Part 1. Possibility of improving existing air-conditioning system by an evapo-transpiration condenser

Air-conditioning (AC) system consumes high energy and releases waste-heat. In the present study, we propose a method to improve its performance and minimize waste-heat by replacing existing air-cooled condenser by an evaporation and transpiration, evapo-transpiration, condenser. The improvement is confirmed by performing experiment for a conventional air-cooled AC system and a water-cooled AC system. Condenser temperature in the air-cooled system is higher than outdoor-temperature by 5–10 °C, while it is −5 to 5 °C in case of the testing system. From simulation results, saving energy consumption is expected to reach up to 30% in summer with the testing system. Based on these results, an evapo-transpiration heat-exchanger was developed as a new condenser. Heat-transfer coefficient of the testing heat-exchanger is at least 4 times higher than that of air-cooled condenser. Even hot fluid is used inside copper-tubing, its outlet-air temperature is as nearly as outdoor temperature.     

Thermoeconomic optimisation of the condenser in a vapour compression heat pump

In the paper, the design optimisation of a heat exchanger is discussed, using a thermoeconomic approach. The investigation is referred to the tube-in-tube condenser of a conventional vapour-compression heat pump, with a two-phase refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and a single-phase fluid flowing in the annulus. A cost function to be minimised is introduced, defined as the sum of two contributions: (i) the amortisation cost of the condenser, related to the heat exchange area; (ii) the operating cost of the electric-driven heat pump in which the heat exchanger will work, depending on the overall exergy destruction rate in the system. In the paper, this latter contribution is related to the local irreversibility rate in the condenser, using the so-called structural approach. The optimal trade-off between amortisation and operating cost is therefore investigated, by minimising the above-mentioned cost function. A numerical example is discussed, in which, for a commercial heat exchanger, the design improvements needed to obtain a cost-optimal configuration are investigated. The analysis is carried out for three different refrigerants: R22, R134a and R410A.     

挡风墙对空冷岛的防风效果分析

环境风引起的“热风回流”和“倒灌”降低空冷凝汽器换热效率，在空冷岛安装挡风墙，能够有效的降低“热风回流”和“倒灌”对空冷凝汽器换热的影响。以在空冷电厂应用较多的上挡风墙为例，从挡风墙的防风效果和挡风墙的布置及结构形式对空冷岛换热的影响等几个方面对挡风墙在空冷岛的应用进行了分析研究，下挡风墙目前停留在理论研究阶段。     

Influence of Thermal Flow Field of Cooling Tower on Recirculation Ratio of a Direct Air-Cooled System for a Power Plant

In order to get thermal flow field of direct air-cooled system, the hot water was supplied to the direct air-cooled condenser. The PIV experiments were carried out to get thermal flow field of a direct air-cooled system under different conditions in low velocity wind tunnel, at the same time, the recirculation ratio at cooling tower was measured, so the relationship between flow field characteristic and recirculation ratio of cooling tower can be discussed, from the results we can see that: the flow field configuration fore-and-aft cooling tower has great effects on average recirculation ratio under cooling tower. The eddy formed fore-and-aft cooling tower is a key reason that recirculation produces. The eddy intensity relates to velocity magnitude and direction angle, the configuration of eddy lies on the geometry size of cooling tower. So changing the flow field configuration fore-and-aft cooling tower reasonably can decrease recirculation ratio under cooling tower, and heat dispel effect of ACC can also be improved.     

一种基于四换热器构型的整体式热泵热回收型新风除湿机

新风除湿系统通过置换室内空气和控制室内湿度营造健康舒适的建筑环境。但家用整体式新风除湿热泵受限于安装空间,存在除湿能效低、能力不足等问题。本文提出一种基于四换热器构型的热泵热回收型新风除湿系统,既能全面回收内外部冷能,提升除湿能力和能效;又能通过空气流路和制冷剂流路的转换产生多种运行模式,满足各种应用场景下的新风除湿需求。系统仿真和样机的实测结果表明,在名义制冷工况下的除湿能效SMER高达3.27 kg/(kW·h),相比三换热器系统提升35.2%,相比二换热器系统提升59.6%。     

Cycle analysis of an air-cooled LiBr/H2O absorption heat pump of parallel-flow type

A gas-fired absorption heat pump with cooling capacity of 2 RT was analysed as an air-conditioner for domestic use during the summer. The absorption heat pump considered was an air-cooled, double-effect, LiBr/H₂O system of parallel-flow type. The performance of the absorption heat pump in the cooling mode of operation was investigated through cycle simulation to obtain the system characteristics depending on the inlet temperature of air to the absorber, the working solution concentrations, the solution distribution ratio of the mass of solution into the first generator to the total mass of solution from the absorber, and the LTDs (leaving temperature differences) of the heat-exchanging components. When the predicted results were compared with the measured data for similar design conditions, reasonable agreement was observed. The optimum design and operating conditions of an air-cooled absorption system are suggested based on this cycle simulation analysis.     

闭式冷却塔在数据机房空调系统中的应用

介绍了风冷型机房专用空调存在的问题,通过水与空气的比热对比,提出将风冷冷凝器改为水冷冷凝器的改造方案,以及改造配套的土建、电气系统规划设计,并对改造进行了经济性分析。     

钢斜撑+钢桁架+钢筋混凝土管柱竖向混合结构 抗震性能试验研究

传统钢桁架+钢筋混凝土管柱形式的空冷支架结构体系在地震高烈度区已不能满足百万千瓦机组火电厂对结构使用性能的要求。该文提出钢斜撑+钢桁架+钢筋混凝土管柱的新型空冷支架结构体系,并对其抗震性能进行试验研究。选取原型结构的1/4,并按照1/8缩尺比制作试验模型,进行动力特性测试、拟动力试验与拟静力试验,探讨该结构体系的滞回性能、变形性能以及破坏模式等。结果表明:钢斜撑+钢桁架+钢筋混凝土管柱空冷支架结构体系的荷载-位移滞回曲线饱满,结构的耗能能力与变形能力较强,能够满足高烈度区大容量机组的抗震要求。     

空气源热泵热水器系统性能分析

为了预测空气源热泵热水器的运行性能,提高系统稳定性和降低能耗,建立空气源热泵热水器系统仿真模型,在焓差实验室对一台水箱容积为150L的一体式空气源热泵热水器样机进行变工况实验以验证模型的准确性,利用所建立的模型研究蒸发器入口空气流速及制冷剂质量流量对机组性能的影响。结果表明:系统制热量和COP都随环境温度的升高而不断增大;系统制热量随蒸发器入口空气流速的增大而呈增大趋势,在达到某值后,系统制热量变化趋于稳定;系统COP随制冷剂质量流量的不断增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,即制冷剂质量流量存在最佳值使得热泵性能系数最高。     

Performance analysis and simulation of automobile air conditioning systemAnalyse de la performance et simulation d'un système de conditionnement d'air automobile

Performance analyses of separate components of an automobile air conditioning system have been carried out under various operating conditions. The air conditioning system consists of a laminated type evaporator, a swash plate type compressor, a parallel flow type condenser, a receiver drier and an externally equalized thermostatic expansion valve. A computer program for performance analysis of the laminated type evaporator has been developed on the basis of the overall heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop which were obtained experimentally. A computer program for performance analysis of the parallel flow type condenser, using an empirical equation for the heat transfer coefficient, has been developed, which demonstrates that the predicted condensing capacity agrees very well with the experimental data. Then, a model for combining the performance analysis programs of separate components of an automobile air conditioning system is proposed, which simulates very well the performance of the integrated automobile air conditioning system. Further, the effects of condenser size and refrigerant charge on the performance of the integrated automobile air conditioning system are discussed.     

电动汽车电池冷却系统对空调系统性能的影响

为了更好地匹配电动汽车空调系统和电池冷却系统,减少其对乘员舱舒适性和整车续航里程的影响,搭建电动汽车空调系统和电池冷却系统测试台架,试验分析电池冷却系统参数对空调系统性能的影响,确定匹配的电池冷却器容量、电子膨胀阀容量和冷却液流量。结果表明:电池冷却器容量从3 kW减小为2 kW时,蒸发器换热量增加30%,蒸发器出口空气温度降低6.6℃;电子膨胀阀容量从1.0 Rt减小为0.5 Rt时,蒸发器换热量增加5%,蒸发器出口空气温度降低1.0℃;冷却液流量从7.5 L/min减少为3.5 L/min,蒸发器换热量加8%,蒸发器出口空气温度降低1.8℃。