基于神经网络的哈尔滨高校教室热环境特征模型研究

为了研究哈尔滨高校教室热环境特征模型和人体热舒适,笔者于2004年9月～2005年12月在哈尔滨进行了20次现场研究.在测量室内热舒适参数的同时,受试者填写对室内环境的热感觉和热舒适主观调查表.而后利用人工神经网络方法,建立了哈尔滨高校教室热环境特征和人体热舒适的BP神经网络评判模型,实现了对哈尔滨高校教室热环境内人体热感觉的智能化预测.现场研究结果验证表明,该模型预测的哈尔滨高校教室热环境内人体热感觉与实际主观调查吻合.     

华南典型湿热气候区的人体热舒适性研究

采用实验室研究的方法对华南地区的人体热舒适性进行了研究.通过对不同性别、不同年龄、不同地区的人体热舒适进行分析,得出性别在舒适区域对人体热舒适性影响不大,不同职业及年龄对人体热舒适影响较大,尤其是不同职业的影响.根据本文实验研究的特点,通过粗略的统计方法得出80%满意率的作用温度范围,与ASHRAE 55-1992和ISO7730标准进行比较后得出,本次实验的舒适区域要宽泛一些,相对湿度对热感觉的影响要高于前人的结论.     

厦门高校教室冬季热环境测试及热舒适预测

为考察冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉,对厦门某高校教室的热舒适度进行了现场测试.在测量室内外热舒适参数的同时,通过问卷调查得到了人体热反应样本.分析样本得出厦门高校教室冬季非空调工况下人体热中性温度和热期望温度分别为19.3和19.4℃.综合考虑温度、相对湿度、平均辐射温度、风速及服装热阻对坐姿轻度活动状态人体的热舒适影响,使用MATLAB软件进行非线性回归,得到非空调工况下热舒适预测方程.该预测方程与实测得到的人体热舒适投票两者结果有较高相关度,同时较大程度上反映了冬季非空调环境下人体热感觉的变异.     

动态热环境下人体热舒适的实验研究

室内热环境是影响人体热舒适的关键因素,研究动态热环境下人体的热舒适温度范围,对促进建筑节能有着重要的意义。本文以深圳市某居住小区的住户为研究对象,在动态的室内环境中,测试分析了不同状况下的人体热舒适温度和自然通风的热舒适性效果,提出了有关建议:住宅建筑应尽量采用自然通风来达到舒适性要求,在自然通风无法满足要求时,可采用风扇等其他机械通风方式;空调状态下人体热舒适温度在国家标准规定的26℃基础上可适当提高1～2℃。     

哈尔滨高校教室热舒适现场研究

为了研究高校教室在学生上课期间的热环境和人体热舒适,在哈尔滨高校教室进行了现场研究。在测量室内热舒适参数的同时,学生填写对室内环境的热感觉和热舒适主观调查表,共调查了1285人次,得到了1285份人体热反应的样本。现场测试结果表明,哈尔滨高校自然通风教室全年人体热中性温度为23.4℃(t0)。     

成都地区夏季高校图书馆热舒适性研究

改善高校图书馆建筑热舒适环境是提高学生学习条件的重要方面。基于对现场实测和调查问卷的方法,对成都地区某高校图书馆室内温度、相对湿度、辐射温度、风速进行了现场测试,同时,对室内人体热舒适性主观评价进行了调研,然后对不同楼层及不同区域实测数据与TSV的投票结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,热舒适性随楼层升高而降低,同楼层内由中心区域向窗户处递减,而临湖面区域又较背湖面区域热舒适高。此外,给出了改善图书馆建筑热舒适性的建议。     

热湿环境下人体热反应的实验研究

采用问卷方式，对热湿环境下人体热感觉、对空气湿度的感觉、吹风感觉及热舒适感觉进行了研究，分析了空气相对湿度对热舒适的影响，给出了高温高湿条件下人体热反应的规律。并在分析人体散热的基础上，提出了一个可以对热湿环境中人体热舒适进行预测的数学模型。     

基于生理指标评价人体热舒适、工作效率和长期健康的研究路线探讨

分析了人体在热环境中的生理响应机制,综述了国内外基于生理指标的人体热舒适、工作效率和长期健康的研究现状,指出生理指标在评价工作效率和人体健康方面具有重要价值,但对于热舒适研究只能作为一个辅助评价指标,并提出了生理指标在评价热舒适、工作效率和人体健康方面的研究路线。     

人体热舒适性在城市规划领域的研究综述

随着"以人为本"及低碳节能思想的深入,愈来愈多的学者开始展开人体热舒适性的研究,城市是以人为中心,同时也是能源消耗的集中地。文章首先概述了当前人体热舒适性的研究现状,然后从人体热舒适性的影响因素、评价以及在城市规划领域的应用三个方面进行相关研究的总结,以期为人体热舒适性在城市规划领域的应用提供思路和方向。     

室外公共空间夏季热舒适性评价研究——以上海当代大中型住宅区为例

住宅区室外公共空间在居民日常生活中占据着重要的地位,而热舒适性则是公共空间品质和使用者评价的重要影响因素。但在住宅区规划设计中,对室外环境热舒适性的关注却较为缺失。从人体热舒适性出发,选取具有代表性的上海大中型住区为调研对象,以热舒适性数值模拟为主要手段,从建筑布局和绿化形态两个方面分析探讨住宅区空间形态与热舒适性的相互关系,并提出基于人体热舒适性的空间设计建议。     

Parametric study on the performance of green residential buildings in China

The parametric study of the indoor environment of green buildings focuses on the quantitative and qualitative improvement of residential building construction in China and the achievement of indoor thermal comfort at a low level of energy use. This study examines the effect of the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control in hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zones. This work is based on a field study of the regional thermal assessment of two typical cases, the results of which are compared with simulated results of various scenarios of “energy efficiency” strategy and “healthy housing” environmental control. First, the simulated results show that the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor environment control is actually balanced in terms of occupancy, comfort, and energy efficiency. Second, adaptive thermal comfort control can save more energy for heating or cooling than other current healthy housing environmental controls in China's HSCW zone. Moreover, a large proportion of energy use is based on the subjective thermal comfort demand of occupants in any building type. Third, the building shape coefficient cannot dominate energy savings. The ratio of the superficial area of a building to the actual indoor floor area has a significant positive correlation with and affects the efficiency of building thermal performance.     

Effect of building interface form on thermal comfort in gymnasiums in hot and humid climates

The thermal environment and thermal comfort of a building are greatly affected by the design of the building interface form. Most contemporary architectural designs consider only the relations between architectural form and architectural beauty. Few studies on the correlation of architectural form and thermal comfort address the influence of architectural form on thermal comfort and thermal environment. These studies are particularly important for gymnasium architectures located in hot and humid areas, which have high requirements for thermal comfort. This paper presents an experimental investigation and an analysis of the effect of the building interface form of gymnasiums on thermal comfort in hot and humid subtropical regions durings ummer. Results showed that the influence of the top interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly dominated by the mean radiant temperature, which could be controlled to improve thermal comfort. The influence of side interface forms on thermal comfort is mainly dominated by air velocity, and thermal comfort could be improved by promoting natural ventilation on the side interface form design to reduce indoor heat. This research enhanced our understanding of the relation between the interface form and the thermal comfort of gymnasiums. In addition, this paper provides a theoretical reference for the sustainable design of gymnasiums in hot and humid climates.     

Passive environment control system of Kerala vernacular residential architecture for a comfortable indoor environment: A qualitative and quantitative analyses

The modern day practice does not give due respect to passive and natural environment control measures in buildings. With modern materials and technology, the buildings of present architectural style results in high energy consumption, in an attempt to provide thermal comfort indoors. The vernacular architecture at any place on the other hand has evolved through ages by consistent and continuous effort for more efficient and perfect solutions. The authors have conducted a qualitative analysis of the passive environment control system of vernacular residential architecture of Kerala that is known for ages for its use of natural and passive methods for a comfortable indoor environment. The orientation of building, internal arrangement of spaces, the presence of internal courtyard, use of locally available materials and special methods of construction, etc. have together created the indoor environment. A quantitative analysis was also carried out based on field experiments by recording thermal comfort parameters in a selected building. The study has provided positive results confirming that the passive environment control system employed in Kerala vernacular architecture is highly effective in providing thermal comfort indoors in all seasons.     

Literature survey on how different factors influence human comfort in indoor environments

The present paper shows the results of a literature survey aimed at exploring how the indoor environment in buildings affects human comfort. The survey was made to gather data that can be useful when new concepts of controlling the indoor environment are developed. The following indoor environmental conditions influencing comfort in the built environment were surveyed: thermal, visual and acoustic, as well as air quality. The literature was surveyed to determine which of these conditions were ranked by building users as being the most important determinants of comfort. The survey also examined the extent to which other factors unrelated to the indoor environment, such as individual characteristics of building occupants, building-related factors and outdoor climate including seasonal changes, influence whether the indoor environment is evaluated as comfortable or not. The results suggest that when developing systems for controlling the indoor environment, the type of building and outdoor climate, including season, should be taken into account. Providing occupants with the possibility to control the indoor environment improves thermal and visual comfort as well as satisfaction with the air quality. Thermal comfort is ranked by building occupants to be of greater importance compared with visual and acoustic comfort and good air quality. It also seems to influence to a higher degree the overall satisfaction with indoor environmental quality compared with the impact of other indoor environmental conditions.     

Building envelope regulations on thermal comfort in glass facade buildings and energy-saving potential for PMV-based comfort control

This paper presents an investigation of the effect of building envelope regulation on thermal comfort and on the energy-saving potential for PMV-based comfort control in glass facade buildings. Occurrences and severity of overheating, based on the PMV-PPD model contained in ISO 7730, were used for the thermal comfort assessment. Parametric study simulations for an actual building with a large glass facade were carried out to predict the changes in thermal comfort levels in a space due to different glazing types, depths of overhang and glazing areas, which are the key parameters of the building envelope regulation index, named ENVLOAD, in Taiwan. The result demonstrates that the ENVLOAD has significant effect on thermal comfort. Additionally, comparative simulations between PMV-based comfort control and conventional thermostatic control were performed to investigate the changes in the energy-saving potential of a thermal comfort-controlled space due to changes of its ENVLOAD. The results demonstrate that the energy-saving potential in a PMV-based controlled space increases with low ENVLOAD conditions.     

Adaptive temperature limits: A new guideline in The Netherlands: A new approach for the assessment of building performance with respect to thermal indoor climate

The first guidelines for thermal comfort in buildings in The Netherlands were developed in the late 70s and in the 80s. They were based on the PMV-PPD relationship. In this article new guidelines are presented, based on the international research on adaptive thermal comfort. Two building/climate types are introduced: “Alpha” and “Beta”, analogous to the categories in the field studies on adaptive thermal comfort. For each building/climate type operative indoor temperature limits are given as a function of the running mean outdoor temperature and classified according to NPR-CR 1752. Finally some initial temperature simulations are shown, the results of which are plotted in the new comfort zone.     

寒冷地区半围合式庭院空间风环境研究

半围合式建筑庭院作为建筑室内与室外的缓冲空间,在寒冷地区可以创建较为温和的微气候,维持建筑热环境的相对稳定,同时为人们提供开放自然舒适的室外交流与活动空间。以地处寒冷地区的典型半围合式庭院建筑为例,通过实地测量和数值模拟分析,研究基于室外气候要素的半围合式庭院空间风环境适宜性空间尺度,采用风速、空气龄等风环境评价指标来模拟评价庭院不同空间尺度与比例条件下的舒适度与建筑性能。研究成果可为寒冷地区建筑半围合式庭院空间设计提供空间价值尺度参考,探讨通过可持续性设计的方法对半围合式庭院空间进行优化设计来提高室外空间的舒适性。     

Virtual Building Dataset for energy and indoor thermal comfort benchmarking of office buildings in Greece

The knowledge of building stock energy data of a country is a very significant tool for energy benchmarks establishment, energy rating procedures and building classification boundaries determination, according to the Directive 2002/91/EC and its implementation in EU Member States. The lack of building energy databases in many EU Countries, including Greece, and the difficulties of collecting them lead to the investigation of other potential solutions. The aim of this paper is to present a method of a Virtual Building Dataset (VBD) creation for office buildings in Greece. The philosophy of VBD is based on the creation and simulation of random office buildings that could be found or built in Greece, taking into account the Greek constructional and operational characteristics of office buildings and Greek legislation. The VBD consists of 30,000 buildings (10,000 in each climatic zone) with their detailed constructional and operational data and of their simulation outputs: the annual specific energy consumption for heating, cooling, artificial lighting, office equipment and an indoor thermal comfort indicator. Based on VBD results the energy and indoor thermal comfort benchmarks for office building sector in Greece are assessed and presented.     

沈阳周边农村地区住宅建筑节能改造实测分析

为了解决沈阳周边农村地区住宅建筑能耗较大的问题,研究了传统非节能建筑的特征,以及新建节能建筑的节能措施。选取该地区节能住宅和非节能住宅各一例,对建筑围护结构的热工性能和建筑环境参数进行检测分析,确定出采暖供回水温度、室内环境温度、相对湿度的数值,通过现场调研和仪器检测确定出PMV-PPD室内环境评价指标。结果表明,节能建筑与非节能建筑相比,采用围护结构节能等措施的建筑的节能率提升了17.7%,同时,室内环境舒适度也有大幅度提高。     

Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates

This paper discusses the thermal effect of covering the building envelope with vegetation on the microclimate in the built environment, for various climates and urban canyon geometries. A two-dimensional, prognostic, micro scale model has been used, developed for the purposes of this study. The climatic characteristics of nine cities, three urban canyon geometries, two canyon orientations and two wind directions are examined. The thermal effect of green roofs and green walls on the built environment is examined in both inside the canyon and at roof level. The effects of this temperature decrease on outdoors thermal comfort and energy savings are examined. Conclusions are drawn on whether plants on the building envelope can be used to tackle the heat island effect, depending on all these parameters taken into consideration.