Performance analysis of burst-mode receivers with clock phase alignment and forward error correction for GPON

We experimentally demonstrate the performance analysis of burst-mode receivers (BMRx) in a 622 Mb/s 20-km gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) uplink. Our receiver features automatic phase acquisition using a clock phase aligner (CPA), and forward-error correction using (255, 239) Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. The BMRx provides instantaneous (0 preamble bit) phase acquisition and a packet-loss ratio (PLR) < 10^?6 for any phase step (±2π rads) between consecutive packets, while also supporting more than 600 consecutive identical digits (CIDs). The receiver also accomplishes a 3-dB coding gain at a bit-error rate (BER) of 10^?10. The CPA makes use of a phase picking algorithm and an oversampling clock-and-data recovery circuit operated at 2× the bit rate. The receiver meets the GPON physical media dependent layer specifications defined in the ITU-T recommendation G.984.2 standard. We investigate the PLR performance of the system and quantify it as a function of the phase step between consecutive packets, received signal power, CID immunity, and BER, while also assessing the tradeoffs in preamble length, power penalty, and pattern correlator error resistance. We also study the impact of mode-partition noise in the GPON uplink in terms of the effective PLR and BER coding gain performance of the system. In addition, we demonstrate how the CPA and the RS(255, 239) codes can be used in tandem for dynamic burst-error correction giving reliable BERs in bursty channels.     

Burst Mode Transmission in GPON

1　Introduction　ThePONtechnologythatispacket orientediswidelyacceptedasanopticalaccesssolution ,butitstillneedstobetechnicallysuperiorforthefuturerequirement[1 ] .Wewillintroducethenewlyap provedGPONstandardsthatcarryatwo foldpromiseofbothhigherbit ratesandhigherefficien cywhenaccessingmultipleservicesoverthePONtopology .　BurstmodetransmissionisinherenttoPONbe causeofTimeDivisionMultipleAccess (TDMA) .Upstreamtrafficismorecomplicatedthandown streamtrafficowingtothesharedmedianatureo…     

Development of GPON upstream physical-media-dependent prototypes

This paper presents three new gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) physical-media-dependent (PMD) prototypes: a burst-mode optical transmitter, an avalanche photodiode/transimpedance amplifier (APD-TIA), and a burst-mode optical receiver. With these, point-to-multipoint (P2MP) upstream transmission can be realized in a high-performance GPON at 1.25 Gb/s. Performance measurements on the new burst-mode upstream PMD modules comply with GPON uplink simulations. The laser transmitter can quickly set and stabilize the launched optical power level over a wide temperature range with better than 1-dB accuracy. A burst-mode receiver sensitivity of -32.8 dBm (BER=10/sup -10/) is measured, combined with a dynamic range of 23 dB at a fixed APD avalanche gain of 6. Full compliance is achieved with the recently approved ITU-T Recommendation G.984.2 supporting an innovative overall power-leveling mechanism.     

10- and 40-Gb/s forward error correction devices for optical communications

Two standard forward error correction (FEC) devices for 10- and 40-Gb/s optical systems are presented. The first FEC device includes RS(255, 239) FEC, BCH(4359, 4320) FEC, and standard compliant framing and performance monitoring functions. It can support a single 10-Gb/s channel or four asynchronous 2.5-Gb/s channels. The second FEC device implements RS(255, 239) FEC at a data rate of 40 Gb/s. This paper presents the key ideas applied to the design of Reed-Solomon (RS) decoder blocks in these devices, especially those for achieving high throughput and reducing complexity and power. Implemented in a 1.5-V, 0.16-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, the RS decoder in the 10-Gb/s, quad 2.5-Gb/s device has a core gate count of 424 K and consumes 343 mW; the 40-Gb/s RS decoder has a core gate count of 364 K and an estimated power consumption of 360 mW. The 40-Gb/s RS FEC is the highest throughput implementation reported to date.     

A Standalone Burst-Mode Receiver With Clock and Data Recovery, Clock Phase Alignment, and RS(255, 239) Codes for SAC-OCDMA Applications

We demonstrate a standalone (no global clock) burst-mode receiver (BMRx) for a 7 times 622 Mb/s incoherent spectral-amplitude-coded optical code-division multiple-access system. The receiver provides the following functions: quantization (intensity noise filtering), clock and data recovery, burst-mode functionality (automatic phase acquisition) using a clock phase aligner (CPA), framing (for byte synchronization), and forward-error correction (FEC) using a (255, 239) Reed-Solomon decoder. The receiver provides an instantaneous (zero preamble bit) phase acquisition time for any phase step (plusmn2pi rads) between consecutive packets. With the CPA, we report a zero packet loss ratio (PLR) for up to four simultaneous users and more than a 300-fold improvement in the PLR for a fully loaded system. The BMRx also accomplishes more than 2.5 dB of coding gain, and achieves error-free (bit-error rate ) operation for a fully loaded system.     

GPON系统OLT接收侧FEC解码电路的设计

前向纠错(FEC)在通信系统中有着广泛的应用.在吉比特无源光网络(GPON)系统中,上行带宽是以动态方式进行分配的,光线路终端(OLT)接收侧要求能够支持RS(255,239)及其缩短码的解码.文章采用一种"变换时钟域+RS全码解码"的方法,通过基于双端口随机存储器(DPRAM)的时钟域变换后,再进行RS全码解码.采用这种方式能够以较低的硬件复杂度完成FEC解码.     

Burst-mode optical transmitter with DC-coupled burst-enable signal for 2.5-Gb/s GPON system

In this paper, first burst-mode transmitter for 2.5-Gb/s gigabit-capable passive optical networks (GPON) system is evaluated. Small form factor (SFF) type optical network unit (ONU) generates 2.5-Gb/s optical eyes with commercial distributed feedback-laser diode (DFB-LD). For the fast burst signal access, burst enable (BEN) connection on the evaluation board utilizes DC-coupling configuration. Resultant optical output waveform shows 16.30 dB extinction ratio with wide eye opening for GPON mask test. No significant eye degradation is detected in high temperature operation and after 10 km distance transmission. Proposed GPON ONU successfully shows fast timing characteristics of 2.17 nsec for Tx enable stage and 1.17 ns for Tx disable stage.     

EPON光功率计系统设计与实现

通过分析EPON技术及其系统传输信号特点,对上行和下行信号采取不同的硬件电路结构,重点设计了专用硬件电路用于突发尖脉冲信号的捕捉,从硬件上解决了上行突发光信号功率值准确测量的问题,研制出了EPON在线测量的光功率计。     

Improved forward error correction technology of RS-LDPC cascade code in optical transport network

With the continuous development of optical communication and the increase in data transmission volume, optical transport network (OTN) has become the focus of research in next-generation transmission networks. In the process of data transmission, errors caused by noise often occur, resulting in an increase in the bit error rate (BER) and a decrease in the performance of the optical communication system. Therefore, we use forward error correction (FEC) technology in OTN for error control to improve the transmission efficiency of signals in OTN and reduce the BER. Standard FEC technology uses RS(255,239) code. On this basis, since the performance of low density parity check (LDPC) code is close to the Shannon limit, we propose a method of cascading RS code and LDPC code. Applying this improved FEC technology to OTN, the simulation results show that the improved FEC technology has a reduced BER compared with the standard FEC technology. When the BER is at the 10-3 level, the performance is improved by about 1.7 dB.     

一种LDPC码在光纤通信系统中的性能分析

针对超强前向纠错(FEC)技术在光纤通信系统中的应用,文章提出了一种构造简单、编码容易实现的低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码的构造方法,并仿真验证了该LDPC码在光纤信道环境下的译码性能.与常用的RS(255,239)码相比,在相同的码效率下,所构造的码长为4 080的LDPC码能够获得比RS码高2 dB的编码增益.     

A Standalone Receiver With Multiple Access Interference Rejection, Clock and Data Recovery, and FEC for 2-D$lambda -t$OCDMA

We demonstrate a standalone (no global clock) receiver for two-dimensional wavelength-time optical code-division multiple-access. The receiver provides the following functions: quantization (to eliminate multiple access interference), clock and data recovery, return-to-zero to nonreturn-to-zero conversion (for optical code-division multiple-access compatibility with digital logic), framing (for byte synchronization), and forward-error correction (FEC) using a (255, 239) Reed–Solomon decoder. The receiver more than doubles the number of supported users at a bit-error rate$≪ 10 ^-10$. The receiver supports an information rate of 156.25 Mb/s. We performed the measurements at a bit rate of 167.4 Mb/s and a chip rate of 1.339 Gb/s (eight chips per bit) to account for FEC overhead.     

10 Gb/s-Based PON Over OCDMA Uplink Burst Transmission Using SSFBG Encoder/Multi-Port Decoder and Burst-Mode Receiver

In this paper, we propose a novel 10 Gb/s-based passive optical network (PON) over optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system to realize the new generation full capacity optical access network which is easily upgraded from existing time division multiplexing PON (TDM-PON) without sacrificing the currently uplink bandwidth assigned to the individual user. 16-ONU (4-OCDMA x 4-packet) uplink burst transmission, an upgrade scenario by a factor of four of conventional 10 Gb/s-based PON, is experimentally demonstrated by using multi-level phase-shift-keying (PSK) super-structured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) encoder/multi-port decoder and burst-mode receiver. In the discussions, it will be shown that 32 users can be accommodated in 10 Gb/s-based PON over OCDMA system, and a key is newly introduced multi-level phase-shifted en/decoding, of which auto-correlation waveform can be preferably adopted in the burst-mode reception at 10 Gb/s.      

Forward error correction in dispersion-limited lightwave systems

A rate 0.964 forward error correcting (FEC) code is integrated into the low-speed tributaries of a 565-Mb/s lightwave system as an exploratory system design approach toward relaxing requirements on laser sources in dispersion-limited operation. By virtually removing error rate floors, regardless of their cause, FEC is shown to provide an increasing advantage in conditions of greater degradation and to be effective against mode partition noise (MPN), mode jumping, and reflection impairments.The experimental FEC code is implemented in a standard gate array. The FEC code is described and its performance is analyzed. A new system design strategy is suggested for low-cost gigabit lightwave systems using FEC     

Demonstration of a WDM/TDM hybrid PON based on a colorless frame-level reach extender

We propose a hybrid passive optical network (PON) consisting of a 2.5 Gb/s reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)-based 32 channel loopback wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM–PON) and a colorless OEO-based frame-level reach extender (RE). This hybrid PON is designed to support a 128-way split over a 50 km transmission distance per single wavelength channel. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of this design through downstream and upstream packet transmission with a commercial gigabit-capable PON (GPON) product. Even if the colorless frame-level RE uses active devices at the remote node, it is still possible to increase the optical link budget through backward compatibility with existing GPON products. This design also provides wavelength conversion and an upstream burst-to-continuous mode conversion between the WDM–PON and GPON. The proposed hybrid PON can satisfy a packet loss ratio (PLR) of 10^?10 at the downstream and upstream transmission including the use of forward error correction (FEC).     

光通信系统中一种新颖FEC码的仿真分析

基于分组Turbo码（BTC）提出光通信系统中一种新颖前向纠错（FEC）码型,即RS（63,60）×RS（63,60）码。仿真表明,在误码率为10-12时,迭代8次的该BTC与ITU-T G.975.1中迭代3次的RS（255,239）＋CSOC（k0/n0=6/7,J=8）相比,其净编码增益要相应增加0.34dB。分析表明该BTC具有分量码短、编/译码速度快的特点,不仅减小了软/硬件实现的复杂度,而且减小了编/译码带来的时延。因而该新BTC能较好地适用于光通信系统。     

Performance of Forward-Error Correction Code in 10-Gb/s RSOA-Based WDM PON

We investigate the performance of the forward-error correction (FEC) code for the 10-Gb/s wavelength-division- multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON) implemented by using reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) with extremely limited modulation bandwidth and the electronic equalizers to compensate for the degradations resulting from the use of such RSOAs. We show that the error occurrences in this network strongly depend on the bit pattern and the burst errors are likely to occur. Thus, it is important to use the FEC code capable of correcting the burst errors such as Reed–Solomon (RS) code. In addition, since a significant penalty can be induced by the increased line rate resulting from the use of the FEC code, it is necessary to find the optimum redundancy required to minimize the bit-error rate. We also evaluate the tolerance to the chromatic dispersion of the proposed 10-Gb/s WDM PON implemented by using the RS code with the optimum redundancy.      

OPCI系统不同掺杂截面EYDFA增益瞬态的比较

为了研究分组与线路集成系统中突发模式大功率Er/Yb共掺光纤放大器(EYDFA)的瞬态性能,在函数极限的基础上采用迭代算法,建立了基于非线性方程速率方程的、不同掺杂截面EYDFA增益瞬态的比较模型,分析比较了有/无反馈条件下,不同掺杂截面的光分组(OPS)和光线路交换(OCS)输出信号的增益瞬态.结果表明,无反馈条件下,纤芯直径为4.6m的EYDFA,其OPS和OCS输出信号功率漂移小于纤芯直径为3.6m的EYDFA,功率漂移的改善约为12%;带反馈条件下,增大掺杂光纤直径,弛豫振荡导致的EYDFA增益抖动随之减小.故增大掺杂光纤直径,能有效抑制EYDFA反馈环路的弛豫振荡.     

List Decoding Techniques for Intersymbol Interference Channels Using Ordered Statistics

In this paper, we present a generalization of the ordered statistics decoding (OSD) techniques for the class of intersymbol interference (ISI) channels, and show decoding results for the extended Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (eBCH) [128, 64, 22] code and the [255, 239, 17] Reed-Solomon (RS) binary image, over the PR2 partial response channel. Using the generalized OSD technique, we go on to generalize the Box-and- Match Algorithm (BMA) to the class of ISI channels. The BMA is an enhancement of OSD, and prior work has shown it to provide significant performance gain over OSD for memoryless additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. We present decoding results of the BMA for ISI channels, for the same eBCH and RS (binary image) codes, and PR2 channel. Our results show that the BMA (generalized for ISI channels) is superior to the OSD in terms of its performance/complexity trade-off. More specifically, the BMA may be tuned such that both algorithms have similar complexity, whereby the BMA still outperforms the OSD by a significant margin.     

星际激光链路中的前向纠错编码技术研究

建立了简化的星际光通信链路模型,将背景光噪声和光放大器自发辐射噪声引入星际光通信链路中,提出利用前向纠错编码技术来改善星际光通信误码性能的方法。介绍了喷泉码的编译码特点,将喷泉码引入链路模型中。通过仿真研究表明,喷泉码相比于RS码对链路的抗误码性能有很大提高,且随着信噪比的增大改善更加明显。