喷动床内气固两相流动纵向涡流效应数值模拟

为了深入了解纵向涡流对喷动床内气固两相流动特性的影响规律,采用计算流体力学方法对喷动床内气固两相流动的纵向涡流效应进行三维数值模拟。采用RUC曳力系数模型描述气、固相间作用力,通过欧拉-欧拉双流体模型和颗粒动力学理论对气固两相流动进行模型处理。分别对无扰流件、加入一对小球扰流件及加入一对纵向涡流发生器喷动床结构进行了模拟分析及对比。研究表明:加入球体扰流件及纵向涡流发生器之后,喷泉区的喷动高度明显下降,并在球形扰流件及纵向涡流发生器附近产生了二次漩涡。纵向涡流的存在显著地增加了喷动床内环隙区颗粒相的径向速度,增加了喷射区及喷泉区内颗粒体积分数及其密集度,有效增强了喷动床内气体、颗粒沿径向与轴向的湍动能及拟温度值,进而强化了环隙区与喷射区内颗粒、流体两相的横向混合效果及颗粒间的动量交换过程。     

整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床内气固两相流动规律数值模拟

采用双流体模型(TFM)对一种新型整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床内气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,在喷动床锥体两侧开若干侧喷嘴形成辅助多喷嘴结构,使其在喷动床锥体处产生喷动-流化效果,从而对环隙区锥体边界处堆积颗粒层产生扰流作用。通过CFD数值模拟获得了喷动床内颗粒速度及浓度的分布情况,并与单喷嘴喷动床模拟结果进行对比。研究并优化分析了不同侧喷嘴数量以及侧喷嘴宽度等关键参数对喷动床气固两相流动的影响规律。研究表明,与常规喷动床相比,整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床结构能有效增强喷动床内环隙区颗粒相运动,特别是强化了喷动床环隙区底部流动死区的颗粒运动,使得锥体边界层颗的粒体积分数显著下降,颗粒体积分数沿径向分布变得更为均匀,同时省略了旁路供气辅助设备。     

三维整体式喷动-流化床结构优化与流动数值模拟

为了对环隙区内的颗粒堆积层产生局部流化作用,提出了一种在喷动床锥体处开一定数量侧喷嘴的整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床结构,并采用双流体模型(TFM)对三维整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床内的气固两相流动行为进行了数值模拟。通过计算流体力学(CFD)模拟获得了喷动床内颗粒体积分数、颗粒速度及流场均匀度分布情况,并将模拟结果与传统喷动床进行了对比,同时对锥体处开孔直径等关键参数进行了优化分析。结果表明:与常规喷动床相比,三维整体式多喷嘴喷动-流化床结构能有效增强喷动床环隙区与喷射区颗粒的径向混合,特别是流化了喷动床环隙区底部颗粒的流动死区。颗粒流场均匀度(CV)值随着床层高度的增加而上升,表明多喷嘴对颗粒流场的均匀化效应主要体现在喷动床柱锥区,当A_i/A_z=0.67时,侧喷嘴对喷动-流化床内整体的颗粒流化作用达到最佳。     

喷动床反应器气固流动模型的研究进展

首先对喷动床流动特征参数关联式进行了扼要介绍,继而着重总结了近年来喷动床内气固流动模型(喷射区气固稀相流模式、环隙区气体渗流模式以及固体颗粒流模式)、以及喷动床放大规律等基础理论研究的进展。最后,提出了未来喷动床流动模型工作的突破点和相应思路。     

喷动床内气固两相流动进口旋流效应数值模拟

为了研究喷嘴进口气体旋流效应对喷动床内气固两相流动特性的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法进行研究分析。通过欧拉-欧拉双流体模型和颗粒动力学理论对气固两相流动进行模型处理,分别对常规喷动床及带旋流器喷嘴喷动床进行模拟分析与对比。研究表明:喷嘴进口气体旋流效应显著地强化了喷动床内颗粒的径向运动,能有效消除柱锥区的颗粒堆积现象,扩大了低床层区气体喷射区的影响范围,增加了喷动床内气体的湍动能值,从而提高喷动床内颗粒处理的整体效率。存在最佳η(旋流器内径与外径比值)值,即η为0.526时,旋流气体对喷动床环隙区内颗粒堆积的消除作用及气体湍动能值的提升最为显著,同时旋流器喷动床的总体压降达到了峰值。     

喷动床内气固二相流体动力行为颗粒动理学

应用气固二相双流体模型数值模拟了喷动床内流体动力行为,模型中采用稠密固相动力-摩擦应力模型。模型中同时考虑了动理学理论和摩擦应力理论。应用贴体坐标系使得网格与喷动床的倒锥体边界符合良好。模拟得到的喷动床内颗粒速度和浓度实验数据吻合较好。     

循环流态化：（Ⅲ）气,固流动模型

根据气、固两相流动的基本特征,循环流态化气、固两相流动模型可分为局部流动结构模型及整体流动结构模型两类。局部流动结构模型主要描述床内稀相及絮状物相的局部分布及变化,而整体流动结构模型主要描述床中空隙率。颗粒速度以及气体速度轴、径向分布及变化,其中根据实用层次不同,整体流动结构模型可分为一维、一维两区及两维模型。本文对循环流态化气、固流动模型进行了分类评述,供循环流化床反应器设计时参考。     

矩形导流管喷动床下行区的床层压降

带导流管的矩形喷动床是传统喷动床的改进型式,矩形床内设置的与床同厚的垂直导流管,可以控制固体颗粒的内循环速率,同时使下行区中的气固移动床维持平推流.本文实验测定了不同表观气速、床层重量、不同固体颗粒与气体入口形式与尺寸时,矩形导流管喷动床下行区的床层压降,以考察其流动特征.实验结果表明,下行区存在床层压降的轴向分布,气固流动处于负压差下移上流区,且气固滑移速度自下而上是逐渐下降的.下行区颗粒床层的压降以及颗粒的移动下输,受到喷动床表观气速、床高、喷嘴尺寸、物料种类和颗粒直径的不同影响.     

导向管直径对喷动床流动特性影响的计算颗粒流体力学数值模拟

导向管喷动床是较为常见的一种喷动床改进床型,通过阻断喷动区与环隙区气固接触来提高颗粒循环的规律性与稳定性。本文采用计算颗粒流体力学（CPFD）方法对于直径150mm的柱锥式导向管喷动床进行了数值模拟研究,考察了导向管直径对于喷动床内颗粒流动特性的影响,从环隙区死区分布、颗粒速度分布、固体循环量等方面分析了具有不同直径导向管喷动床的运行状态。结果表明,加入导向管在减少床内死区的同时也降低了运行时的固体循环量,对于本次采用的喷动床结构尺寸与运行参数,只有在导向管直径为40～60mm时才能保证床内具有良好喷动状态,综合考虑各因素,选用直径50～55mm的导向管最为合适。对于具有类似结构与运行条件的柱锥喷动床,导向管直径可考虑选为无导向管运行时喷动区直径的1.2～1.375倍。     

灰熔聚流化床气化炉内气固两相流的数值模拟

应用欧拉双流体模型模拟了某化肥厂现运行的灰熔聚流化床煤气化炉(用ICC表示)内的气固两相流动行为,得出了所模拟ICC的合理流化气速与喷动气速的速度范围及匹配关系:流化气速不能太小,否则布风板区域会出现死区;流化气速也不能太大,否则将失去ICC的设计运行特点.当流化气速一定时,随喷动气速的增加,搅动混合增强,但过大的喷动气速会使床内的流动结构出现腾涌,不利于ICC的高效安全运行.     

Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Conical Dimension on the Hydrodynamic Behaviour in Spouted Beds

The flow behaviours of gas‐solids were predicted by means of a hydrodynamic model of dense gas‐solid flow in spouted beds. Constitutive equations describing the particulate solids pressure and viscosity were implemented into a hydrodynamic simulation computer program. The effect of operating conditions (inclined angle and gas spouting velocity) on particle velocity and concentration in the spout, annulus and fountain regions were numerical studied. Both vertical and horizontal particle velocities increased with increasing spouting gas velocity. The diameter of the spout increases with decreasing the inclination angle. As the inclination angle is set greater than 60°, the spout cross‐section starts becoming bottlenecked, limiting the upwards flow of solids.     

喷动床中气体停留时间分布的研究

In a spouted bed of 80mm in ID and 1700mm in height, the gas residence time distributions at different radial positions in both spout and annular area were measured with five different kinds of particles as spouting material, air as spouting gas, and hydrogen as tracer. The effects of superficial gas velocity, operating pressure, particle size and its category on gas residence time distribution were discussed. It was found that the gas velocity profile in spout was more uniform than that in annulus. It could be concluded that the gas flow in the spout could be treated as a plug-flow, while that in the annulus inhibited a strong non-ideal flow behavior. Increasing the superficial gas velocity and decreasing the operating pressure, the particle density and its size gave rise to spouting disturbance, thus the measured tracer concentrations vs. time curves fluctuated. The variances of residence time distribution curves could be taken as a measure of the gas fluctuation degree.     

水平辅助气对喷动床流动特性影响的研究

在上部内径为 195mm柱状、下部为 6 0°锥体的喷动床中水平引入辅助气 ,考察了水平辅助气对流动特性的影响。实验结果发现 ,辅助气的水平引入比竖直或法向引入可以更有效地抑制喷动气体向环流区扩散 ,降低最小喷动气速。在总气速一定的条件下 ,增大辅助气速的比例 ,可以降低喷动区空隙率而使颗粒浓度增大 ,提高颗粒的循环流动量。相比而言 ,喷动气速对喷动区颗粒的流动速度影响较大 ,而水平辅助气速对环流区颗粒的流动速度影响较大     

Hydrodynamics of a Novel Biomass Autothermal Fast Pyrolysis Reactor: Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop

A novel biomass, autothermal, fast pyrolysis reactor with a draft tube and an internal dipleg dividing the reactor into two interconnected beds is proposed. This internally interconnected fluidized beds (IIFB) reactor is designed to produce high‐quality bio‐oil using catalysts. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis by‐products, i.e., char, coke and non‐condensable gases, are expected to burn in the combustion bed to provide the heat for the pyrolysis. On the other hand, the catalysts can be regenerated simultaneously. In this study, experiments on the hydrodynamics of a cold model IIFB reactor are reported. Geldart group B and D sand particles were used as the bed materials. The effects of spouting and fluidizing gas velocities, particle size, static bed height and the total pressure loss coefficient of the pyrolysis bed exit, on the flow patterns and pressure drops of the two interconnected beds are studied. Six distinct flow patterns, i.e., fixed bed (F), periodic spouted/bubbling bed (PS/B), spouted bed with aeration (SA), spout‐fluidized bed (SF), spout‐fluidized bed with slugging (SFS) and spouted bed with backward jet (SBJ) are identified. The investigations on the pressure drops of the two beds show that both of them are seen to increase at first (mainly in the F flow pattern), then to decrease (mainly in the PS/B and SA flow patterns) and finally to increase again (mainly in the SA and SF flow patterns), with the increase of the spouting gas velocity. It is observed that a larger particle size and lower static bed height lead to lower pressure drops of the two beds.     

Stability of slot‐rectangular spouted beds: Effect of slot configuration

Experiments were carried out to determine the flow stability of slot‐rectangular spouted beds of 300 × 100 mm cross‐section with slots of different widths, lengths, and depths. The effects of slot expansion angle and diverging base were also investigated. Dependent variables included the minimum spouting velocity, bed pressure drop and standard deviation of pressure fluctuations. Based on the flow regimes and spout termination mechanisms, instability was found to be mainly due to the interaction of multiple spouts. Criteria were identified relating stable spouting to slot dimensions and particle size. Slots of limited cross‐sectional area can provide sustainable and symmetric spouting with little fluctuation, as long as the slot length‐to‐width ratio and depth are within certain limits, related to those for conventional spouted beds.     

GAS-TO-PARTICLE HEAT TRANSFER IN THE DRAFT TUBE OF A SPOUTED BED

The gas-to-particle heat transfer coefficients in the spout region of draft tube spouting beds of 2.6 mm glass beads were determined during continuous operation with particle fed through the base. For this purpose, detailed profiles of the gas temperature were measured in both spout and annular regions, as well as the temperature of the particles in the annulus. Fluid dynamic data were used to determine the volumetric solids concentration in the spout region. The effects of the spouting air flow rate, the particles feed rate, the height of the bed and the solids volumetric concentration, β_v, on the heat transfer coefficients were also determined. The data obtained was compared with the predictions of equations for spouted beds and vertical pneumatic conveying.     

Influence of solid-phase wall boundary condition on CFD simulation of spouted beds

The influence of solid-phase wall boundary condition in terms of specularity coefficient and particle–wall restitution coefficient on the flow behavior of spouted beds was investigated using two-fluid model approach in the computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT 6.3. Parametric studies of specularity coefficient and particle–wall restitution coefficient were performed to evaluate their effects on the flow hydrodynamics in terms of fountain height, spout diameter, pressure drop, local voidage and particles velocity. The numerical predictions were compared with available experimental data in the literatures to obtain the suitable values of specularity coefficient and particle–wall restitution coefficient for spouted beds. The simulated results show that the solid-phase wall boundary condition plays an important role in CFD modeling of spouted beds. The specularity coefficient has a pronounced effect on the spouting behavior and a small specularity coefficient (0.05) can give good predictions, while the particle–wall restitution coefficient is not critical for the holistic flow characteristics.     

Flow Characteristics in Slot‐Rectangular Spouted Beds with Draft Plates

An experimental investigation was conducted of slot‐rectangular spouted beds with air entry slots spanning the full thickness of the column and vertical draft plates intended to help control the solids circulation rate. With increasing superficial gas velocity, the flow between the draft plates changed from bubbling to slugging and then to spouting with dilute pneumatic between the plates and moving‐bed downward motion on both sides. However, there was difficulty maintaining stability and symmetrical flow on the two sides. Once spouting is established, pressure drops and local voidages vary with gas velocity, particle size and gas entry size in broadly similar manners as for conventional spouted beds     

The characteristics of fluid flow in beds of small glass particles spouted with water

The characteristics of beds of small glass particles 0.28, 0.46 and 0.77mm in diameter spouted with water were studied in a half-cylindrical column 51mm in diameter with inlet tube diameter of 3.2mm. The minimum spouting velocity, bed pressure drop at minimum spouting and spout diameter were measured. Assuming Darcy flow, the fluid flow in the annulus is modeled and shown to represent the streamlines quite well. The residence time of the fluid in the annulus is calcuated from the model and compared with experimental data.     

Measurements of voidage profiles in spouted beds

A fibre optic probe has been used to measure voidage profiles in the fountain, spout and annulus of spouted beds. The voidage in most of the annulus was found to be somewhat higher than the loose-packed voidage and increased with increasing spouting gas flow rate, contrary to usual assumptions. There is a denser region in the annulus where the voidage was a little lower than the loose-packed bed voidage. In the core of the fountain, the voidage decreased with height for low spouting gas flow rate, consistent with the model of Grace and Mathur (1978); however, at higher gas flow rate, it first increased with height and then decreased towards the fountain top. The radial profiles of local voidage were roughly parabolic in the lower portion of the spout and blunt in the upper portion.