以R134a为制冷剂的喷射制冷理论分析及其CFD模拟

介绍以R134a为制冷剂的太阳能喷射制冷系统，并对系统核心部件喷射器进行CFD模拟，根据CFD模拟结果确定喷射器的最佳结构尺寸。在此基础上，对该系统进行理论分析。在发生温度90℃、蒸发温度0℃、冷凝温度34℃的条件下，系统COP可以达到0．182。     

Experimental investigation on R134a vapour ejector refrigeration system

The experimental investigation of the performance of a vapour ejector refrigeration system is described. The system uses R134a as working fluid and has a rated cooling capacity of 0.5 kW. The influence of generator, evaporator and condenser temperatures on the system performance is studied. This kind of system can be operated with low grade thermal energy such as solar energy, waste heat, etc. The operating conditions are chosen accordingly as, generator temperature between 338 K and 363 K, condenser temperature between 299 K and 310.5 K, and evaporator temperature between 275 K and 285.5 K. Six configurations of ejectors of different geometrical dimensions are selected for the parametric study. The performance of the refrigeration system at different operating temperatures is presented.     

改进的R23/R134a自复叠制冷系统实验研究

为了研究R23/R134a混合工质自复叠制冷系统在变工况下的运行性能,更深入地了解系统各部件对自复叠循环的影响,在已建成的自复叠循环系统实验台上进行实验研究.在冷凝温度较高的夏季,测试该自复叠实验装置所能达到的最低蒸发温度,并研究冷凝温度、工质充注质量分数及蒸发冷凝压力对该系统的影响.     

改进的R23/R134a自复叠制冷系统试验台设计

为了研究R23/R134a混合工质自复叠制冷系统在变工况下的运行性能,更深入地了解系统各部件对自复叠循环的影响,设计一套试验装置。该装置对现有循环流程进行改进,增加了电磁阀、膨胀容器等部件。对该系统的运行工况、参数范围以及系统的各部件进行设计或选型,并介绍所搭建的试验台。     

A theoretical study on a novel combined power and ejector refrigeration cycle

A new combined power and refrigeration cycle is proposed for the cogeneration, which combines the Rankine cycle and the ejector refrigeration cycle by adding an extraction turbine between heat recovery vapor generator (HRVG) and ejector. This combined cycle could produce both power output and refrigeration output simultaneously, and could be driven by the flue gas from gas turbine or engine, solar energy, geothermal energy and industrial waste heats. Parametric analysis and exergy analysis are conducted to examine the effects of thermodynamic parameters on the performance and exergy destruction in each component for the combined cycle. The results show that the condenser temperature, the evaporator temperature, the turbine inlet pressure, the turbine extraction pressure and extraction ratio have significant effects on the turbine power output, refrigeration output, exergy efficiency and exergy destruction in each component in the combined cycle. It is also shown that the biggest exergy destruction occurs in the heat recovery vapor generator, followed by the ejector and turbine.     

Hybrid vapor compression refrigeration system with an integrated ejector cooling cycle

A refrigeration system was developed which combines a basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle with an ejector cooling cycle. The ejector cooling cycle is driven by the waste heat from the condenser in the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The additional cooling capacity from the ejector cycle is directly input into the evaporator of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The governing equations are derived based on energy and mass conservation in each component including the compressor, ejector, generator, booster and heat exchangers. The system performance is first analyzed for the on-design conditions. The results show that the COP is improved by 9.1% for R22 system. The system is then compared with a basic refrigeration system for variations of five important variables. The system analysis shows that this refrigeration system can effectively improve the COP by the ejector cycle with the refrigerant which has high compressor discharge temperature.     

R11与R134a离心式制冷机组性能比较

从环保、节能、热力性能及装置等方面对化工企业使用的R11与R134a大型离心制冷机组进行比较,并对R134a离心机组在使用过程中的常见问题提出改进建议。     

Historical and present developments of ejector refrigeration systems with emphasis on transcritical carbon dioxide air-conditioning applications

This paper gives an overview of historical and present developments on how ejectors can be utilized to improve the performance of air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. Research on ejector refrigeration cycles that utilize low-grade energy sources to produce cooling is summarized. Another major class of ejector refrigeration cycles that is described tries to recover expansion work by means of a two-phase ejector. This particular approach appears to be very promising for transcritical carbon dioxide (CO₂, R744) systems with inherently large throttling losses. The paper further presents the latest analytical and experimental results of a comprehensive study carried out to investigate possible performance improvements of transcritical R744 two-phase ejector systems. Relevant operational parameters were varied and effects on performance resulting from different ejector geometries were studied as well. Two-phase mixing shock waves inside the ejector were detected by recoding static wall pressure distributions.     

Performance of ejector cooling systems using low ecological impact refrigerants

The theoretical behaviour of an ejector cooling system, using as working fluids propane, butane, isobutane, R152a and R134a, is obtained. The ejector works as a thermo-compressor that is simulated with a validated one-dimensional mathematical model, whose errors are lower than 6%. For a system unitary cooling capacity, a parametric study is carried out varying the generation, condensation and evaporation temperatures. From the obtained data, a complete analysis of the system performance can be achieved when the ejector and system operation parameters are considered. The best performance corresponds to the system using propane, because has the highest system coefficient of performance and its ejector has the maximum entrainment ratio value, the least area ratio value and the highest efficiency value. The considered generation temperature ranging from 70 °C to 95 °C is appropriate for low-grade energy sources assisting thermal cooling systems. After this system performance, come those in which R152a and R134a are employed, with isobutane and butane at the end. The obtained results represent potential design points of an efficient ejector cooling system operation, because to each combination of the above mentioned temperatures corresponds one and only one ejector geometry.     

R134a单元式风冷冷风空调机蒸发器设计

以理论模型为基础，对R134a单元式风冷冷风机组翅片管式蒸发器进行设计。应用管内流动沸腾换热模型仿真分析R134a的质量流量对沸腾换热的影响，利用外掠翅片管束换热关联式计算管外翅片侧表面换热系数，进而得出翅片管蒸发器总传热系数，利用计算结果进行设计。     

A theoretical study of a novel regenerative ejector refrigeration cycle

There has been a demand for developments of the ejector refrigeration systems using low grade thermal energy, such as solar energy and waste heat. In this paper, a novel regenerative ejector refrigeration cycle was described, which uses an auxiliary jet pump and a conventional regenerator to enhance the performance of the novel cycle. The theoretical analysis on the performance characteristics was carried out for the novel cycle with the refrigerant R141b. Compared with the conventional cycle, the simulation results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the novel cycle increases, respectively, by from 9.3 to 12.1% when generating temperature is in a range of 80–160 °C, the condensing temperature is in a range of 35–45 °C and the evaporating temperature is fixed at 10 °C. Especially due to the enhanced regeneration with increasing the pump outlet pressure, the improvement of COP of the novel cycle is approached to 17.8% compared with that in the conventional cycle under the operating condition that generating temperature is 100 °C, condensing temperature is 40 °C and evaporating temperature is 10 °C. Therefore, the characteristics of the novel cycle performance show its promise in using low grade thermal energy for the ejector refrigeration system.     

R134a单元式风冷冷风机组冷凝器设计

单元式风冷冷风空调机组普遍采用波纹翅片管冷凝器。对冷凝器进行设计的关键是确定制冷工质在铜管内的冷凝换热系数及空气在翅片侧的表面换热系数，同时也需要考虑空气流过冷凝器的压降，以便选择风机。采用数学模型及换热关联式计算相关参数，在此基础上对R134a单元式风冷冷风空调机组的冷凝器进行设计。     

混合制冷剂R134a/R600a应用于冰箱的研究

对于R134a/R600a组成的混合制冷剂,当R134a的质量百分比在75%～95%之间时,可以形成一种近共沸混合物.本文介绍了这种近共沸混合制冷剂的性质,理论分析并实验验证了它作为R12的替代制冷剂的循环性能,并对它采用烷基苯或者矿物油作为润滑油时的制冷系统回油性能进行了实验研究.     

Experimental study on the improvement of CO2 air conditioning system performance using an ejector

Several preceding researches have evidenced that the transcritical air conditioning system using CO₂ as a refrigerant has an inherent inefficiency resulting in degraded steady-state system performance of a CO₂ air conditioning system compared with that of a conventional air conditioning system. As a practical improvement, two-phase ejector was considered in place of expansion device in this study. The two-phase ejector for CO₂ air conditioning system was designed and developed considering the non-equilibrium state for evaluating the sonic velocity and the critical mass flux. The experiments of performance with respect to variation of ejector geometry such as the motive nozzle throat diameter, mixing section diameter and the distance between motive nozzle and diffuser were carried out. There exist optimum design parameters in each test. Experiments showed that the coefficient of performance of the system using an ejector was about 15% higher than that of the conventional system.     

Experimental and theoretical study on flow condensation with non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R32/R134a

Experiments on flow condensation have been conducted with both pure R32, R134a and their mixtures inside a tube (10 m long, 6 mm ID), with a mass flux of 131–369 kg m⁻²s⁻¹ and average condensation temperature of 23–40°C. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are compared with those predicted from correlations. The maximum mean heat transfer coefficient reduction (from a linear interpolation of the single component values) occurs at a concentration of roughly 30% R32 for the same mass flux basis, and is approximately 20% at Gr = 190 kg m⁻²s⁻¹, 16% at Gr = 300 kg m⁻²s⁻¹. Non-ideal properties of the mixture have a certain, but relatively small, influence on the degradation. Among others, temperature and concentration gradients, slip, etc. are also causes of heat transfer degradation.     

Thermal conductivity of R32 and its mixture with R134a

The liquid thermal conductivity of R32 (CH₂F₂) and R134a (CF₃CH₂F) was measured in the range from 223 to 323 K and from 2 to 20 MPa by the transient hot-wire method. The thermal conductivity of the R32+R134a mixture was also measured in the same range by varying the mass fraction of R32. The measured data are analyzed to obtain a correlation in terms of temperature, pressure and composition of the mixture. The uncertainty of our measurements is estimated to be within ±2%.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

R134a螺杆制冷压缩机的泄漏特性研究

螺杆制冷压缩机已广泛用于工业制冷和中央空调装置中,在商用制冷与空调领域也有着良好的应用前景。本利用一套螺杆压缩机设计计算软件,对Ｒ１３４ａ螺杆制冷压缩机的泄漏特性进行了研究。首先根据螺杆压缩机的结构特点,定义了五种泄漏通道,并针对这些通道的特点,建立了相应的数学模型。然后针对不同转速和运行工况,计算了制冷剂通过这些通道的泄漏及其对压缩机效率的影响。借助分析有关计算结果,得出了一些可用于指导实际机器设计的结论。     

R134a制冷剂在微通道中的相变传热特性实验

设计了一个可控制制冷剂流量、压力和温度等实验工况的微通道换热器相变流动与换热的可视化实验平台,对R134a制冷剂流经微通道换热器进行了冷凝换热实验研究.试验测量了小质量流率下的R134a制冷剂在多个饱和状态工况下的冷凝换热性能,涉及质量流量、进出口压力和温度等参数.实验分析了传热系数与雷诺数的关系,与Koyama的关联式预测比较接近.分析了摩擦系数随雷诺数的变化,与H L MO和Wu＆Little方程计算得到的数值相近.     

R134a在水平强化管外凝结换热的实验研究

对氟利昂R134a在水平单管外的凝结换热性能进行了试验研究,试验管为光管和三根强化管,采用热阻分离法得到蒸气侧凝结换热系数。试验结果表明:光管管外Nusselt理论值与实验数据偏差小于10%。强化管No.1-3的传热性能均好于光管,当Re=40000时,No.1-4管的总传热系数分别为:5295,5818,5904,1502W/m2.K。在相同热流密度条件下,No.1-3管的管外换热系数分别是光管的7.0-8.8倍,9.0-10.8倍,9.9-12.0倍。管外强化后,管内外的换热系数已比较接近。     

回热循环在R134a汽车空调系统中的应用

本文通过试验方法对回热循环在R134a汽车空调系统中的应用进行了试验研究。试验结果表明具有回热器的空调系统其COP和制冷量都能得到一定程度的提高,同时指出,低压侧压降是设计回热器时的一个关键参数,应注意减少低压侧压力损失。