电子束辐照对小麦粉加工品质影响的研究

研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对小麦粉理化性质及加工特性的影响,并将其制成馒头,运用物性测试仪和感官评定方法分析了馒头的食用品质。结果显示:随着辐照剂量增加,小麦粉的降落数值及粘度特性显著下降,当辐照剂量达到5kGy时,降落数值下降了56.2%,峰值粘度下降至42.7%,回生值下降至35.2%,而吸水量略有提高;面团的最大拉伸阻力逐渐降低,降幅随着辐照剂量的增大而增大,延伸度却逐渐增加,拉伸曲线面积则先增后减;物性测试仪测定结果表明,剂量在1.75kGy以下时,辐照对馒头的粘附性影响较小,但达到2.75kGy以上时,馒头的粘附性迅速增大,达到对照样品3倍以上;感官评定结果表明,当小麦所受辐照剂量达到5kGy时,由其所制作的馒头感官评分低于60分,表明已不宜食用。     

银杏果粉在小麦粉馒头中的应用研究

文章研究了银杏果粉对小麦粉理化指标以及馒头营养、感官、质构、抑菌的影响。用粉质仪、湿面筋仪、降落数值仪测定银杏果粉对面粉的理化指标，包括稳定时间、湿面筋含量、降落数值的影响。同时用感官方法评价馒头的感官品质。用质构仪测定馒头的质构参数。用菌落总数测定方法测定馒头的菌落总数。试验结果表明，在小麦粉中添加0%～24%的银杏果粉，小麦粉理化指标，包括标稳定时间、湿面筋含量、降落数值呈下降趋势。馒头感官评分呈先增加后下降趋势，馒头中菌落总数呈下降趋势。馒头中蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维含量呈增加趋势。小麦粉中银杏果粉添加量为12%时，馒头的感官品质最佳，比空白提高了6.30%；馒头中蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维含量分别增加2.49%、7.58%、12.0%；菌落总数下降37.5%，霉菌计数下降40.9%。银杏果粉具有提高小麦粉馒头的感官品质、营养价值和抑菌作用，在小麦粉馒头中具有良好的应用价值。     

电子束辐照对小麦营养品质和面团流变学特性的影响

采用0、0.83、1.56、2.30、4.93kGy不同剂量的电子束辐照小麦麦仁,研究其对小麦营养品质、面筋质量和面团流变学特性影响。结果表明:不同剂量的电子束辐照对小麦的粗蛋白含量、氨基酸组成与平衡性影响不显著(P>0.05),对湿面筋含量、出粉率无显著影响(P>0.05),但沉淀值、降落数值均随着辐照剂量的增加而下降(P<0.05)。电子束辐照对面团的吸水量、拉伸度影响不显著(P>0.05),但面团弱化度随着辐照剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05)。与未辐照组相比,2.30、4.93kGy剂量辐照时面团形成时间、稳定时间明显下降(P<0.05),0.83、1.56kGy剂量辐照时面团的最大拉伸阻力、50mm处最大拉伸阻力显著增强(P<0.05),0.83kGy剂量辐照时面团的拉伸能量明显提高(P<0.05)。0.83、1.56kGy的辐照剂量可使小麦粉面团筋力增强。     

~(60)Co-γ辐照对花生杀菌效果及其品质的影响

为减少有害微生物对花生的污染,本文研究了~(60)Co-γ辐照对花生的杀菌效果以及对其感官品质、理化性质、质构特性和脂肪氧化酶的影响。结果表明:~(60)Co-γ辐照处理可显著降低花生中微生物含量,且随着辐照剂量的增加,杀菌效果越显著;辐照剂量为1.50 k Gy时,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌的灭菌率分别达到94.58%和95.63%,均达到90%以上;菌落总数、霉菌及酵母菌的辐照杀菌剂量D10分别为2.33 k Gy和1.10 kGy;随着辐照剂量的增加感官评定得分越低,剂量≤1.50 kGy时,花生的感官品质在食用者可接受范围内。剂量为0.00~4.50 kGy时,辐照对花生水分、脂肪、蛋白及脂肪酸无明显影响,当剂量大于1.50 kGy时,仅粗纤维含量出现明显下降;辐照处理会在一定程度上增加花生的硬度,而对内聚性、弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性则无明显影响;同时,辐照不会脂肪氧化酶产生明显影响。因此,~(60)Co-γ辐照剂量不高于1.50 kGy时,能有效杀灭花生仁中微生物,且最大限度保持花生原有的食用品质。     

糯小麦粉添加量对配粉流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

将糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉进行梯度配粉,研究不同糯小麦粉添加量对配粉糊化黏度、粉质特性和面团流变学特性的影响;采用质构和感官评价相结合的方法评价其对馒头品质的影响,确定合适的糯小麦配粉比。结果表明：随着糯小麦粉添加量的增加,配粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、衰减度和回生值等快速黏度分析参数均呈现下降趋势,尤其是回生值降低显著。配粉的吸水量随糯小麦粉添加量的增加逐渐增大,面团的形成时间和稳定时间缩短,粉质指数降低;但当添加量增加至25.0%时,粉质特性各指标均产生显著性改变。不同配粉面团随着醒发时间的延长,面团拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标均呈现一定的增大趋势,但延伸度却随醒发时间延长而降低。糯小麦粉配粉比例对馒头的质构和感官特性具有较大影响,适宜的糯小麦粉配粉比为20.0%～30.0%,25.0%配粉比使馒头具有较好的质构,感官总评分达到最大值。     

辐照保鲜技术对碱面条品质特性的影响

采用不同剂量γ射线辐照小麦粉并添加碳酸钠制作碱面条，研究辐照处理对碱面条保质期及品质特性的影响。结果表明：γ射线辐照处理小麦粉可有效降低小麦粉中的菌落总数，当辐照剂量为4 kGy时，小麦粉中菌落总数灭活率高达99%;在1～5 kGy剂量范围内，辐照处理协同碳酸钠作用可以改善碱面条的品质特性和感官评价，并能够有效延长其保质期。相比于未处理的生鲜湿面，当辐照剂量为4 kGy时，可将碱面条的保质期延长至6倍。     

电子束辐照小麦粉的杀菌效果及对低菌小麦粉品质的影响

为减少有害微生物对小麦粉的污染,本文研究了电子束辐照对小麦粉的杀菌效果以及对其理化性质、流变学品质的影响。结果表明:电子束辐照处理可显著降低小麦粉中的微生物含量,且随着辐照剂量的增加,杀菌效果越显著;菌落总数、霉菌、酵母、蜡样芽孢杆菌、需氧芽孢菌的辐照杀菌剂量D10值分别为1.94、2.12、2.69、2.51和2.46 k Gy;剂量为1~5 kGy时,辐照对小麦粉基本营养成分及氨基酸含量无明显影响;辐照后小麦粉的湿面筋含量、面筋持水率也无明显变化,但面筋指数、降落数值随着剂量增加有所减小;辐照可提高小麦粉面团的吸水率,降低形成时间和稳定时间等;面团的拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比例等面团流变学特性参数,均呈现先升高后降低趋势,但变化幅度很小。     

玉米粉配比对玉米-小麦混合粉及其馒头品质的影响

采用不同的配比将玉米粉与小麦粉搭配,通过测定玉米-小麦混合粉指标和馒头指标,以研究玉米粉对混合粉及其馒头品质的影响。结果表明:随着玉米粉比例的增加,混合粉的吸水率、稳定时间、粉质指数呈逐渐减小的趋势;最大抗延伸性、拉伸面积、沉降值、湿面筋、面筋指数也逐渐降低;峰值黏度、稀懈值、回升值、降落数值等都有所下降,而糊化温度和弱化度有所上升。玉米粉的使用在一定程度上影响了面团的流变学性能,降低了面筋的品质,但是在比例不超过15%时影响并不十分明显,辅以一定的改良技术,不但可以生产出食用品质优良的馒头,而且可以改善馒头的营养特性。     

添加发芽小麦对小麦粉及制品品质影响

在小麦中添加不同比例的发芽小麦,研究对小麦、小麦粉品质特性及食用品质的影响。选择发芽小麦按照不同比例(1%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%)与正常小麦进行混合,研究发芽小麦不同添加比例对小麦及小麦粉品质特性产生的影响,并对不同添加比例发芽小麦粉制作的馒头和面条食用品质进行评价。结果表明:随着发芽小麦比例含量的增加,混合小麦及小麦粉品质特性指标中除降落数值逐渐减少,其他特性指标与正常小麦相比较无明显变化。对馒头和面条进行蒸煮实验评价,可以看出当发芽小麦含量不超过15%时,对其食用品质无明显影响,但当发芽小麦含量超过20%时,馒头出现粘牙,当发芽小麦含量超过15%时,面条韧性下降,食用品质受到影响,评分值均在80分以下。     

电子束辐照防治绿豆象及对绿豆品质的影响

为完善辐照技术防治储粮虫霉的理论,研究了电子束辐照对绿豆象种群发育及对绿豆品质的影响。绿豆象的卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫经0.1~1.0 kGy剂量的电子束辐照后,卵和幼虫在辐照的虫态死亡;蛹发育至成虫和成虫的死亡率显著增加,其种群存活个体的产卵总量显著减少;辐照处理种群的F1代不能孵化为幼虫或在1~2龄幼虫时全部死亡,而0.2 kGy及以上的辐照剂量则能完全抑制F1代孵化为幼虫。尽管0.2kGy的辐照剂量使绿豆的苗高下降了17%,脂肪酸值升高了12%,但对其发芽率、发芽势、可溶性蛋白质含量、降落数值和过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响,并且提高了绿豆的糊化液黏度。因此,推荐0.2 kGy的电子束辐照作为有效防治绿豆中绿豆象的参考剂量。     

Cystone,an ayurvedic herbal drug imparts protection to the mice against the lethal effects of gamma-radiation: a preliminary study

The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 160 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of aqueous extract of cystone (an ayurvedic herbal medicine) administered intraperitoneally was studied on the radiation-induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of gamma-radiation. Treatment of mice with different doses of cystone, consecutively for five days before irradiation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the non-drug treated irradiated controls. The pretreatment of mice with different doses of cystone before exposure to 10 Gy of gamma-radiation resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the survival up to 40 mg/kg b.wt., where the highest number of survival (55.55%) was observed by 30 days post irradiation, when compared with the 10 Gy irradiated control (6.66%). Thereafter, the number of survivors declined and reached a nadir at 160 mg/kg, where no survivors could be observed. The optimum protection against irradiation was observed for 40 mg/kg cystone, where the highest number of survivors were reported by 30 days post irradiation and it was 8.34-fold greater than that of the irradiated control group.     

稳态强磁场中小麦储藏生理特性分析研究

为预防小麦储藏期间的霉变和陈化,以及真实了解储藏期小麦的生理特征变化,开展了小麦生理指标变化的研究。在室温和湿度为12.5%下,通过常规条件下与稳态强磁场中降落值、生活力和粘度值所对应试验数据的分析显示：降落值和粘度值在前60d内快速变化、后30d变化缓变,它是小麦储藏中微生物活动增强和可能出现霉变的关键时期;在7T（Tesla,特斯拉）和15T的强磁场中,降落值和粘度值变化呈减小趋势,尤其15T磁场下后期出现平坦变化现象。这表明稳态强磁场具有抑制小麦生理变化和延缓小麦质变的作用。     

Degradation of Corn Starch under the Influence of Gamma Irradiation

Irradiation of corn (maize) starch with different doses of gamma irradiation ranging from 1 × 10⁵ rad to 1 × 10⁶ rad resulted in the increase of starch acidity and reducing power. Molecular degradation was observed as a result of marked decrease in starch viscosity and intrinsic viscosity as well as swelling capacity. The gelatinization time and temperature of the irradiated starch became shorter than in the control sample. Internal changes in the irradiated starch occured as a result of lowering the number of glucose unit per segment in the irradiated starch molecules. All changes were proportional to the doses of gamma irradiation used.     

辐照对大豆膳食纤维粉品质变化影响

为探索辐照处理对大豆膳食纤维粉品质变化的影响,本研究采用0、2、4、6、8、10 kGy辐照处理大豆膳食纤维粉,通过扫描电镜分析、傅里叶红外光谱扫描表征不同辐照剂量对其微观结构和基本结构的影响;并对比辐照前后膳食纤维组成成分、持水力、结合水力、黏度、色泽的变化,以及辐照对微生物数量的影响。研究结果表明,与未经辐照处理的大豆膳食纤维粉相比,辐照后的大豆膳食纤维微观结构更为蓬松,理化性质明显改善。在4～8 kGy辐照剂量范围内,SDF含量增加了16.88%,IDF含量减少了13.74%,持水力最大为18.37 g/g,结合水力最大为32.84 g/g,黏度提高,色泽白度降低。经辐照的大豆膳食纤维粉,菌落总数减少,霉菌、酵母菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌含量符合国家限量标准。     

Cystone,an ayurvedic herbal drug imparts protection to the mice against the lethal effects of γ‐radiation: A preliminary study

The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 160 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of aqueous extract of cystone (an ayurvedic herbal medicine) administered intraperitoneally was studied on the radiation‐induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gy of γ‐radiation. Treatment of mice with different doses of cystone, consecutively for five days before irradiation, delayed the onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the non‐drug treated irradiated controls. The pretreatment of mice with different doses of cystone before exposure to 10 Gy of γ‐radiation resulted in a dose‐dependent elevation in the survival up to 40 mg/kg b. wt., where the highest number of survival (55.55%) was observed by 30 days post irradiation, when compared with the 10 Gy irradiated control (6.66%). Thereafter, the number of survivors declined and reached a nadir at 160 mg/kg, where no survivors could be observed. The optimum protection against irradiation was observed for 40 mg/kg cystone, where the highest number of survivors were reported by 30 days post irradiation and it was 8.34‐fold greater than that of the irradiated control group.     

稻谷新陈度的研究(三)--稻谷在储藏过程中α-淀粉酶活性的变化及其与各储藏品质指标间的关系

对国内不同储藏区域、储藏时间的74个商品稻谷样品的发芽率、脂肪酸值、粘度、还原糖、非还原糖和降落值进行了测定。探索了稻谷在储藏过程中降落数值与储藏时间以及各指标之间的相关性。结果表明：降落数值与储藏时间之间以及降落数值与各储藏品质指标之间均存在一定的相关性。     

Use of Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) for measuring the pasting characteristics of wheat flour as influenced by additives

The influence of additives on the pasting characteristics of wheat flour was measured using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) by making use of two different quality wheat flours. Incorporation of potassium bromate or ascorbic acid did not influence the pasting characteristics. Reducing agents like L -cysteine hydrochloride however, reduced the peak viscosity from 263 to 255 RVU when 0.060 g kg⁻¹ was added. On the other hand, the reduction in the peak viscosity was 79.03% in weak flour having a protein content of 81 g kg⁻¹ and a falling number of 545 s as compared with 49.0% for medium strong flour having a protein content 108 g kg⁻¹ and a falling number of 426 s when 1 g kg⁻¹ fungal α-amylase was used. Use of this enzyme reduced the cold paste viscosity, breakdown and total setback value in both the flours but to a greater extent in weak flour than in medium strong flour. Sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) increased the peak viscosity as well as hot paste viscosity in both flours. Emulsifiers like glyceroyl monostearate (GMS) or surfactants like sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) or diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM) alter the pasting properties of flour. Of the surfactants, greater change was observed with SSL followed by GMS and DATEM, of the flours, the weak flour responded more than the medium strong flour. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

青稞全粉与中筋小麦粉复配体系品质特性研究

选用青稞全粉作为研究对象,与中筋小麦粉复配,检测不同添加量青稞全粉的损伤淀粉特性、粉质特性、糊化特性、溶剂保持力,并进行相关性分析。研究表明:随着青稞全粉比例增加,破损淀粉显著增加(P<0.05),且与降落数值呈显著负相关;面团的吸水率呈上升趋势,当青稞全粉添加量为85%时面团的吸水率达到最大值73.10%,吸水率、弱化度显著增加(P<0.05);不同添加量对混合粉稳定时间的影响不显著;峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值显著下降(P<0.05),降落数值与峰值黏度呈极显著正相关;乳酸溶剂保持力SRC显著减少(P<0.05),湿面筋含量和乳酸溶剂保持力SRC呈极显著正相关;碳酸钠溶剂保持力SRC、蔗糖溶剂保持力SRC、水溶剂保持力SRC显著增加(P<0.05),破损淀粉值与碳酸钠溶剂保持力SRC,蔗糖溶剂保持力SRC与吸水率、蛋白质,水溶剂保持力SRC与蛋白质均呈极显著正相关性。