四种跨临界CO2压缩式热泵系统的热力性能研究

CO2是具有很大潜力的天然替代工质之一,CO2跨临界循环放热过程中具有较大温度滑移,与水侧温升过程相匹配,因此适合用于热泵热水器系统。国内外学者提出了许多提高跨临界CO2循环效率的方法,其中包括引入回热器、喷射器等设备,从不同角度对比分析在常规跨临界CO2热泵系统中引入回热器、喷射器后系统的性能变化。本文在前人工作的基础上,建立相关热力学计算模型,并进一步对四种不同形式的跨临界CO2热泵系统（常规跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHS）、带回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSI）、带喷射器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSE）及带喷射器与回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSEI））的性能进行研究,对比分析排气压力一定的情况下四种循环的热力性能;从最优排气压力的角度出发,分析对比不同系统中气冷器出口温度变化对系统最优排气压力和制热系数的影响,以及喷射器等熵效率对系统性能的影响。以上研究为CO2压缩式热泵系统的实用化进展奠定良好的理论基础。     

跨临界CO2热泵热水系统试验研究

对跨临界CO2水-水热泵多种工况的循环性能进行试验研究,获得一系列试验数据。试验结果表明,1）跨临界CO2热泵循环在高温热泵领域可得到高于常规热泵系统的制热系数;2）降低气体冷却器出口温度,提高蒸发温度,选择最佳的高压侧压力可有效提高系统的制热系数。最后根据试验结果为今后CO2热泵流程设计提出一些建议。     

3种跨临界二氧化碳热泵热水器系统的实验研究

研制了跨临界二氧化碳热泵热水器实验台,在一定蒸发温度下,分别对常规系统、带回热器系统及带喷射器和回热器系统这3种跨临界二氧化碳热泵热水器系统在制取不同温度热水时的性能进行了实验研究,分析了制热系数、制热量、压缩机耗功量、压缩机压比等参数随热水出水温度的变化趋势,并分析了回热器、喷射器的工作性能,实验结果表明:和常规系统相比,引入回热器后系统制热系数可以提高约10％,引入喷射器和回热器后系统制热系数可以提高约20％.     

单级跨临界二氧化碳带膨胀机循环与四种双级循环的热力学分析

本文对制冷工况下,单级跨临界二氧化碳(CO_2)带膨胀机循环、跨临界CO_2双级压缩无回热器循环、跨临界CO_2双级压缩加回热器循环、跨临界CO_2双级压缩一级节流无回热器循环和跨临界CO_2双级压缩一级节流加回热器循环五种循环的性能进行了分析比较。结果表明:当膨胀机的效率为60%时,在所规定的蒸发温度范围内(-10~20℃),单级跨临界CO_2带膨胀机循环的性能要高于其它四种双级压缩循环。当蒸发温度为5℃时,只要膨胀机的效率大于32%,单级压缩膨胀机循环的性能就高于其它四种双级压缩循环。对于四种双级压缩循环,前两种循环适用于中高温制冷,且回热循环性能较好;后两种带中间冷却器的循环适宜于中低温制冷,增加回热器后性能反而下降。     

跨临界CO2热泵热水器系统的试验研究

介绍带回热器的跨临界CO2热泵热水试验系统。通过改变气冷器水流量对跨临界CO2水-水热泵多种工况的循环性能进行试验研究,获得一系列试验数据。试验结果表明:跨临界CO2热泵循环可获得比常规工质要高的出水温度;增加气冷器水流量可有效提高系统的制热系数。     

跨临界CO2循环制冷系统的实验研究

本文通过搭建跨临界CO2循环制冷系统实验台,研究在冷却水出口温度为55℃的时候,系统的COP随高压侧压力的变化趋势。研究结果表明:在一定的蒸发温度下,随着高压侧压力的升高,系统的性能系数呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且系统的COP存在一个最大值。因此,在某一蒸发温度下,存在一个最优高压侧压力使系统的性能系数达到最大值。     

直线压缩机驱动的超高温双作用行波热声热泵

提出了一种直线压缩机驱动下的高温双作用行波热声热泵流程,并以kW级别的热泵系统进行了设计和优化。在热泵热端温度为150℃,环境温度为40℃时,计算模拟了其在不同回热器结构以及不同换热器结构下的性能。得出当回热器采用板叠式回热器,换热器采用管壳式换热器时能够获得较高的效率和较大的泵热量,获得的热端泵热量可达1 823.9 W,热泵系数COP为3.16,相对卡诺效率为82.3%。在此基础上,进一步计算了热泵在不同环境温度和不同热端温度下的工作性能,以模拟工业上热泵在不同环境下的工作状况。     

膨胀机与喷射器跨临界二氧化碳循环比较研究

减少跨临界二氧化碳热泵循环高压截流损失的方案主要有膨胀机和喷射器两种。建立了跨临界二氧化碳节流阀循环模型、膨胀机循环模型和喷射器循环模型。研究了在典型的家用热泵热水器工况下采用不同循环时,气体冷却器工质进出口温度对循环性能和高压侧压力的影响。研究结果表明,气体冷却器工质出口温度低于40℃时,膨胀机循环效率高于喷射器循环;气体冷却器工质出口温度高于40℃时,膨胀机循环效率低于喷射器循环;膨胀机循环与截流阀循环的高压侧压力相同,低于喷射器循环。     

两级节流中间完全冷却CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环特性研究

CO2是零ODP、低GWP的天然制冷剂,在冷库制冷系统中应用前景广阔。本文针对用于低温冷库的两级节流中间完全冷却CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环（DTCC循环）建立数学模型,通过计算不同工况,分析蒸发温度、压缩机等熵效率、气冷器出口温度、排气压力以及回热循环方式对DTCC循环制冷系数的影响规律;给出DTCC循环的最优排气压力和最佳中间压力的计算式。研究表明：在蒸发温度-30~10 ℃、气冷器出口温度30~45 ℃范围内,DTCC循环的最优排气压力约比相同工况下的单级跨临界制冷循环的最优排气压力低0.3 MPa;低压级排气采用预冷气冷器、在高压级气冷器出口设置回热器均可有效改善DTCC循环的制冷系数。     

利用生活废水余热的CO_2热泵系统

为了充分利用生活废水的余热,提出利用生活废水余热作为低温热源的CO2热泵系统,并分析生活废水温度、蒸发温度、气体冷却器出口温度、气体冷却器出口压力、吸气过热度、制取热水温度等参数对CO2跨临界循环热泵系统性能的影响,得出提高蒸发温度、降低气体冷却器出口温度、适当增加过热度会使系统的COP增大,且在生活废水温度为20℃,制取热水温度为60℃,蒸发温度为15℃的工况下,存在最优的气体冷却器出口压力(9.8 MPa),获得最大性能系数(5.5)。CO2热泵的能耗比空气源热泵、电加热器、燃气锅炉、燃油锅炉分别节约38.2%,80.7%,84.8%和82.7%,CO2热泵的年运行费用较低,空气源热泵、电加热器、燃气锅炉和燃油锅炉分别是其1.6倍、5.1倍、2.9倍和5.5倍。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from