VAR工艺参数对Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al铸锭凝固行为的影响

采用真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)工艺制备Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al铸锭,研究了熔炼电流和搅拌磁场等工艺参数对铸锭凝固行为的影响,并对真空自耗电弧熔炼过程中起弧、熔炼、补缩等阶段的凝固组织及熔池形貌进行了分析。结果表明,在未加搅拌磁场时,熔池较窄,铸锭组织粗大,而施加搅拌磁场后,熔池变宽且旋转明显,铸锭宏观组织中的晶粒变小;随熔炼电流增大,熔池加深,凝固组织中的晶粒变得粗大。     

钛合金VAR熔炼过程中Al元素烧损差异分析

掌握钛合金熔炼过程中Al元素的烧损差异,有助于控制合金中Al元素含量。通过对TC4、TC18、TC19钛合金铸锭真空自耗电弧(VAR)熔炼过程分析,并根据熔炼过程中热力学及动力学原理推算,分析得出合金组元及含量会影响钛合金液相中Al元素的活度,从而影响Al(l)=Al(g)反应的进行,最终导致Al元素的烧损差异。通过对钛合金铸锭充氩熔炼与真空熔炼过程的分析,得出气相分压不同是造成不同熔炼环境中Al元素烧损差异的首要原因,并根据熔炼过程中热力学及动力学原理进行了验证。     

VAR熔炼制备超大规格TC4 ELI钛合金铸锭研究

舰船和海洋领域对钛合金材料的需求呈大型化发展趋势,铸锭作为锻件和板材的母材,其大型化也势在必行。为满足大型铸锭的工业化生产,采用有限元分析法对真空自耗电弧熔炼（VAR）超大规格TC4ELI钛合金一次锭和成品锭的熔炼过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,一次锭熔炼过程中稳弧电流和稳弧周期直接影响熔池中夹杂物的运动轨迹;对于TC4 ELI钛合金一次锭熔炼,较为合适的稳弧参数为稳弧电流30 A,稳弧周期40 s;成品锭熔炼时,降低熔炼电流,增大稳弧电流和稳弧周期,即加强VAR熔炼过程中的搅拌有助于提高铸锭成分均匀性和表面质量。根据数值模拟结果进行了12.8 t级超大规格TC4 ELI钛合金铸锭的工业化生产,所得铸锭表面质量良好,成分均匀。     

钛合金电弧炉床熔炼技术

俄罗斯上萨尔达冶金生产联合公司B.B.捷玖欣、Π .C.阿利特曼、 B.B.萨维利耶夫与全俄轻合金研究院 M.И.穆萨托夫等著名钛熔炼专家评价了采用电弧炉床熔炼(凝壳 -自耗电极熔炼 ) +真空自耗电弧重熔方法和传统真空自耗电弧重熔方法制取无缺陷铸锭的可行性。制取铸锭采用两种方法 :凝壳 -自耗电极熔炼 +真空自耗电弧重熔方法 ;二次真空自耗电弧重熔和三次真空自耗电弧重熔方法。然后由铸锭制得直径 30 mm棒材 ,根据棒材质量评价熔炼方法的效率。研究是在直径790 mm的 Ti- 6 Al- 4V合金铸锭上进行的。在每个铸锭的原始炉料中 ,添加氮含量…     

熔炼方式对TC17钛合金铸锭化学成分及棒材组织均匀性的影响研究

对比分析一次电子束冷床炉熔炼(EBCHM)加一次真空自耗电弧炉熔炼(VAR)和三次真空自耗电弧炉熔炼生产的φ820 mm TC17钛合金铸锭的化学成分均匀性,以及由这两种铸锭经相同工艺锻造得到的棒材的组织均匀性。结果表明,通过原材料控制和工艺参数设计,两种熔炼方式均可生产出化学成分均匀、杂质含量可控的大规格TC17钛合金铸锭,且EBCHM+VAR工艺在残钛回收方面具有优势;两种工艺得到的铸锭,经相同的锻造工艺可获得组织均匀的棒材,为航空转动件提供材料支撑。     

真空自耗熔炼法制备大规格TA5-A铸锭

采用真空自耗熔炼方法制备了名义成分为Ti-4A1-0.005B的大规格TA5-A钛合金铸锭,并测试铸锭的化学成分及β转变温度,观察了铸锭的低倍金相组织.实验结果表明:真空自耗电弧熔炼制备的φ720 mm×2600mmTA5-A钛合金5t铸锭,其元素Al、B成分分布均匀,满足GJB944-90标准要求,且O、N、H气体间隙元素含量低,铸锭低倍组织无明显的气孔、偏析、金属或非金属夹杂等冶金缺陷,且铸锭表面质量良好,满足工业化生产要求.     

VAR熔炼补缩工艺对TC11钛合金铸锭质量的影响

将真空自耗电弧熔炼（VAR）补缩过程分为起始期、降温期和烘烤期,并结合各阶段特点研究了补缩工艺对TC11钛合金铸锭冒口深度、头部化学成分及平均晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明：熔炼电流增大,铸锭冒口深度、头部成分偏差及平均晶粒尺寸均增大;随着降温持续时间的延长,冒口深度减小,且二者存在一定的线性关系;随着烘烤持续时间的延长,冒口深度减小,但会导致头部成分偏差及平均晶粒尺寸增大。VAR熔炼补缩前采用较小熔炼电流,延长降温期时间,控制烘烤持续时间,可获得冒口深度小、成分均匀、晶粒尺寸较佳的TC11钛合金铸锭。     

Ti60合金VAR熔炼过程熔体流动与宏观偏析的数值模拟研究

真空自耗电弧熔炼 (Vacuum arc Remelting,VAR) 是生产钛合金铸锭最常用的方式之一,但由于其熔炼过程温度高且不透明,通过实验研究其熔炼过程中流体流动行为和宏观偏析存在困难。基于此,本工作以Ti60高温钛合金为例,通过数值模拟方法对VAR熔炼过程展开研究,同时探讨了熔炼电流和磁场搅拌强度对流体流动行为和宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,VAR熔炼钛合金时,熔池形状由“扁平状”逐渐向“V形”转变;凝固结束后铸锭锭底和边部Zr元素含量低,中心和冒口含量高。熔炼电流产生的洛伦兹力使熔体沿逆时针流动,且熔炼电流越大,熔体流动更剧烈;同时也导致铸锭中心和冒口处出现更为严重的宏观偏析。搅拌磁场产生的洛伦兹力作用于整个熔池,不仅促进了熔池上部熔体的流动,也有利于熔池下部熔体的流动;当无搅拌磁场和搅拌磁场较大时,都会导致Zr元素在铸锭中产生较为严重的宏观偏析。为有效控制VAR熔炼钛合金时宏观偏析缺陷的产生,应采取小熔炼电流和合适的搅拌强度。     

Ti—Cu合金熔炼控制技术

借鉴多年生产钛合金铸锭及中间合金的经验，依据真空感应熔炼特点，结合工业生产实际，对比了真空感应熔炼与真空自耗电弧熔两种工艺，分析确定出生产Ti-Cu合金的工艺参数和特殊的操作控制方法，提供了满足焊料及合金添加用的化学成分均匀的优质产品。     

熔炼方式对Ti6242S钛合金棒材组织性能的影响

利用1350kW型国产化的电子束冷床熔炼(EB)炉及真空自耗熔炼炉制备Ti6242S钛合金铸锭,并对制备的φ200mm棒材的微观组织及力学性能进行了对比分析.经EB一次熔炼铸锭的凝固组织均匀、细小,EB熔炼的特性造就了最终棒材力学性能的稳定性.(EB+VAR)棒材的微观组织及力学性能均优于EB棒材,这与VAR重熔的成分...     

Analysis of New Nitinol Ingot Qualities

New ingot qualities, processed by optimized vacuum arc remelting (VAR), optimized vacuum induction melting followed by VAR and VAR followed by electron beam remelting, were compared with standard quality. Finished components as well as diamond-shaped samples representing a typical dimension of self-expanding stents were produced using Nitinol tubing drawn from the new ingot qualities. Metallographic longitudinal sections were prepared and analyzed to determine inclusion size and distributions of the various ingot qualities. Radial force and uniaxial tensile tests were used to determine the mechanical properties of fully processed material and tubing, respectively. Transformation temperatures of tubing as delivered from supplier and processed stents were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and deformation-and-free-recovery testing. Finally, fatigue tests were performed on diamond-shaped samples to evaluate the strain-life characteristics of the new ingot qualities. Results of this study are compared to ADMEDES historical data from standard Nitinol materials to gain an assessment of the new improved ingot qualities with regard to the production of Nitinol vascular implants. The latest developments in Nitinol ingot quality are highlighted and the results of the comparison from technical point of view are shown.     

40CrNiMoA钢曲轴毛坯的试制

采用电弧炉冶炼+LF精炼+VD真空除气+电渣重熔工艺生产7吨级40CrNiMoA钢锭,并锻造了曲轴毛坯。提出了电极坯及电渣锭制备工艺制度,确定了锻造及锻后热处理工艺。各项技术指标均达到了质量要求。     

工业尺寸TiAl合金铸锭高温变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500研究了在应变速率为10-3s-1～10-1s-1和变形温度为1000℃～1200℃条件下,真空自耗方法制备180mm直径TiAl合金铸锭的热变形行为,并建立了高温变形的本构方程。结果表明,合金变形的流变应力对温度和应变速率敏感,铸态合金的热变形激活能为335.5kJ/mol,所建立的变形本构方程,可为制定工业尺寸TiAl合金铸锭的热加工工艺提供参考。     

真空自耗电弧熔炼TC4铸锭的凝固组织和缩松缩孔的模拟

建立三维轴对称有限元模型,采用移动边界法模拟了真空自耗电弧熔炼( VAR)TC4合金铸锭凝固过程的温度场分布,并基于元胞自动机和有限元耦合法(CAFE法)计算了VAR过程中TC4铸锭的凝固组织、缩松和缩孔的形成.结果表明,模拟结果与试验观察在晶粒结构、柱状晶生长方向,柱状晶-等轴晶转变及缩松和缩孔等方面相符合.     

Reducing defects in remelting processes for high-performance alloys

Defect reduction is one of the most important goals in continuing research to improve remelting technologies, such as vacuum arc remelting, electroslag remelting, or hearth melting (plasma or electron beam), of specialty alloys. Ingot defects may originate from several sources in these processes, such as foreign materials in the melt stock or electrode, drop-in material from the furnace interior, and solidification defects. Laboratory-and industrial-scale melting experiments are used by Sandia National Laboratories and the Specialty Metals Processing Consortium to determine relationships between melt-processing conditions and defect formation. Examples described here include freckle formation, a solidification defect in large ingots of alloy 625 (electroslag remelting), and alloy 718 (vacuum arc remelting). These examples demonstrate how integrated melting experiments, process modeling, and ingot analysis can guide the control of melting conditions to reduce defects. Editor’s Note: A hypertext-enhanced version of this article, including video of the arc gap during the vacuum remelting of alloy 718, can be found on the TMS web site at www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9803/VanDenAvyle-9803.html. James A. Van Den Avyle earned his Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975. He is currently a principal member of the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories. John A. Brooks earned his Ph.D. in metallurgy at Carnegie Mellon University in 1981. He is currently a principal member of the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories. Dr. Brooks is also a member of TMS. Adam C. Powell earned his Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1997. He is currently a post-doctoral researcher in metallurgy at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Dr. Powell is also a member of TMS.     

一种新型低成本阻燃钛合金的微观组织与力学性能

研究了一种名义成分为Ti-25V-15Cr-5Mo-0.25Si-0.08C的新型低成本阻燃钛合金TF-X,通过三次真空自耗熔炼制备了φ120mm铸锭,经包套挤压得到φ25mm棒材,观察了铸锭和挤压棒材的微观组织,测试并分析了挤压棒材的室温和高温拉伸性能、热稳定性能、高温蠕变性能。结果表明：TF-X合金具有与TF550合金大致相同的微观组织;TF-X合金室温及高温拉伸强度高于TF550合金,并且具有很好的塑性;试验条件下,TF-X合金的热稳定性能低于TF550合金,熔炼过程中应该严格控制氧含量;TF-X合金在540℃/250MPa/100h条件下蠕变性能与TF550合金相当,显著高于Ti40合金。     

Macrosegregation Behavior of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al Alloy During Vacuum Consumable Arc Remelting Process

The effects of melting current and magnetic field in vacuum consumable arc remelting (VAR) process on the macrosegregation of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al ingot are investigated in this paper. The results show that Fe content increases gradually from the bottom to the top of ingots along axial direction and the degree of macrosegregation is greater in the radial direction in the middle of the ingot versus the top and bottom. The macrosegregation rate of Fe element is higher with melting current of 2.6 kA than that of 1.7 kA in Ti-10V-2Al-3Fe ingot. There are two forces, buoyancy and Lorentz forces which arise from the flow of current through the pool of VAR when without magnetic stirring, but a new Lorentz force arising from the presence of external inductors occurs with adding magnetic stirring which decreases the macrosegregation rate of Fe element in Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al.     

Computational modeling in the primary processing of titanium: A review

Process modeling is increasingly becoming a vital tool for modern metals manufacturing. This paper reviews process modeling initiatives started at TIMET over the last decade for the primary processing of titanium alloys. SOLAR, a finite volume-based numerical model developed at the Ecole de Mine at Nancy, has been successfully utilized to optimize vacuum arc remelting process parameters, such as electromagnetic stirring profiles in order to minimize macrosegregation and improve ingot quality. Thermo-mechanical modeling of heat treating, billet forging, and slab rolling is accomplished via the commercial finite element analysis model, DEFORM, to determine heating times, cooling rates, strain distributions, etc. All authors are employed with Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET).     

Numerical Simulation of Titanium Alloy Ingot Solidification Structure during VAR Process Based on Three-Dimensional CAFE Method

建立三维多尺度数学模型计算Ti-6Al-4V合金铸锭真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)过程中的温度场、流场及凝固组织的形成。该模型包括宏观质量、动量及能量守恒方程和介观晶粒形核生长模型。在传热与流动计算的基础上,模拟铸锭VAR过程中的三维凝固组织的形成。对比计算结果与实验观察可知,两者在晶粒结构与晶粒生长方式方面吻合较好。当考虑VAR过程中熔池表面的辐射换热后,铸锭顶部的柱状晶被很好地呈现。最后,考察了自然对流对铸锭凝固组织的影响,计算结果表明自然对流对柱状晶-等轴晶转变(CET)及晶粒尺寸影响较大,表现为促进CET及细化晶粒。     

钛合金真空自耗熔炼过程中电流、磁场和电磁力数值模拟

采用有限元模拟软件Ansys Electromagnetics Suite中Maxwell 3D模块建立钛合金真空自耗熔炼过程电磁场数学物理模型,分析并掌握熔炼过程中电流、磁场和电磁力相互作用规律,并研究了熔炼电流和搅拌电流变化对磁场及电磁力的影响。结果表明：铸锭中电流均呈向心分布,且集中分布在铸锭上部350 mm范围内;熔炼电流产生切向磁场,搅拌电流产生轴向磁场,两者进行简单耦合;在熔炼电流及其自感磁场的作用下,产生径向和轴向电磁力;该电磁力又在搅拌磁场的作用下发生旋转,产生切向电磁力;随熔炼电流线性变化,磁场切向分量和电磁力的径向和轴向合力均呈线性变化;随搅拌电流线性变化,磁场轴向分量和电磁力径向分量均呈线性变化。