双馈型变速恒频风力发电系统的鲁棒控制

研究了双馈变速恒频风力发电系统的鲁棒控制问题. 采用定子磁场定向的矢量变换技术, 建立了系统非线性数学描述, 利用非线性鲁棒控制技术, 设计了能实现发电机输出有功功率和无功功率鲁棒解耦控制, 同时具有鲁棒干扰抑制作用的转子励磁控制器. 理论分析和仿真结果均表明, 所设计的控制器可以保证在风速变化、系统参数不确定性和外部干扰的情况下, 风力发电系统仍能安全可靠地最大获取风能, 并且输出恒频恒压的电量.     

Nonlinear fractional‐order power system stabilizer for multi‐machine power systems based on sliding mode technique

This paper presents two novel nonlinear fractional‐order sliding mode controllers for power angle response improvement of multi‐machine power systems. First, a nonlinear block control is used to handle nonlinearities of the interconnected power system. In the second step, a decentralized fractional‐order sliding mode controller with a nonlinear sliding manifold is designed. Practical stability is achieved under the assumption that the upper bound of the fractional derivative of perturbations and interactions are known. However, when an unknown transient perturbation occurs in the system, it makes the evaluation of perturbation and interconnection upper bound troublesome. In the next step, an adaptive‐fuzzy approximator is applied to fix the mentioned problem. The fuzzy approximator uses adjacent generators relative speed as own inputs, which is known as semi‐decentralized control strategy. For both cases, the stability of the closed‐loop system is analyzed by the fractional‐order stability theorems. Simulation results for a three‐machine power system with two types of faults are illustrated to show the performance of the proposed robust controllers versus the conventional sliding mode. Additionally, the fractional parameter effects on the system transient response and the excitation voltage amplitude and chattering are demonstrated in the absence of the fuzzy approximator. Finally, the suggested controller is combined with a simple voltage regulator in order to keep the system synchronism and restrain the terminal voltage variations at the same time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型双馈风力发电机有功功率平滑控制策略研究

针对由于风能的不确定性、风力发电机的大惯性以及风力发电系统的响应延迟性等造成的风力发电机输出有功功率在一定范围内有波动的问题,提出了一种新型双馈风力发电机有功功率平滑控制策略。该控制策略在全风速范围内采用变浆与变速协调控制策略,并在其基础上增加了一个有功功率误差控制环节,将转子电压辅助控制指令值作为反馈量加入原来的转子电压控制指令值,通过控制SPWM脉冲发生器来实现风力发电机定子输出有功功率的平滑控制。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果表明,与传统有功功率控制策略相比,该新型有功功率平滑控制策略有效抑制了双馈风力发电机输出有功功率的波动。     

双馈感应风力发电机组的非线性变结构空载并网控制策略

采用矢量控制结合PI控制来实现双馈感应发电机并网时,电机的各种磁链以及电压电流交叉耦合补偿部分都会降低电网电压跟踪的速度,使动态响应性能不够理想,令超调量增大.本文采用变结构控制与全状态反馈线性化解耦相结合的控制策略,来控制双馈感应发电机组的空载并网过程.在MATLAB仿真模型基础上,从空载并网时发电机定子电压对电网电压的跟踪、并网过渡过程中定转子电流变化情况,和并网后功率调节和最大风能捕获这3个阶段进行了仿真分析.最后将非线性变结构控制器与传统矢量控制外加PI调节控制的仿真结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,采用全状态反馈线性化变结构控制的双馈感应风力发电机组,可以实现发电机的平滑并网,并网效果较好,定子电流对电网冲击小,转子电流实现比较平稳的过渡.并网后,发电机能够有效地进行最大风能捕获,实现变速恒频发电和有功、无功功率的独立调节控制.通过与传统矢量控制的比较分析,可以看出,双馈感应风力发电机组采用状态反馈精确线性化变结构控制器比传统矢量PI控制器对电网电压跟踪速度更快,动态响应更快速、调节时间和超调量更小.     

基于位置估计的双馈风力发电机的控制策略

为了避免由机械传感器所带来的一些控制上的问题,提出了一种基于位置估计的双馈风力发电机的控制方案。在转速控制阶段,根据双馈发电机数学模型,通过采集电网电压电流,转子电压电流,采用定子磁场定向的矢量控制策略,利用转子电流矢量综合位置与定子电压矢量综合位置,对并网前后转子位置进行估算,得到转速及功率变化规律,运用这个规律可以实现对转速的控制。最后对1 MW的风力机模型进行系统仿真实验,结果表明整个转速控制区间对转子位置的估计都满足系统要求,基本上解决了风力发电机的转速和无功功率控制难的问题,验证了方案的正确性与可行性。     

差分进化法在风电并网系统中的应用

为解决多机风电并网系统的稳定性问题,提出在风电并网系统的同步发电机(SG)中安装电力系统稳定器(PSS),利用差分进化算法解决SG中自动电压调节器(AVR)和PSS参数的最优调节问题。在有、无PSS以及是否使用差分进化法的各种情况下对风电并网系统稳定性进行了研究分析,研究表明通过差分进化法的协同调节使含AVR和PSS的风电并网系统有良好的阻尼作用,能减少发电机转子角差振荡,提高电压稳定性,通过仿真结果对比可知差分进化法可使并网系统稳定性明显提高。     

A direct power control for DFIG under a three phase symmetrical voltage sag condition

In this paper, a novel direct power control algorithm for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator-based wind system, robust to the machine parameters variations, is projected. The proposed scheme employs two loops designed using the discretized equations of the generator to obtain a high performance of the controller. Also, the rotor voltage vector is computed by the proposed strategy in order to guarantee the DFIG operation even during a symmetrical voltage sag on the power grid. The influence of the estimation errors for these parameters was also researched. The results obtained by computer simulations and by experimental setup corroborate the proposed controller performance.     

Impact of voltage dip induced delayed active power recovery on wind integrated power systems

Installed wind power capacity is increasing rapidly in many power systems around the world, with challenging penetration targets set at national, and/or regional level. Wind power, particularly at higher penetration levels, introduces various grid issues, with frequency and voltage stability being particularly critical concerns. Voltage dip induced frequency stability following a network fault in such systems is one potential risk that has so far received limited attention by the research community. With state of the art modelling, the potential impact of a delayed active power recovery from wind generation following a network fault induced voltage dip is investigated. The subsequent voltage oscillations introduced by wind turbines, exacerbating frequency stability, are also examined. Analysis is carried out for a wide range of wind penetration levels and system scenarios, with the results demonstrated on the New England benchmark system.     

Stability analysis and a hybrid controller design of grid‐connected offshore wind farm through a VSC‐HVDC transmission link

This paper proposes a hybrid controller which is a combination sliding mode control and PI control techniques for AC grid integrated offshore wind farm (OSWF) with voltage source converter ‐ high voltage direct current system. The controller must be capable of controlling AC voltage, DC‐link voltage, reactive power and effective power transfer. To examine the FRT capability, a symmetrical fault is applied at onshore AC grid side and compared the performances of the studied system based on the hybrid and PI controllers. The dynamic modelling and linearized system by state‐space modelling for the studied system are explained in detail. The small signal stability analysis and controller stability are observed with the help of the eigenvalue analysis. The analysis of the studied system with a hybrid and conventional controllers are conducted in the software environment of the MATLAB/SIMULINK . The effect of parameter uncertainty on total system stability is examined with the help of eigenmatrix of the studied system.     

直驱式永磁风力发电机软并网与功率调节的控制集成

为实现直驱式永磁同步风力发电机无冲击并网与风能最大跟踪控制, 设计了一种软并网与功率调节一体化的控制集成装置. 基于广义功角特性, 提出了一种对逆变器输出功率进行直接控制, 从而实现最大风能跟踪的控制策略. 新的控制策略可使发电机的转速按所期待的动态运动, 因而具有良好的静态与动态性能. 另外, 该控制律中对电机参数具有很强的鲁棒性, 因而该控制器能适应各种不同参数的同步风力发电机, 成为同步风力发电并网与功率调节的独立装置.     

Modeling and control of a cascaded doubly-fed induction generator based on dynamical equivalent circuits

This paper deals with the control of an autonomous cascaded doubly-fed induction generator operating in a variable speed constant frequency mode. The proposed structure is a full stand-alone generating system dedicated to isolated grids in embedded systems or in small-scale renewable energy systems such as windmill and hydropower generators. The study is focused on the CDFIG. Its behavior against several design parameters (numbers of pole pairs and rotor interconnection) is recalled. A model, based on dynamical equivalent circuits, is also given for the design of the controller. Finally, the synthesized controller is validated by simulations and experimental results.     

An improved Backstepping technique using sliding mode control for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of SMIB power system

The problem of transient stability and voltage regulation for a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system is addressed in this paper. An improved Backstepping design method for transient stability enhancement and voltage regulation of power systems is discussed beginning with the classical Backstepping to designing the nonlinear excitation control of synchronous generator. Then a more refined version of this technique will be suggested incorporating the sliding mode control to enhance voltage regulation and transient stability. The proposed method is based on a standard third-order model of a synchronous generator connected to the grid (SMIB system). It is basically implemented on the excitation side of the synchronous generator and compared to the classical Backstepping controller as well as the conventional controllers which are the automatic voltage regulator and the power system stabiliser. Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method which ameliorates to a great extent the transient stability compared to the other methods.     

基于二阶滑模控制的变速双馈风力发电系统最大功率点跟踪

本文提出一种超螺旋二阶滑模控制方案同时实现双馈变速风力发电系统最大风能捕获和无功功率调节.通过设计两个二阶滑模控制器,实现控制目标,降低机械磨损,提高控制精度,通过调节发电机转子电压,跟踪风机最优转速和转子电流设定值,实现额定风速以下的最大风能捕获和无功功率调节.采用二次型李雅普诺夫函数确定控制参数范围、确保系统有限时间稳定性.1.5 MW风机系统仿真实验验证所提方案有效性.     

基于改进遗传算法的风/光互补发电系统电压无功控制

在风/光互补发电系统中,风、光资源的随机性强,导致系统电压的稳定性差,电压控制显得尤为重要.电压控制通常通过区域无功功率的优化来实现.无功功率优化是一个带有约束的多极值非线性组合优化问题,用传统的方法很难进行处理.因此提出一种改进的遗传算法用以风光/互补发电系统的无功功率优化,该算法在一般遗传算法的基础上,对编码方式、遗传算子以及终止判据等方面作了改进.通过算例分析表明,改进的算法能够显著的提高收敛速度和计算精度,有效的实现电压的无功控制.     

Asymptotic Tracking Control for Wind Turbines in Variable Speed Mode

This paper presents a variable speed control strategy for wind turbines in order to capture maximum wind power. Wind turbines are modeled as a two-mass drive-train system with generator torque control. Based on the obtained wind turbine model, variable speed control schemes are developed. Nonlinear tracking controllers are designed to achieve asymptotic tracking for a prescribed rotor speed reference signal so as to yield maximum wind power capture. Due to the difficulty of torsional angle measurement, an observer-based control scheme that uses only rotor speed information is further developed for global asymptotic output tracking. The effectiveness of the proposed control methods is illustrated by simulation results.      

基于SVG的风电场接入局域电网的电压稳定性分析

研究了用静止无功发生器(SVG)改善基于双馈感应发电机组的风电场的暂态电压稳定性。在DIgSILENT/PowerFactory中建立了双馈感应发电机组及SVG控制模型,通过包含风电场的电力系统仿真,验证了SVG对风电场暂态电压稳定性的作用。仿真结果表明,SVG能够有效地帮助风电场在电网发生故障后迅速恢复电压,提高风电场的故障穿越能力,确保风电机组连续运行及电网安全稳定。     

风电并网对系统稳定性及紧急控制策略影响的仿真分析

在DIgSILENT软件中建立异步风电机组和双馈感应风电机组模型,以新疆某地区实际电网为例,分析比较了两种不同风机并网对电力系统电压和频率稳定的影响,同时,研究了两种风机并网前后对电力系统紧急控制策略的影响。仿真结果表明:当电网发生扰动时,双馈感应风机频率响应不明显;但在电网扰动影响电压稳定时,双馈感应电机能够提高一定的电压稳定性;当电网发生大扰动,采取紧急控制策略后电网的稳定性不如电网未接入风电时电网采取紧急控制策略后的稳定性。     

风电场电能质量特性及治理措施仿真分析

基于甘肃河西地区大规模风电接入电网工程,建立了典型风电机组仿真模型,仿真分析了风电并网引起的电压偏差、电压波动、谐波等电能质量特性;在对风电场电能质量特性分析的基础上,综合考虑补偿效果等因素,对应用STATCOM治理风电场电能质量的效果进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,STATCOM对风电场的各种电能质量问题具有较好的治理效果,可为风电场电能质量特性分析和治理提供参考。     

SVG在风力发电系统中的应用

风电技术的巨大进步,使得风电的开放和利用占据了新能源的主导地位,但由于风资源的不确定性和风电机组本身的运行特性使风电机组的输出功率是波动的,导致产生出线并网功率因数不合格、电压偏差、电压波动和闪变等问题,?给配电系统的电压无功带来了很大的影响。考虑双馈风力发电机自身的无功输出特点,对于大容量风电场接入系统时还存在稳定性问题;同时系统电压的波动也会对风机的正常运行造成影响,上述问题都可以通过合理的配置无功补偿得到改善。本文首先详细介绍了SVG的基本原理、控制方法、优缺点,研究了SVG在其电压无功控制时的应用,详细探讨了SVG并网时的关键技术点,同时结合具体工程实践介绍了SVG在风电场升压站设计中的注意事项以及应用SVG之后电网电能质量的改善情况。     

基于反馈线性化的液压型风力发电机组最佳功率追踪控制

液压型风力发电机组在额定风速以下时为获得最多电能,需随风速变化追踪最佳功率点.建立并网液压型风力发电机组仿射非线性数学模型,基于反馈线性化方法,分别以风力机转速和液压系统传输功率为输出,以变量马达摆角为控制输入,线性化系统,设计最佳转速与最佳功率追踪控制器,实现机组在额定风速以下随风速变化输出最佳功率.仿真结果表明,以液压系统传输功率为控制输出的功率追踪过程动静态特性较好.理论分析表明,控制器中高压腔压力变化率是否可以规划,是影响功率追踪过程稳定性的关键因素.