气泡传质过程近界面非稳态特性及其热力学研究

运用不可逆热力学原理 ,对气泡传质过程进行了理论分析 ,讨论了非稳态、稳态、平衡态的差异及其变化规律。根据实验结果 ,提出了近界面浓度与两相相对运动速度的关系式。对气泡传质过程的近界面浓度场进行了模拟计算 ,计算结果与实验结果相当吻合。     

吸收过程的界面传质机理

以分子热力学为基础 ,对气体吸收过程进行了理论分析 ,导出了传质通量的数学表达式。根据该文分析 ,气液界面传质的源动力来自界面处气液两相的不平衡 ,即只要有传质发生 ,液相界面处的浓度就不会达到与气相呈平衡的浓度。对于气相阻力可以忽略的吸收过程 ,两相传质速率的大小主要取决于液相的溶质界面浓度和液膜厚度 ,影响溶质界面浓度和液膜厚度的主要因素是近界面液相侧的流场分布。利用近界面浓度与液膜厚度的激光测定结果 ,计算了甲醇、乙醇及正丙醇吸收CO2 气泡的传质通量 ,计算结果与实验值吻合良好     

表面活性剂对气液传质的影响

引言在气液相际传质的研究中,有许多有关表面活性剂能降低传质膜系数的报道．Davies在其《湍动现象》一书中做了较为详细的讨论,Davies认为,少量的表面活性剂使界面产生一层附加的薄膜,这层薄膜产生的应力将阻碍表面运动．实际上,气液相际传质通常总是伴有或强或弱的界面湍动,表面活性剂不仅改变界面湍动状况,而且对近界面浓度也有较大的影响．本文利用显微激光全息干涉技术对比进行了研究．1实验1.1装置液体折射率与密度有关,只要测出物场中的折射率变化,就可得到其浓度场的信息．利用激光全息干涉技术不仅可以测定浓度场的变化…     

气泡传质过程近界面非稳态特性及热力学研究

利用实时显微激光全息干涉测试技术 ,对运动气泡传质过程近界面的非稳态特性及浓度分布进行了实验测定 ,讨论了近界面湍动性质、稳态性质、非平衡性质及其关系 ,考察了流速、泡径、温度等因素对气泡传质过程的影响     

液相中气泡上升行为与界面传质:实验研究与数值计算

在工业生产过程中，气泡在液相中的上升行为及气液界面的传质行为极为常见。本文针对不同条件下气泡上升过程的实验研究方法以及数值计算方法进行了总结。从实验与数值计算的角度，综述了单气泡上升过程的影响因素、多气泡上升过程聚并与破裂的现象和机理以及工业装置中气液两相流型和气泡特性，并对传质模型进行了归纳，主要关注了气侧-界面传质模型的研究现状。综述结果表明：当前对于单气泡上升行为的研究较为充分，而对于多气泡的行为机理的研究尚需深入。此外，受到研究手段的限制，进行气侧-界面传质模型研究具有一定挑战性。针对当前的相关研究进展和存在的问题，对今后气泡上升行为和传质行为的研究提出以下建议，即开展气泡聚并与破裂可控性研究，强化对气侧-界面传质过程的研究，包括泡内流体行为可视化研究和相关传质模型的建立。     

液液界面传质过程的激光干涉法研究

为了研究液液传质过程的界面现象及传质特征,采用实时激光全息干涉技术,根据不同初始浓度时乙醇通过油水界面传质过程的全息干涉图,得到了传质过程水相侧的浓度分布,据此求出了近界面浓度和基于浓度的传质系数,并关联了近界面浓度与主体相溶质浓度的关系。建立了界面能随溶质浓度改变的函数关系,计算结果与实验值吻合良好。研究结果表明,液液静止界面传质过程基本符合双膜理论,溶质的加入能改变界面性能,传质过程界面处于非平衡状态。     

单乙醇胺水溶液化学吸收CO_2的研究

有机胺水溶液化学吸收CO2在工业上广泛应用,对其传质过程的微观机理进行研究十分必要。文中以对流扩散方程为基础,考虑了界面阻力对传质的影响,建立了带有化学反应的气液吸收过程液相侧非稳态传质模型,得到了传质系数表达式。利用激光全息干涉仪对不同液相主体流速下单乙醇胺(MEA)水溶液化学吸收CO2过程进行了实验研究,测定了传质达到稳态时的液相侧近界面浓度、浓度边界层厚度和传质系数。结果表明:随着液相主体流速的增加,近界面浓度和浓度边界层厚度减小,而传质系数增大;MEA在水溶液中的质量分数由0.1%增大到0.2%时,CO2吸收过程达到稳态时的近界面浓度、浓度边界层厚度及传质系数均增大。传质系数模型计算值与实验值吻合良好。     

甘油水溶液中气液传质过程的研究

对二氧化碳气泡群在不同质量分数的甘油水溶液中的气液传质过程进行了研究。利用二氧化碳探针测定了不同操作条件下二氧化碳的体积传质系数,通过图像处理技术得到了气泡群的界面面积,考察了液相质量分数,气体流量对体积传质系数、界面面积和传质系数的影响。结果表明:体积传质系数均随气体流量的增大而增大,随溶液质量分数的增大而减小。气体流量通过影响界面面积对传质速率产生作用,而甘油水溶液的质量分数对传质速率的影响则归因于黏度对传质系数的影响。     

静止非牛顿流体中气泡生成过程的传质

气泡生成过程中气液传质是气液接触设备的设计、优化的重要参考指标。以二氧化碳气泡在羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)溶液中生成过程中的传质为研究对象,分别考察了气速、CMC溶液浓度、针头直径对气泡生成过程气液传质的影响,采用具有CCD显微相机的动态接触角分析仪测量了气泡形状、表面积和体积的变化,进而获得气泡生成过程气液传质系数k_l。实验结果表明,CMC浓度从0.2%增加到0.8%,黏度逐渐增大,传质系数随CMC浓度的增大而增大;针头直径从2.5 mm增加到4 mm,传质系数也随之增大;气速从1 ml·min^-1增加到9 ml·min^-1,传质系数也逐渐增大。     

毛细管中泰勒流液侧传质特性及其强化机理的CFD模拟

采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法,研究了圆管中泰勒流的液侧传质特性,分析了泰勒气泡上局部传质特性,并研究了气泡上升速度、液膜长度和液栓长度对液膜处和气泡半球帽处平均传质系数的影响。结果表明,泰勒气泡表面局部传质系数存在3个峰值,液膜处的平均传质系数随气泡上升速度增大显著增大,随液膜长度增大而减小,而半球帽处的平均传质系数随气泡速度和液膜长度的增大变化较小,即膜接触时间增加时,液膜处的传质系数降低,而半球帽处传质系数变化较小。另外,引入场协同原则对单元胞内速度场和浓度场进行分析,解释了局部传质特性及强化机理。最后,给出了分别预测短和长膜接触时间下泰勒流液侧体积传质系数的关联式,该式在较宽的管径尺度范围（0.25～3 mm）内的预测误差在±20%以内。     

Mass Transfer from a Single Bubble in the Presence of Surfactants

Oxygen transfer from a single bubble is studied experimentally. A mechanism of surfactant effect on the mass transfer of sparingly soluble gases is suggested. A simplified model is constructed for surfactant adsorption and gas absorption in the bubble boundary layer. The effect of turbulence and surfactant concentration on mass transfer from a single bubble is analyzed.     

基于单气泡非稳膜机理的相际传质模型

A gas-liquid mass transfer model based on an unsteady state film mechanism applied to a single bubble is presented. The mathematical model was solved using Laplace transform to obtain an analytical solution of concentration profile in terms of the radial position r and time t. The dynamic mass transfer flux was deduced and the influence of the bubble size was also determined. A mathematical method for deducing the average mass transfer flux directly from the Laplace transformed concentration is presented. Its accuracy is verified by comparing the numerical results with those from the indirect method. The influences of the model parameters, namely, the bubble size R, liquid film thickness δ, and the surface renewal constant s on the average mass transfer flux were investigated. The proposed model is useful for a better understanding of the mass transfer mechanism and an optimum design of gas-liquid contact equipment.     

Determination of oxygen transfer from single air bubbles to liquids by oxygen microelectrodes

For the investigation of mass transfer from gas bubbles into liquids the concentration gradient of oxygen migrating from air bubbles was measured by means of oxygen microelectrodes. For this purpose a single air bubble was fixed by a platinum wire spiral with the liquid flowing downward. Thus the ascent of the bubble in an aerated liquid was simulated. Liquid-side mass transfer coefficients determined from concentration gradients were higher than values calculated from theory. Sherwood numbers obtained from experimental results for bubbles of larger diameters were distinctly higher than those for smaller bubbles (diameter 1 mm); the difference corresponds approximately to that predicted theoretically between bubbles with mobile and those with rigid interfaces.     

分散颗粒和超声场对鼓泡塔内传质性能的影响

用双电导探针气泡特征参数测量系统实时测定超声场与分散颗粒(活性炭)对鼓泡塔水+CO₂体系气泡Sauter直径和体积传质系数影响的变化规律。实验结果表明:无活性炭颗粒添加时,多频超声场比单频超声场更有利于提高体积传质系数,输入功率为100 W、组合超声频率为20-50-100 kHz时,体积传质系数增幅达40%~64%;加入活性炭颗粒后,体积传质系数随加入活性炭固含量的增大呈现先增大后逐渐减少的趋势,气泡Sauter直径变化规律相反,当体系中活性炭固含量为1.0 kg·m^-3时,传质增强最明显。体积传质系数随加入活性炭粒径的减小呈现增大的趋势。与无活性炭颗粒(d_s=0)比较,活性炭(固含率1.0 kg·m^-3)粒径d_s=38 μm时,液相体积传质系数在扣除吸附传质效果后仍增大1.58倍,同时引入超声场后,当组合超声频率为20-50-100 kHz,超声功率100 W时,液相体积传质系数增大2.02倍,可见超声场和分散颗粒对气液传质有显著的协同强化作用。     

Mass transfer from single gas bubble — a comparative study on experimental methods

A comparative study on the experimental techniques which have been used for the study of mass transfer from single gas bubble was made. The instantaneous mass transfer rates from a single carbon dioxide bubble rising through quiescent liquid medium (water) were measured using two different methods. For the first method, two movie cameras were placed on a moving platform along perpendicular directions and were used to record the position and size change of the bubble. The second method measured the mass transfer rates by recording the pressure changes in the free space at top of the bubble column, which was caused by the change of bubble size. The instantaneous mass transfer coefficients determined by either method exhibited wide scattering which is typical of work of this kind. Discussions are given on the relative merits of these two methods.     

Ammonia absorption from a bubble expanding at a submerged orifice into water

To investigate the mechanism of gas absorption from a bubble containing soluble and insoluble components, a gaseous mixture of ammonia and nitrogen was bubbled into water. The growth curve, volume, surface area and shape of the growing bubbles were measured with parameters such as inlet gas composition, gas flow rate and gas chamber volume. The bubble volume decreased with the increasing composition of ammonia in a bubble, decreasing gas chamber volume and decreasing gas flow rate.To reasonably express the mass transfer from the bulk of a gas in a bubble to the bulk of a liquid, the overall mass transfer resistance was evaluated by the mass transfers in the gas phase, interface and liquid phase.The non-spherical bubble formation model combined with the overall mass transfer resistance estimated well experimental bubble shape, bubble volume at its detachment from an orifice, growth rate and mass transfer rate.Moreover, the change of concentration with bubble growth time and the fractional absorption during bubble formation were simulated.     

多组分相际传质近界面浓度场的测定

<正> 1 引言 多组分相际传质的理论研究进展缓慢,由于实验技术的限制,现有的传质理论尚未得到验证,其微观机理尚不清楚,而深入研究多组分相际传质的关键问题是选择合适的浓度测量方法.目前,激光测温已普遍应用于各学科研究领域,但浓度场的测定尚限于浓度变化大且变化区域大的体系,文献报道最多的是扩散系数的测定.苗容生等利用显微激光全息干涉技术,成功地测出了湍流场中二元气液传质液相侧边界层内的浓度场变化.对于三元系统的测量,迄今未见文献报道,本文利用双波长激光显微全息干涉技术,对三元气液传质液相侧边界层内的浓度分布进行测量.     

第三组分对气液传质影响的研究

The influence of the third component on gas-liquid mass transfer was studied by use of laser holographic interferometry. Four surfactants were added respectively and experimental results show that the mlcroamount of surfactants can change obviously the concentration near the interface on bubble mass transfer process, which indicated that the third component has a significant effect on the bubble mass transfer process.     

Bubble swarm behaviour and gas absorption in non-newtonian fluids in sparged columns

Mean relative gas hold up, slip velocity, bubble size distribution, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were measured in sparged columns of highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids (CMC solutions) as a function of the gas flow rate, and CMC concentration (fluid consistency index k, and flow behaviour index n).By comparison of the measured bubble swarm velocities with those calculated by relations for single bubbles the bubble swarm behaviour was investigated. It could be shown that small bubbles in swarm have higher rising velocities than single bubbles, expecially in highly viscous media. Large single bubbles rise with high velocity due to the change of their shape caused by the swarm of the smaller bubbles. No large bubbles with spherical cap shape could be observed. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient decreases rapidly with increasing CMC-concentration.A comparison of the volumetric mass transfer coefficients with those measured in mechanically agitated vessels indicates, that the performance of sparged columns is comparable with the one of agitated vessels. Because of their lower energy requirement sparged columns are more economical than mechanically agitated vessels. It is possible to improve the performance of sparged columns by the redispersion of large bubbles in a multistage equipment.