The influences of temperature and microstructure on the tensile properties of a CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy

An equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy, which crystallizes in the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure, was produced by arc melting and drop casting. The drop-cast ingots were homogenized, cold rolled and recrystallized to obtain single-phase microstructures with three different grain sizes in the range 4–160 μm. Quasi-static tensile tests at an engineering strain rate of 10^?3 s^?1 were then performed at temperatures between 77 and 1073 K. Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture all increased with decreasing temperature. During the initial stages of plasticity (up to ～2% strain), deformation occurs by planar dislocation glide on the normal fcc slip system, {1 1 1}〈1 1 0〉, at all the temperatures and grain sizes investigated. Undissociated 1/2〈1 1 0〉 dislocations were observed, as were numerous stacking faults, which imply the dissociation of several of these dislocations into 1/6〈1 1 2〉 Shockley partials. At later stages (～20% strain), nanoscale deformation twins were observed after interrupted tests at 77 K, but not in specimens tested at room temperature, where plasticity occurred exclusively by the aforementioned dislocations which organized into cells. Deformation twinning, by continually introducing new interfaces and decreasing the mean free path of dislocations during tensile testing (“dynamic Hall–Petch”), produces a high degree of work hardening and a significant increase in the ultimate tensile strength. This increased work hardening prevents the early onset of necking instability and is a reason for the enhanced ductility observed at 77 K. A second reason is that twinning can provide an additional deformation mode to accommodate plasticity. However, twinning cannot explain the increase in yield strength with decreasing temperature in our high-entropy alloy since it was not observed in the early stages of plastic deformation. Since strong temperature dependencies of yield strength are also seen in binary fcc solid solution alloys, it may be an inherent solute effect, which needs further study.     

Core structure and mobility of an edge dislocation in aluminum

The core structure of an edge dislocation in aluminum is studied by molecular dynamics simulation with the glue potential. The dislocation splits into two partials. The separation distance between the two partials is about 9 Å. The half width of the two partial dislocations is deduced to be 6.5 Å by fitting the Burgers vector density to an arctangent function, giving a half width of the whole dislocation of 12 Å. Dislocation mobility is studied by applying a shear stress on the crystal and observing the corresponding shift of the Burgers vector density. By considering the minor force acting on the dislocation, a Peierls stress in the order of 10⁻⁴ μ for the motion of the whole dislocation in aluminum is obtained.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of Al–Co–Cr–Cu–Fe–Ni high entropy alloy thin film growth

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study AlCoCrCuFeNi high entropy alloy (HEA) thin film growth on a silicon (100) substrate. Effect of the atomic composition is studied on morphology and atomic scale structure. Input data are chosen to fit with experimental operating conditions of magnetron sputtering deposition process. It is observed that the different structures are determined by the chemical composition and atomic size mismatch. The simulated results are in good agreement with the solid-solution formation rules proposed by Zhang et al. [1] for multi-principal component HEAs which based on the two parameters δ and Ω, respectively describing describe the comprehensive effect of the atomic-size difference in the n-element alloy and the effects of enthalpy and entropy of mixing on formation of multi-component solid-solutions. When Ω ≥ 1.1 and δ ≤ 6.6%, the multi-component solid solution phase could form. In contrast, the multi-component alloys forming intermetallic compounds and bulk metallic glasses (BMG) have larger value of δ and smaller value of Ω. The value of Ω for BMG is smaller than that of intermetallic compounds.     

FSW接头残余应力分布及控制技术

对不同搅拌头、不同工艺参数条件下的搅拌摩擦焊焊接结构宏观变形进行了测量和分析,在优化参数条件下,研究了动态控制低应力无变形焊接技术搅拌摩擦焊焊接结构宏观变形及残余应力的影响。研究表明,减小搅拌头轴肩直径、降低焊接热输入有助于减小结构宏观变形;动态控制低应力无变形焊接技术有助于减小接头残余应力,但是对结构宏观变形的作用不是很明显。     

From dislocation cores to strength and work-hardening: a study of binary Ni3Al

A quantitative model for the peak temperature in work-hardening in L1₂ intermetallics is proposed. It is based on the competition between the exhaustion of mobile dislocations by the Kear Wilsdorf mechanism and the yielding of incomplete locks at high stress. The model is assessed by a set of experimental data measured in binary Ni₃Al polycrystals of three different compositions. These include, in particular, the planar fault energies of the dislocation cores measured by weak-beam electron microscopy, combined with computer image simulations and macroscopic data about flow stress, work-hardening and mobile dislocation exhaustion rates. These parameters are measured as a function of alloy composition. The model also fits successfully data published for other L1₂ compounds.     

Effect of Ti content on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of (Fe36Ni18Mn33Al13)100−xTix high entropy alloys

The microstructure and mechanical properties studies of a series of two-phase f.c.c./B2 (ordered b.c.c.) lamellar-structured, high entropy alloys (HEA) Fe₃₆Ni₁₈Mn₃₃Al₁₃Ti_x with x up to 6 at. % Ti have been investigated. X-ray microanalysis in a TEM showed that the Ti resided mostly in the B2 phase. The lamellar spacing decreased significantly with increasing Ti content from 1.56 μm for the undoped alloy to 155 nm with an addition of 4 at. % Ti, leading to a sharp increase in room-temperature yield strength,σ_y, from 270 MPa to 953 MPa, but with a concomitant decrease in ductility from 22% elongation to 2.3%. Annealing at 1173 K for 20 h greatly increased the lamellar spacing of Fe₃₆Ni₁₈Mn₃₃Al₁₃Ti₄ to 577 nm, producing a corresponding decrease in σ_y to 511 MPa. The yield strengths of all the doped alloys decreased significantly when tensile tested at 973 K with a concomitant increase in ductility due to softening of the B2 phase. The fracture mode changed from cleavage at room temperature to a ductile dimple-type rupture at 973 K. The results are discussed in terms of the Hall-Petch-type relationship.     

Sluggish diffusion in Co–Cr–Fe–Mn–Ni high-entropy alloys

Sluggish diffusion kinetics is an important contributor to the outstanding properties of high-entropy alloys. However, the diffusion kinetics in high-entropy alloys has never been probed directly. Here, the diffusion couple method was used to measure the diffusion parameters of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni in ideal-solution-like Co–Cr–Fe–Mn–Ni alloys. These parameters were compared with those in various conventional face-centered cubic metals. The results show that the diffusion coefficients in the Co–Cr–Fe–Mn–Ni alloys are indeed lower than those in the reference metals. Correspondingly, the activation energies in the high-entropy alloys are higher than those in the reference metals. Moreover, the trend of the normalized activation energy is positively related to the number of composing elements in the matrix. A quasi-chemical model is proposed to analyze the fluctuation of lattice potential energy in different matrices and to explain the observed trend in activation energies. Greater fluctuation of lattice potential energy produces more significant atomic traps and blocks, leading to higher activation energies, and thus accounts for the sluggish diffusion in high-entropy alloys.     

6061-T6铝合金微搅拌摩擦焊工艺

以0.8 mm厚6061铝合金微搅拌摩擦焊对接过程为研究对象,采用专用搅拌工具,通过温度场模拟进行工艺参数预选,研究了无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数对接头力学性能的影响,确定了与所设计微搅拌工具相匹配的工艺参数窗口;并采用光学显微镜、SEM扫描电镜对接头的微观组织、断口的形貌进行观察. 结果表明,在焊接速度为300 mm/min、转速14 000 ~ 24 000 r/min时,可以获得力学性能优越的焊接接头,抗拉强度均可达母材的70%以上;微搅拌摩擦焊缝微观组织的热影响区与传统搅拌摩擦焊相比,仅部分晶粒发生长大,仍有部分晶粒与基体保持一致无明显变化.