Analysis of the Propagation Conditions and Reaction Mechanisms During TiC Combustion Synthesis Performed Under High Isostatic Pressure

Titanium carbide was synthesized from self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) performed under isostatic gas pressure ranging from 70 bars up to 700 bars. Propagation conditions of the combustion reaction have been studied as a function of gas pressure for C reactant of different diameters (20 m and 7 m). For coarse particles, the reaction stops upon increasing pressure, while for fine particles, reaction self-propagates up to 700 bars. It is shown that this change in propagation conditions can be explained by considering both thermal and kinetic effects. Finally, TiC formation mechanisms are discussed for SHS performed under high isostatic pressure.     

TiC/Ni3Al Composites Manufactured by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis and Hot Isostatic Pressing

TiC–20 wt% Ni₃Al and TiC–40 wt% Ni₃Al composite materials were produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). In the SHS method the reacted powders were compacted by uniaxial pressing immediately after the reaction. The microstructure of the materials produced by SHS consisted of spherical carbides embedded in the Ni₃Al matrix, whereas the microstructure of the materials produced by HIPing was more irregular. A maximum hardness of 2010 HV₁ was measured for the material produced by HIP and a maximum fracture toughness of 10.5 MPa m^1/2 was measured for materials produced by SHS. High-temperature resistance was investigated by exposing the materials to 800°C in air for 110 h. The results obtained showed that the TiC + Ni₃Al composite materials can be recommended for use in environments consisting of oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures around 800°C where high wear resistance is required.     

高压气-固燃烧合成h-BN-SiO2和h-BN陶瓷材料的研究

采用高压气-固燃烧合成法制备了密度为1.79g/cm^3的h-BN-SiO2陶瓷和密度为1.7g/cm^3的h-BN陶瓷,抗弯强度分别为76MPa的42.8MPa,硬度分别为212(HV）和108（HV）。分析了氮气压力和初始孔隙率对反应物燃烧和产物的影响,结果发现适当的初始孔隙率和氮气压力条件下对于（h-BN-SiO2;48%≤ρ≤52%,75MPa≤P≤85MPa;对于h-BN;48%≤ρ≤52%,95MPa≤P≤100MPa）可以得到无裂纹的产物。产物中的片状h-BN颗粒为各向同性,高的氮气压力导致h-BN颗粒尺寸增大,同时发现h-BN-SiO2产物中SiO2以玻璃相的形式存在于晶相B7O的边缘,B7O的产生与原料SiO2及其氧化物杂质有关。     

Ba填充方钴矿化合物的高压合成及热电性能

利用高压固相反应方法成功合成了Ba填充型方钴矿化合物BaxCo4Sb12(0.2≤x≤0.8),并探讨了Ba填充及合成压强对化合物电学性能的影响.采用XRD和SEM确定了相组成和晶体形貌,并在室温下测试了材料的电阻率及Seebeck系数.实验结果表明:高压可有助于提高Ba在CoSb3中的填充含量;化合物BaxCo4Sb12的晶粒直径处于微纳米级而且样品中含有大量的微气孔;在合成压强为4.25GPa时,样品BaCoSb获得最高的功率因子13.19μW/(cm.K2).     

Combustion Synthesis: Effect of Urea on the Reaction and Characteristics of Ni-Zn Ferrite Powders

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the urea content (fuel) on the reaction and the characteristics of Ni-Zn ferrite powders obtained by combustion synthesis. Several batches were prepared with different fuel contents, ranging from the stoichiometric composition between 20 and 100% (excess), while the desired molar proportion of the metal precursors was kept constant. The solutions were heated on a hot plate and then transferred to a muffle furnace preheated to 700°C, in which ignition took place. The resulting powders were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, and sedimentation, aided by rotation measured through an optic light. The crystalline hematite (-Fe₂O₃) and Ni-Zn ferrite phases were present in all the compositions studied, and the appearance of the agglomerates varied from soft to hard with increasing urea content. The increased urea content, which promoted a longer flame time, influenced the growth and/or formation of hard agglomerates. After sintering at 1200°C/2 h using the stoichiometric composition, only the spinel structure Ni-Zn ferrite, with homogeneous microstructure, was present.     

Synthesis of Diamonds Using Rapid Solidified Mn-Ni Powder Catalyst with Cubic High Pressure Apparatus

The characteristics of Mn-Ni rapid solidified powder catalyst (MNRSPC) and theprocesses in synthesizing diamonds using this catalyst were studied by means of optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, SEM and TEM. The change of temperature and pressure during the diamond synthesis was analysed in the systems of powder catalyst and flaky catalyst.The Physical and chemical characteristics of MNRSPC were investigated. The results show that, first, this powder catalyst has high surface energy, high nonequilibrium carbon content, lower melting point than that of domestic NiMnCo flaky catalyst; second, this powder catalyst has single face-centered cubic structure with lattice constant being 3.559A.The process parameters of the synthesis of MNRSPC on domestic cubic high pressure apparatus were studied for the first time. Using the optimum seeking method, the better process parameters for one-step,two-steps increasing pressure processes were determined, and the synthesis of diamond in the (?)23 synthesis cavity     

深水静压环境中夹芯结构PUEPM芯材蠕变特性实验研究

通过弹性力学分析,将深水静压环境中夹芯结构芯材力学状态与加套筒静压实验中芯材的力学状态进行对比,提出研究深水静压环境中夹芯结构黏弹性芯材蠕变特性的套筒实验方法;针对三种不同配方的聚氨酯改性环氧基微珠增强吸声体(Polyurethane Modified Epoxy Resin Sound Absorption Materials,PUEPM)芯材开展准静态套筒压缩实验和加套筒蠕变实验,得到了芯材的蠕变性能。结果表明:玻璃微珠含量较低,短切纤维含量较高的分层PUEPM芯材具备较好的蠕变性能;玻璃微珠含量越大,芯材变形回弹性能越好;B型PUEPM芯材具备较好的综合力学性能。     

Effect of Applied Pressure on the Joining of Combustion Synthesized Ni3Al Intermetallics with Al Alloy

We focused on the surface reinforcement of ligth weight casting alloys with Ni-AI intermetallic compounds by in-situ combustion reaction to improve the surface properties of non-ferrous casting components.In our previous works,green compact of elemental Ni and Al powders were reacted to form Ni-3Al intermetallic compound by SHS （Self-propagating high temperature synthesis） reaction with the heat of molten Al alloy and simultaneously bonded with Al casting alloy.But some defects such as tiny cracks and porosities were remained in the reacted compact.So we applied pressure to prevent thermal cracks and fill up the pores with liquid Al alloy by squeeze casting process.The compressed Al alloy bonded with the Ni-3Al intermetallic compound was sectioned and observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）.The stoichiometric compositions of the intermetallics formed around the bonded interface and in the reacted compact were identified by energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and electron probe micro analysis （EPMA）. Si rich layer was formed on the Al alloy side near the bonded interface by the sequential solidification of Al alloy.The porosities observed in the reacted Ni-3Al compact were filled up with the liquid AI alloy.The Si particles from the molten Al alloy were detected in the pores of reacted Ni-3Al intermetallic compact.The Al casting alloy and Ni-3Al intermetallic compound were joined very soundly by applying pressure to the liquid Al alloy.     

Effects of Nanocrystalline Powders Additions on the Characteristics of Combustion Process, Phase- and Structure-Formation, and Properties of SHS Alloys on Titanium Carbide Base

A study was made of the effect of different nanocrystalline powders additives on the macrokinetics of combusting Ti-Cr-C-Ni mixtures as well as on the composition, structure, and physical-mechanical properties of SHIM-SB alloy produced by the power SHS-compaction technique. An additive of nanocrystalline powder is found to result in 2- to 5-fold modification of alloy structure and, in most cases, in improving physical and mechanical properties (bending strength, hardness, microhardness, and crack growth resistance).     

调峰机制下供热汽轮机中压调门调节特性试验研究

为适应调峰要求,汽轮机组发电负荷变化幅度较大,从再热蒸汽管道抽汽供热的参数也大幅波动,汽轮机中压调门参与调节以稳定供热参数。对于一台采用此方式供热的300 MW等级汽轮机组,在电负荷250 MW、供热抽汽量52.20～53.94 t/h条件下,通过试验研究了中压调门的调节特性。结果表明：随着中压调门开度的减小,中压缸进汽流量逐渐降低,再热蒸汽压力逐渐升高,当中压调门最小开度为24.97%时,中压缸进汽压力为3.44 MPa,供热抽汽母管压力为3.13 MPa;高压缸压比随中压调门开度的减小而减小,其最大值为3.13,最小值为2.65;高压缸排汽温度随中压调门开度的减小而升高,其最高值为331.76℃,最低值为312.97℃;随着中压调门开度的减小,中压缸效率逐渐降低,从93.37%降至84.78%;随着中压调门开度的减小,高压缸和中压缸蒸汽焓降变化不大,但一段抽汽压力和高压缸排汽压力增加,高、中压缸通流量降低,高、中压缸做功量减小,导致机组电负荷降低9.79 MW;机组轴系安全运行指标保持稳定。     

Morphology Change in the Optical Microscopic Microstructure of Titanium by Nitriding Reaction and Combustion Synthesis Under Normal and Microgravity

Experiments on heating titanium wire specimens 0.5 mm in diameter by electric current in 0.5 absolute atmospheric pressure (0.5 kg/cm²) of a pure nitrogen gas environment under normal gravity (g = 9.8 m/s² = 1 G) and microgravity (g = G) using a drop shaft that enables 10 s of a microgravitational condition were carried out to investigate fundamentally the influence of microgravity on the reaction between Ti and nitrogen gas. The influence of gravitational acceleration on the morphological changes in optical microscopic microstructures of the specimens was studied. Under normal gravity, the thickness of the TiN layer resulting from the reaction of Ti and nitrogen gas at the outermost surface of the specimen increased with the heating time, but the tendency for the increase was reduced. A Widmanstätten structure, which is made by rapid heating and cooling of the specimen, was observed. However, the typical characteristics of the Widmanstätten structure vanished as the heating time proceeded. The progress of the nitriding reaction of the specimen was reduced, because heating by the electrical current and cooling by the convection of nitrogen gas balance each other out, and the temperature of the specimen became constant. Under microgravity, on the other hand, the thickness of the TiN layer of the outermost surface of the specimen increased with the heating time and was always thicker than that under normal gravity. The influence of microgravity, which suppresses the cooling effect of the thermal convection of nitrogen gas, on the nitriding reaction between titanium and nitrogen gas was significant. A dendritic structure caused by electrical heating was observed. Since the combustion synthesis of TiN was initiated at an elevated temperature after a certain heating time, huge dendritic structures were observed. The TiN tube was made on a final stage by leaching the titanium from the specimen. The influence of microgravity on the microstructure of the specimens that underwent nitriding was notable. Various results of the present study are explained by gravitational acceleration effects. The nitriding reaction became active by a temperature increase in the specimens with heating time due to the suppression of thermal convection and the cooling effect of the nitrogen gas on the specimens was reduced.     

超重力辅助燃烧合成Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2玻璃/Y3Al5O12陶瓷梯度复合材料

以超重力场辅助燃烧合成技术制备了呈梯度分布的Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2透明玻璃/Y3Al5O12陶瓷梯度复合材料.结果表明,梯度布置两种组分的原料既可防止下层熔体的喷溅,又能提高上层玻璃的透过率.该梯度材料沿超重力方向依次为YAS透明玻璃层、YAS-YAG玻璃陶瓷层和YAG陶瓷层.     

Fundamental Understanding of the Formation Mechanism for Graphene Quantum Dots Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Fragmentation in Liquid: Experimental and Theoretical Insight

The pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid (PLFL) process is a promising technique for the synthesis of carbon‐based functional materials. In particular, there has been considerable attention on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) derived from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by the PLFL process, owing to the low cost and rapid processing time involved. However, a fundamental deep understanding of the formation of GQDs from MWCNTs by PLFL has still not been achieved despite the high demand. In this work, a mechanism for the formation of GQDs from MWCNTs by the PLFL process is reported, through the combination of experimental and theoretical studies. Both the experimental and computational results demonstrate that the formation of GQDs strongly depends on the pulse laser energy. Both methods demonstrate that the critical energy point, where a plasma plume is generated on the surface of the MWCNTs, should be precisely maintained to produce GQDs; otherwise, an amorphous carbon structure is favorably formed from the scattered carbons.     

The Influence of Ir and Pt Addition on the Synthesis of Fullerenes at Atmospheric Pressure

The addition of metallic Ir and Pt to a fullerene-forming, atmospheric-pressure plasma reactor was found to influence the generation of carbonaceous products. It was observed that the added metals were efficiently dispersed into the plasma and that their presence increased the yield of fullerenes. The addition of Ir led to a noticeable shift in the fullerene distribution towards C₆₀, whereas the addition of Pt increased the proportion of C₆₀ oxides and decreased the proportion of higher fullerenes. Addition of Ir also caused a reduction of the soot particle size and the formation of a considerable quantity of carbon nanotubes.     

The Influence of Ir and Pt Addition on the Synthesis of Fullerenes at Atmospheric Pressure

Abstract

The addition of metallic Ir and Pt to a fullerene‐forming, atmospheric‐pressure plasma reactor was found to influence the generation of carbonaceous products. It was observed that the added metals were efficiently dispersed into the plasma and that their presence increased the yield of fullerenes. The addition of Ir led to a noticeable shift in the fullerene distribution towards C₆₀, whereas the addition of Pt increased the proportion of C₆₀ oxides and decreased the proportion of higher fullerenes. Addition of Ir also caused a reduction of the soot particle size and the formation of a considerable quantity of carbon nanotubes.     

Synthesis of La-Doped CaTiO3 Perovskite Powders from the Mixture of Metal Salt Solutions by Ultrasonic Mist Combustion/Pyrolysis Processes

The CaTiO₃ and La-doped CaTiO₃ [Ca_1–x (La) _x TiO₃, x = 0.05–0.3] powders were prepared from aqueous solutions by the ultrasonic mist pyrolysis and ultrasonic mist combustion processes. Glycine provides carboxylic acid and amine groups as a fuel in the ultrasonic mist combustion process. In ultrasonic mist pyrolysis, the particles with hollow sphere morphology were obtained; whereas, particles prepared by the ultrasonic mist combustion process had a dense solid morphology with low porosity. The ultrasonic mist combustion process using metal nitrates and glycine as the fuel for a starting material has proved to be a simple and unique approach to preparing dense CaTiO₃ powder and a solid solution of CaTiO₃ with lanthanum.     

一种以煤为原料造气的氢气产品生产工艺概述

介绍了用煤生产的合成氨原料气，经膜分离、变压吸附和低温吸附分离提纯技术生产工业氢、纯氢或高纯氢，并对该工艺技术进行评述。