铝泡沫和石墨泡沫强化石蜡相变传热的数值模拟

针对有机相变材料石蜡导热系数低的问题,通过添加多孔介质的方法以强化石蜡相变传热,并运用CFD软件对石蜡相变传热系统进行二维数值模拟.模拟结果表明:铝泡沫和石墨泡沫都能有效提高相变材料传热速率,铝泡沫的强化传热效果明显高于石墨泡沫的传热效果.随着孔隙率减小,多孔介质/石蜡复合材料的有效导热系数增大,传热速率加快,凝固需要的时间缩短.并且,孔隙率越小,经过相同凝固时间,装置内对应点温度越低.     

石墨填充复合相变储能材料导热性能和稳定性能研究

以三水醋酸钠作为储能单元、环氧树脂为载体制得复合相变储能材料,它在熔点温度时表现出很强的稳定性和储能效果.通过向复合相变储能材料中添加导热率高的且具有多孔吸附性的膨胀石墨,可进一步提高导热性能和密封性能.结果表明,当三水醋酸钠质量分数为60％,膨胀石墨为5％时,相变储能材料相变焓为148.5 J/g,导热率为0.891 W/(m℃),且稳定性良好.     

膨胀石墨/石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的制备及性能研究

以石蜡作为相变蓄热材料的基本材料,利用膨胀石墨的高吸附性和高导热性提高相变材料的传热性能,制备出不同配比的中低温相变蓄热材料,利用DSC测试出各组复合相变蓄热材料的热物性参数.研究结果表明:膨胀石墨含量不宜过多,应该小于5％;添加的膨胀石墨对石蜡相变点和焓变的影响很小.     

膨胀石墨/石蜡复合相变蓄热材料的制备及性能研究

以石蜡作为相变蓄热材料的基本材料,利用膨胀石墨的高吸附性和高导热性提高相变材料的传热性能,制备出不同配比的中低温相变蓄热材料,利用DSC测试出各组复合相变蓄热材料的热物性参数.研究结果表明:膨胀石墨含量不宜过多,应该小于5%;添加的膨胀石墨对石蜡相变点和焓变的影响很小.     

石蜡基纳米金属复合相变材料热性能的实验研究

以石蜡为复合相变材料的基体,分别添加氧化铜、二氧化硅和氧化锌的纳米颗粒通过两步法制备多种石蜡基纳米金属复合相变材料。通过改变所添加纳米金属颗粒种类、质量分数和颗粒粒径,对比分析实验模型内复合相变材料蓄放热过程的温度曲线,来探究以上参数对复合相变材料热性能的影响。结果表明,通过添加纳米金属颗粒的方式能够有效提升石蜡的蓄放热性能,添加氧化铜颗粒的效果要优于氧化锌颗粒和二氧化硅颗粒;复合相变材料的导热系数和动力黏度均随颗粒浓度的增加而增大,两者共同决定着复合相变材料的换热过程能否被强化;纳米金属颗粒的粒径越小,越有利于增强对复合相变材料的热性能,添加30 nm粒径纳米颗粒相对于100 nm粒径纳米颗粒蓄热速率能提升26%,放热速率能提升41%。     

水蓄能床与相变蓄能床的性能对比及模拟优化

针对传统供暖方式污染环境、不节能、不安全等弊端,设计了一种新型蓄能床,蓄能介质为高比热的水和拥有潜热的相变材料.通过供水温度35℃、40℃和45℃3组实验测量的床面温度和散热量,来比较水蓄能床和相变蓄能床的热工性能.结果表明:40℃为最佳供水温度,该温度下水储能和相变储能的床面平均温度分别为35.3℃和32.9℃,均在人体可适应温度29~37℃范围内,但结合人体舒适温度为30~35℃的特点相变储能明显优于水储能.随供水温度的提高,床面升温速度加快,相变床升温变化更显著.白天水蓄能的床面温度比相变蓄能高2℃左右,但睡眠阶段相变蓄能热稳定更好.床面散热量两者相差不多,但夜间相变床存在恒温放热阶段.此外,通过模拟相变材料的加热融化过程,分析了管径、供热温度、管间距和相变材料导热系数对融化速率的影响,结果表明:以上4种因素对融化速率均有不同程度影响,减小管间距和增大导热系数可有效增大融化速率.     

不同乳化转速对聚脲微胶囊热性能的影响

通过界面聚合法,以二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)与二乙烯三胺反应合成了聚脲包覆十六醇的相变材料微胶囊,并研究了不同乳化转速条件对制备的聚脲微胶囊的储热性能及基础热性能的影响。扫描电子显微镜和红外光谱测试结果说明成功制备出了聚脲微胶囊。差示扫描量热仪、热重分析仪和蓄放热性能测试表明,随着乳化转速(1 500,1 800和2 000 r·min^-1)的提高,制备出的聚脲相变微胶囊的储热和耐热性能得到明显改善,蓄放热性能也大大提高。小室法模拟测试泡沫温度调节能力实验证明,加入聚脲微胶囊的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的温度调节能力大大提高。     

Role of Composite Phase Change Material on the Thermal Performance of a Latent Heat Storage System: Experimental Investigation

复合相变材料对潜热储能系统中热性能作用的实验研究

Jasim Abdulateef¹, Ahmed F. Hasan^2*,Mustafa S. Mahdi²

（1. 迪亚拉大学 机械工程系,巴古拜 32001,伊拉克;2.迪亚拉大学 化学工程系,巴古拜 32001,伊拉克）

摘要：

石蜡是可用于潜热储能系统单元（LHSU）的理想的相变材料（PCM）。这种潜热储能单元的使用因相变材料导热性差而受到限制。本文采用铝和相变材料制成的金属泡沫生产复合相变材料,以此作为相变材料-潜热储能单元中的导热材料,并使用水作为传热流体（HTF）。通过实验,评估了使用纯相变材料和复合相变材料的潜热储能单元的传热特性。研究包括熔化和凝固过程中相变材料的时变可视化。此外,热存储室内放置一个热电偶网络,记录每个过程的温度分布。结果表明,复合相变材料-潜热储能单元在熔化和凝固过程中均表现出较好的性能。由于金属泡沫的作用,复合相变材料-潜热储能单元的熔化时间比简单的相变材料-潜热储能单元快83%左右,凝固时间减少85%左右。

关键词：相变材料;金属泡沫;潜热;复合相变材料

     

基于LBM研究骨架对相变材料融化蓄热的影响

相变储能材料的导热系数低已成为限制其应用的主要问题,在相变材料中添加高导热的固体骨架是解决这一问题行之有效的方法。文章采用三周期极小曲面方法生成固体骨架及描述糊状区的两区域模型,基于格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM),从孔隙尺度分析了相变材料内填充高导热系数的固体骨架固液相变融化蓄热的变化规律。结果表明:生成的骨架能有效地预测复合相变材料的融化蓄热过程;相变材料的融化蓄热速率与其自然对流强度和有效导热系数有关,对于纯相变材料的融化过程,无量纲参数瑞利数越大自然对流越强,其融化速率越快;当骨架和相变材料导热系数比为10、50、100条件下,融化时间分别缩短了12%、28%、31%;多孔介质骨架孔隙率越低,复合相变材料的有效导热系数就越高,其融化蓄热速率也越高。     

微胶囊相变储能材料的制备和表征

以硬脂酸丁酯为囊芯,甲醛-三聚氰胺树脂为囊壁,采用原位聚合法合成了具有相变储热功能的微胶囊材料.采用光学显微镜观察微胶囊的形成过程,扫描电子显微镜和红外光谱表征微胶囊的表面形貌特征与化学结构.微胶囊表面粗糙,能够与建筑材料形成良好界面,在水泥和涂料等建筑材料中分布均匀,不破碎.采用DSC分析微胶囊储能材料的储热效果,硬脂酸丁酯/MF微胶囊储能效果明显,可以用于设计储能建筑材料.采用水化热测试仪研究该微胶囊对水泥水化热的影响,结果表明,储能微胶囊能降低水泥水化放热峰,提升放热低谷,提前第二放热峰的出现.储能微胶囊对水泥总体放热量影响较小,对水化热放热速率有明显影响,可用于混凝土水化过程中材料内部温度的控制.     

膨润土/月桂酸/鳞片石墨定型储热材料的制备及性能

采用天然膨润土和月桂酸分别作为支撑基体和相变材料,通过真空浸渍法合成复合相变储热材料。结果表明,添加鳞片石墨不仅提高复合相变储热材料的导热特性,而且阻止相变材料从复合相变材料中泄露。制备的复合相变储热材料经历200次热循环实验后,仍具有较好的可靠性,具备在热能存储系统中应用的较大潜力。     

Preparation and Properties of Paraffin/PMMA Shape-stabilized Phase Change Material for Building Thermal Energy Storage

The composite phase change material(PCM) consisting of phase change paraffin(PCP) and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) was prepared as a novel type of shape-stabilized PCM for building energy conservation through the method of bulk polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology, phase change temperature and enthalpy, and mechanical properties of the composite PCM were studied to evaluate the encapsulation effect of PMMA on PCP and determine the optimal composition proportion. FTIR and SEM results revealed that PCP was physically immobilized in the PMMA so that its leakage from the composite was prevented. Based on the thermo-physical and mechanical properties investigations, the optimal mass fraction of PCP in the composite was determined as 70%. The phase change temperature of the composite was close to that of PCP, and its latent heat was equivalent to the calculated value according to the mass fraction of PCP in the composite. For estimating the usability in practical engineering, thermal stability, reliability and temperature regulation performance of the composite were also researched by TG analysis, thermal cycling treatments and heating-cooling test. The results indicated that PCP/PMMA composite PCM behaved good thermal stability depending on the PMMA protection and its latent heat degraded little after 500 thermal cycling. Temperature regulation performance of the composite before and after thermal cycling was both noticeable due to its latent heat absorption and release in the temperature variation processes. The PCP/PMMA phase change plate was fabricated and applied as thermal insulator in miniature concrete box to estimate its temperature regulation effect under the simulated environmental condition. It can be concluded that this kind of PCP/PMMA shape-stabilized PCM with the advantages of no leakage, suitable phase change temperature and enthalpy, good thermal stability and reliability, and effective temperature regulation performance have much potential for thermal energy storage in building energy conservation.     

泡沫铜/石蜡复合相变材料融化过程的换热特性

为了研究强化相变蓄热器的换热情况,搭建了矩形腔体内填充泡沫金属/石蜡的实验台,在恒壁温条件下,进行了泡沫金属/石蜡复合相变材料的融化蓄热实验。根据实验数据绘制了不同加热温度下石蜡内部温度随时间变化曲线,分析了腔体内自然对流对温度分布的影响、传热温差对蓄热时间的影响。结果表明,泡沫金属的高导热性能强化了石蜡在腔体内的融化过程,距离加热面较近的石蜡融化后产生的自然对流加速了剩余固态石蜡的融化;而且传热温差越大,自然对流越明显,蓄热时间越短。     

Preparation and characterization of CA-MA eutectic/silicon dioxide nanoscale composite phase change material from water glass via sol-gel method

This work mainly involved the preparation of a nano-scale form-stable phase change material(PCM) consisting of capric and myristic acid(CA-MA) binary eutectic acting as thermal absorbing material and nano silicon dioxide(nano-SiO_2) serving as the supporting material. Industrial water glass for preparation of the nano silicon dioxide matrix and CA-MA eutectic mixture were compounded by single-step sol-gel method with the silane coupling agent. The morphology, chemical characterization and form stability property of the composite PCM were investigated by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopy and polarizing microscopy(POM). It was indicated that the average diameter of the composite PCM particle ranged from 30-100 nm. The CA-MA eutectic was immobilized in the network pores constructed by the Si-O bonds so that the composite PCM was allowed no liquid leakage above the melting temperature of the CA-MA eutectic. Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) measurement were conducted to investigate the thermal properties and stability of the composite PCM. From the measurement results, the mass fraction of the CA-MA eutectic in the composite PCM was about 40%. The phase change temperature and latent heat of the composite were determined to be 21.15 ℃ and 55.67 J/g, respectively. Meanwhile, thermal conductivity of the composite was measured to be 0.208 W·m~(-1)·K~(-1) by using the transient hot-wire method. The composite PCM was able to maintain the surrounding temperature close to its phase change temperature and behaved well in thermalregulated performance which was verified by the heat storage-release experiment. This kind of form-stable PCM was supposed to complete thermal insulation even temperature regulation by the dual effect of relatively low thermal conductivity and phase change thermal storage-release properties. So it can be formulated that the nanoscale CA-MA/SiO_2 composite PCM with the form-stable property, good thermal storage capacity and relatively low thermal conductivity can be applied for energy conservation as a kind of thermal functional material.     

Characterization and thermal conductivity of modified graphite/fatty acid eutectic/PMMA form-stable phase change material

We prepared and characterized a form-stable composite phase change material (PCM) with higher thermal conductivity. Capric acid(CA)-myristic acid(MA) eutectic as core, poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as supportive matrix and modified graphite (MG) powders serving as the thermal conductance improver were blended by bulk-polymerization method. The composite PCMs with different MG mass fraction (2%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 15%) were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, DSC technique and mechanical tests. Thermal conductivities of the composites were measured by transient hot-wire method. The results indicate that MG powders have been successfully inserted into the CA-MA/PMMA matrix without any chemical reaction with each other. The MG/CA-MA/PMMA composites maintain good thermal storage performance while the thermal conductivity has been enhanced significantly. The composite PCM added with 15 wt% MG powders increases approximately as 195.9% in thermal conductivity. Moreover, the thermal conductivity improvement of the composite PCMs is also verified by the melting-freezing experiment, which is profitable for the heat transfer efficiency in latent heat thermal energy storage system.     

CaCl2·6H2O/EG复合相变材料的制备与性能研究

为了改善六水氯化钙的蓄放热性能,以六水氯化钙为相变材料（PCM）、膨胀石墨（EG）为载体、六水氯化锶为成核剂,采用物理吸附法制备六水氯化钙/膨胀石墨复合相变材料,研究复合相变材料的热物理特性. 采用步冷曲线法,研究复合相变材料的过冷度、蓄/放热性能和热循环稳定性;采用扫描电镜、差示扫描量热法、热流计导热仪,对复合相变材料的显微形貌、相变潜热、相变温度、比热容和导热系数进行测定. 结果表明：在六水氯化钙中添加质量分数为10%的膨胀石墨和质量分数为2%的六水氯化锶,复合相变材料的相变潜热为151.6 J/g,导热系数提升至3.328 W/(m·K),过冷度保持在2 °C以内. 相变材料的导热系数及过冷度得到显著改善.     

套管式太阳能相变蓄热器强化传热数值模拟

因太阳能相变蓄热技术节约资源、保护环境,符合我国目前的能源发展要求,而受到研究人员的关注。而太阳能具有间歇性、不稳定等特点增加了其利用的难度。通过有限元数值分析方法对套管式相变蓄热器进行模拟,探究相变材料(phase change materials, PCM)在太阳能相变蓄热器中的作用。结果表明,添加膨胀石墨可大幅度提升太阳能蓄热器的蓄放热效率。相比于传统石蜡蓄热,在入口速度、环境温度等初始条件相同时,添加质量分数为20%的膨胀石墨的石蜡蓄热时长缩短了91.11%,起到强化传热的效果。该研究为研制太阳能热水器、高效换热器及建筑节能和其他领域的热能储存等提供重要参考。     

MXene/二氧化硅/六水氯化钙复合相变储热材料的制备及性能

六水氯化钙作为一类低温体储热材料, 在蓄热节能方面有着巨大的应用前景。单一的六水氯化钙相变储热材料存在导热系数低和熔化时易泄漏的缺点, 具有较大的内芯和互穿介孔孔道结构的介孔二氧化硅可以解决上述 问题。介孔二氧化硅具有低密度, 热膨胀系数小, 折射率低, 比表面积大等优点, 但其导热系数低, 需要与热性能良好的材料复合来增强导热能力。选用MXene 作为导热增强材料, 在其表面上生长介孔二氧化硅, 再把相变材料六水氯 化钙负载其中。通过综合热分析仪和红外热成像仪测定, 证明复合相变材料的储热性能、热稳定性和传热速率都有显著提升; 在烘箱中观察六水氯化钙的泄漏情况也明显被载体材料所抑制, 成功制备一种热性能和稳定性俱佳的复 合相变储热材料。