喷丸对预腐蚀后铝合金疲劳性能的影响

目的分析喷丸对铝合金腐蚀损伤构件疲劳性能的影响,为飞机构件的维修提供有效指导。方法以未喷丸、三面喷丸、三面喷丸腐蚀后再三面喷丸3类不同表面状态的7075铝合金试样为研究对象,改变Na Cl溶液质量分数、时间、温度,获得两种程度不同的腐蚀损伤,通过疲劳寿命、断裂位置、断口形貌,分析表面喷丸状态对铝合金疲劳性能的影响。结果腐蚀损伤较轻时,喷丸试样的疲劳寿命为未喷丸试样的7.84倍,喷丸试样腐蚀后若再喷丸处理,疲劳寿命是不再喷丸试样的1.62倍。未喷丸试样的断裂位置位于截面突变颈部区域,另两类喷丸试样的断裂位置则在夹持段前端。未喷丸试样的裂纹在断口表面的边缘位置形成,喷丸试样的中心区域形成光滑平整的稳态扩展区。腐蚀损伤严重时,喷丸处理仍然会提高铝合金的疲劳寿命,但3类不同表面状态试样的疲劳寿命差距会缩小;从试样断裂位置、断口形貌看,3类试样的差异也会弱化。结论铝合金腐蚀损伤件若腐蚀前进行表面先喷丸处理,疲劳性能会有明显提升;若腐蚀后再喷丸处理,疲劳性能还会进一步提升;喷丸处理还会削弱铝合金外形截面突变处的应力集中,抑制疲劳裂纹在构件表面的萌生及延伸。     

Investigation of Contact Fatigue of High Strength Steel Gears Subjected to Surface Treatment

In this paper the contact fatigue resistance of gearwheel teeth, subjected to shot-peening treatment, was investigated experimentally and analytically. The main objective was the evaluation and prediction of fatigue crack initiation, propagation, direction, and rate. A specially designed experimental rig was used to test a number of spur gears with the following characteristics: (a) unhardened, thermally untreated unpeened surfaces, (b) thermally treated unpeened surfaces, (c) unhardened peened surfaces, and (d) thermally treated peened surfaces. The theoretical model assumed initiation and propagation of surface cracks of gears operating in the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime while loading was due to simultaneous rolling and sliding. Finite element modeling was used for the calculation of the stress field at the gear teeth. Comparison of the experimental and analytical results showed considerable improvement in the contact fatigue strength of thermally treated gear teeth and especially those that underwent shot peening, which increased surface durability. The residual stresses induced by shot peening are mainly effective in stopping microcrack propagation. When shot peening is applied on thermally untreated gear teeth surface, it increases the contact fatigue life of the material by 17% at 7 × 10⁵ loading cycles. If shot peening is applied on carburized gear teeth surfaces, it increases the surface fatigue life by approximately 8% at 10⁶ cycles. Contact fatigue and eventual pitting are treated as a normal consequence of the operation of machine elements. To study this failure process different types of testing machines have been designed. The purpose of this paper is the presentation and evaluation of a new design experimental rig for studying contact fatigue damage of gear teeth subjected to different load patterns.     

Microstructural changes and mechanical behaviour of a near lamellar γ-TiAl alloy during long-term exposure at 700 °C

Ti-44Al-5Nb-1W-1B with a near lamellar microstructure was exposed at 700 °C for up to 10000 h in air. The changes in microstructure were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that the combined addition of Nb and W can restrict parallel decomposition of α₂ lamellae into ultrafine γ lamellae, but causes prevalent precipitation of fine β(B2+ω) particles from α₂ lamellae and precipitation/growth of ω particles from β(B2) grains. However, although 3/4 of α₂ lamellae dissolved and majority of them transformed to β(B2+ω), tensile ductility is reduced only by 30% while the strengths remain essentially unchanged for the thermally exposed alloy. This is attributed to the widespread distribution of β(B2+ω) particles. On the other hand, fatigue limit was found to decrease during the first 5000-h exposure but finally increased by 11% after 10000-h exposure. The reasons for the decrease and increase of fatigue strength at different exposure stages are discussed by considering two contradictory effects on the exposed alloy: 1) exposure-induced embrittlement due to microstructural changes (harmful); 2) annealing of fatigue samples in a warm air environment for prolonged time (beneficial).     

表面强化件的疲劳强度分析及金属的内部疲劳极限

本文通过对喷丸，渗氮及碳氮共渗试样疲劳行为的研究，提出了金属内部疲劳极限的概念，指出内部疲劳极限约为表面疲劳极限（一般意义上的疲劳极限）的１．３５倍，并利用这个概念分析了表面强化件的疲劳强度。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金的陶瓷湿喷丸表面强化工艺

采用新型陶瓷湿喷丸强化工艺对 Ti-6Al-4V 合金进行表面处理,研究不同喷丸强度对 Ti-6Al-4V 合金微观组织、形貌及残余应力的影响,并通过拉-拉疲劳试验验证陶瓷湿喷丸的强化效果,分析喷丸前后的断裂机理。结果表明：湿喷丸后的表面粗糙度较干喷丸的低,表面粗糙度、残余应力和应力场深度均随着喷丸强度的增加而增加,最大残余应力达-895 MPa,压应力层深度约为250μm;拉-拉疲劳极限比初始的提高了12.4%。微观组织分析表明,喷丸处理后合金的表层位错密度显著增大,晶粒细化,表面形成超细晶。     

表面再结晶晶粒对涡轮叶片DZ4合金疲劳性能的影响

目的 了解表面再结晶晶粒影响涡轮叶片DZ4合金疲劳失效的机制,从而找出提高疲劳寿命的途径.方法 采用我国自主研发的涡轮叶片用定向凝固合金DZ4.对合金表面采用不同压力(0.1、0.3、0.5 MPa)进行喷丸处理,随后进行1220℃的热处理,合金表面塑性变形层发生再结晶形成再结晶晶粒.通过扫描电子显微镜等对不同条件下获得的再结晶微观组织进行观察分析.对于含表面再结晶层的DZ4试样和原始DZ4试样分别开展低周疲劳测试,以获得其循环变形行为和低周疲劳寿命.结果 在较低的喷丸压力下(如0.1 MPa),表层再结晶组织以离散的再结晶晶粒出现.在较高喷丸压力下(0.3 MPa和0.5 MPa),获得了完全的表面再结晶层,而且随喷丸压力的增大,再结晶层厚度增加.疲劳试验结果 显示,在较低喷丸压力(0.1 MPa)下获得的再结晶试样,其疲劳寿命比原始DZ4合金的明显降低;在0.5 MPa下获得的含再结晶层的DZ4试样,具有比原始DZ4合金更高的疲劳寿命.结论 定向凝固合金DZ4表面的再结晶层并不一定会降低其疲劳寿命.在较低喷丸压力(如0.1 MPa)及退火条件下形成的离散状再结晶晶粒对疲劳性能有害,疲劳寿命降低明显.在较高喷丸压力(如0.5 MPa)和退火条件下形成的致密细晶再结晶层,可提高DZ4合金的低周疲劳性能.晶体塑性模型有助于理解和预测再结晶层对疲劳性能的影响.     

Effect of near-surface residual stress and microstructure modification from machining on the fatigue endurance of a tool steel

This study concerns the effect of machining on the fatigue life of an EN X155CrMoV12 tool steel (SAE J438b), with regard to the generation of near-surface residual stress and microstructural modification of the machined surface. Two possible methods for machining tool steels were compared: electro-discharge machining (EDM), a high energy density process, and milling, a more conventional cutting process. Particular attention was given to characterization of the surface roughness, microstructure, and residual stress, using a combination of microstructural analysis, crack observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and chemical composition changes by energy-dispersive x-ray. A decrease of around 35% in the fatigue limit was observed for the EDM samples, compared with the milled samples. This was attributed to a tensile residual stress state after EDM, combined with significant phase transformation and hydrogen embrittlement. The milled surfaces showed no microstructural transformation or surface cracking and contained compressive residual stresses, all of which contributed to an improved fatigue resistance.     

Stress corrosion cracking of bainite 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel in acid rain simulated solution

The effect of carbon content, heat treatment and surface treatment of high strength aircraft 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel on susceptibility to pitting corrosion, on hydrogen transport and on hydrogen embrittlement has been studied in acid rain simulated solution. Under open circuit conditions, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is associated with susceptibility to pitting corrosion and decreases with decreasing carbon content and at application of shot peening. Susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement governed by hydrogen trapping is promoted by carbon segregation at boundaries of bainite laths and parent austenite grains. Decrease in the carbon content caused the decrease in hydrogen trapping resulting in increasing resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Shot peening increased the trapping efficiency within the deformed layer, but the presence of the shot peened layer decreased the hydrogen flux entering the core and thus decreased the susceptibility of the core to hydrogen embrittlement. The shot peened low carbon steel, exhibiting mechanical properties required by the appropriate Standard and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking may be considered to replace the standard 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni steel for the aircraft parts.     

锆合金微弧氧化后喷丸致密化研究

目的提高锆合金微弧氧化后表面氧化膜的致密度。方法先对锆合金进行微弧氧化处理,在表面形成氧化锆陶瓷层,再进行不同工艺下的喷丸处理,以提高锆合金表层氧化膜的致密度。通过表面粗糙度测试,表征不同喷丸工艺下试样表面的塑性变形程度,并通过扫描电子显微镜对氧化膜表面形貌和横截面厚度进行分析,最后计算表面膜层中的孔隙率,以表征微弧氧化后喷丸的致密化效果。结果较高的喷丸强度和较长的喷丸时间均会使得膜层表面发生剧烈的塑性变形,导致表面氧化膜脱落,对锆合金的表面完整性具有不利影响。当使用AGB35玻璃丸在0.2 MPa气压下喷丸10 s时,取得了较好的致密化效果。与微弧氧化后的原始试样相比,气压控制在0.2 MPa,时间控制在10 s的喷丸处理,可以减小膜层中孔洞的尺寸和数量,使氧化膜中的孔隙率从原始的16.45%降低至7.27%,有效提高了膜层的致密度。随着喷丸气压增加至0.3 MPa或喷丸时间延长至30 s,氧化膜发生大面积脱落,部分基体与氧化膜之间产生孔隙,氧化膜中的孔隙率反而增加至20.20%,这对锆合金的表面完整性具有不利影响。结论合理控制微弧氧化后的喷丸工艺参数,可以致密化锆合金表面的氧化膜,使其更具有保护性,而过高的喷丸强度和过长的喷丸时间均不能实现较好的致密化效果。     

Further improvements in some properties of shot peened components using the burnishing process

Shot peening and burnishing are considered to be cold working processes, where both processes are used to improve some metallic surface properties, due to the plastic deformation induced into these surfaces. The first process causes an increase in the roughness, while the other, in opposition to the first process, improves the smoothness of metallic surfaces. The present work is an attempt to apply the burnishing process onto shot peened components, in order to decrease the roughness of the metallic surface caused by the shot peening process. From the results obtained it was found that the burnishing process not only improves the surface finish, but it also introduces further improvements in surface hardness, fatigue strength and corrosion resistance for the two non-ferrous metals considered in this work, namely aluminium and brass. Accordingly, it can be suggested that burnishing of shot peened components may be used with benefits in industry for further improvements in the properties of metallic surfaces.     

喷丸表面覆盖率对Ti60高温钛合金疲劳性能的影响

采用新型的陶瓷弹丸,对Ti60钛合金进行相同喷丸强度和不同表面覆盖率(100%,200%,400%)的喷丸强化,研究了喷丸前后的表面形貌、表面粗糙度、残余应力场、X射线衍射峰半高宽等表面完整性特征参数以及其对高温疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明,喷丸覆盖率对表面完整性具有重大影响,因此不同覆盖率喷丸Ti60钛合金试样具有显著差异的疲劳寿命。采用200%覆盖率喷丸,可以使钛合金Ti60保持较小的表面粗糙度(Ra=1.2μm),较大的尖端圆角曲率半径(相对磨削加工),较好的残余应力分布和稳定的强化层微观组织,这些较好的表面完整性状态使Ti60钛合金的高温旋转弯曲疲劳寿命提高了4倍左右;而采用其他表面覆盖率(100%,400%)喷丸时,Ti60钛合金的高温疲劳寿命提高了2倍左右。     

Influence of shot peening on the corrosion fatigue properties of a stainless steel for surgical implants

For some applications in surgical implants a rough surface is desired, since the jagged surface structure assists the adhesion of bone material or surface coatings. Some implants are peened with coarse and sharp edged peening media. In order to avoid a distinct loss of fatigue strength, spherical peening balls should be used. The present paper shows for stainless steel X2CrNiMo18‐15‐3 that the effect of surface roughening can be compensated by the effect of compressive residual stresses in the surface layer. However, the effect of surface flaws must not be ignored. For this reason, the shape and depth of surface flaws in shot peened surfaces has been examined and a classification of different types of surface flaws is presented. Fatigue tests in laboratory air and in physiological NaCl solution showed that there is a distinct influence of the depth and shape of surface flaws on the fatigue strength. The use of coarser peening balls and a subsequent electrolytic polishing treatment leads to an increase of fatigue strength. Furthermore, it is shown that shot peening may have a positive or negative effect on corrosion fatigue strength.     

Effect of Ultrasonic Shot Peening on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel

The effect of ultrasonic shot peening (USSP) was studied on microstructural modification and mechanical properties such as microhardness, yield strength, tensile strength, and low cycle fatigue (LCF) life of a nitrogen stabilized austenitic stainless steel, at room temperature. There was grain refinement up to nano scale in surface region of the shot peened specimens and the microhardness was increased markedly up to the depth of approximately 100 µm. There was insignificant increase in yield and tensile strength, but drastic reduction in LCF life, particularly at low strain amplitude, from USSP. The nominal increase in yield and tensile strength was due to grain refinement in the surface region and drastic fall in LCF life was due to surface cracking resulting from USSP.     

Coating residual stress effects on fatigue performance of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy

The tendency of the aircraft industry is to enhance customer value by improving performance and reducing environmental impact. In view of availability, aluminum alloys have a historically tendency to faster insertion due to their lower manufacturing and operated production infrastructure. In landing gear components, wear and corrosion control of many components is accomplished by surface treatments of chrome electroplating on steel or anodizing of aluminum. One of the most interesting environmentally safer and cleaner alternatives for the replacement of hard chrome plating or anodizing is tungsten carbide thermal spray coating, applied by the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process. However, it was observed that residual stresses originating from these coatings reduce the fatigue strength of a component.An effective process as shot peening treatment, considered to improve the fatigue strength, pushes the crack sources beneath the surface in most of medium and high cycle cases, due to the compressive residual stress field induced. The objective of this research is to evaluate a tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) coating applied by the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) process, used to replace anodizing. Anodic films were grown on 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy by sulfuric acid anodizing, chromic acid anodizing and hard anodizing. The influence on axial fatigue strength of anodic films grown on the aluminum alloy surface is to degrade the stress-life performance of the base material. Three groups of specimens were prepared and tested in axial fatigue to obtain S-N curves: base material, base material coated by HVOF and base material shot peened and coated.Experimental results revealed increase in the fatigue strength of Al 7050-T7451 alloy associated with the WC 17% Co coating. On the other hand, a reduction in fatigue life occurred in the shot peened and coated condition. Scanning electron microscopy technique and optical microscopy were used to observe crack origin sites, thickness and coating/substrate adhesion.     

The Effect of Shot Peening on the Fatigue Strength of Pure Titanium

The changes of the substructure, the residual stress and the surface roughness of shot peened pure titanium were analyzed by means of SEM, TEM, XRD and surface roughness measurements in this paper. The results show that shot peening increased the fatigue strength of pure titanium. The substructures of shot peened pure titanium consist of dislocations, deformation twins and deformation bands. Fatigue loading will relax the compressive residual stress and decrease the strengthening effect. The increased surface roughness has negative effects.     

喷丸压力对GH3535合金表面状态及疲劳性能的影响研究

分别采用0.3MPa、0.45MPa和0.6MPa喷丸压力对GH3535高温合金表面进行喷丸。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察合金表面形貌、强化层组织结构,通过金相显微镜（OM）、维氏硬度计、X射线应力分析仪分析表层晶粒度、表层显微硬度、表层残余应力分布及X射线衍射峰半高宽。在室温条件下进行高周疲劳实验,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察分析断口形貌特征。结果表明:GH3535合金喷丸后表层形成了晶粒细化层、硬化层和残余压应力层。且合金表面产生的晶粒细化层厚度、硬化层厚度以及残余压应力层厚度均随着喷丸压力的增加而提高。喷丸压力在0.3MPa～0.6MPa范围内,疲劳寿命受喷丸压力的影响较为敏感,且疲劳寿命随着喷丸压力的增加而提高。当喷丸压力为0.6MPa时,喷丸产生的效果最优,疲劳寿命提高了471.1%。喷丸后GH3535合金疲劳寿命的提高得益于合金表面状态的改善。     

Corrosion fatigue behavior of the high-strength magnesium alloy AZ 80

The fatigue performance of the high-strength magnesium alloy AZ 80 is studied in air as well as in aqueous 0.5 and 3.5% NaCl solutions. The effect of mechanical surface treatments, specifically mechanical polishing, shot peening, and roller burnishing on the S-N curves, is investigated using an electropolished surface as a reference. While mechanical polishing as well as shot peening improves fatigue performance in air, no improvement is observed in NaCl solutions. However, roller burnishing, which combines a smooth surface finish with residual compressive stresses in sufficient depths, leads to outstanding fatigue performance even in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Surface layer condition and the fatigue strength of an AZ91 alloy after ball peening

The present work compares the states of the surface textures and the oscillatory fatigue strengths of specimens made of an AZ91 alloy after turning and dynamic bearing ball peening. It was found that the specimens ball peened at different time have similar surface geometric structure parameters but different strengthening intensity. It was shown that fatigue strength follows greater peening intensity and random and isotropic surface. It was also ascertained that improving (by peening) the condition of the surface layer means enhancing fatigue strength by 20–87% compared with turning.     

喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对钛合金疲劳性能的影响

目的提高钛合金的疲劳性能。方法采用喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对TC4钛合金进行了表面加工处理。对未加工试样、经过喷丸处理后的试样和经过喷丸与振动光整加工工艺处理后的试样,分别进行了表面粗糙度、表面层残余应力测试,并对三种状态下的试样进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验。对比了不同工艺处理后试样的表面粗糙度、表层残余应力及疲劳强度。结果与喷丸工艺相比,采用喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺对试样进行处理后,试样的表面残余压应力值提高了39 MPa,残余压应力峰值、残余压应力层的厚度略有降低。喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺在不明显改变试样残余压应力场的条件下,使试样的表面粗糙度得到大幅降低。疲劳试验结果表明,喷丸工艺使TC4钛合金的疲劳强度提高了16.3%,喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺使TC4的疲劳强度提高了23.8%,比喷丸后TC4钛合金的疲劳强度高出7.5%。结论在喷丸工艺的基础上,喷丸结合振动光整加工工艺通过改善TC4钛合金的表面完整性,使TC4钛合金的疲劳强度得到进一步提高。     

表面喷丸强化处理对TC11钛合金疲劳性能的影响

目的改善TC11钛合金的抗疲劳性能。方法采用喷丸表面强化工艺对TC11钛合金进行了表面强化处理,研究了喷丸强化处理、喷丸+二次喷丸强化处理对TC11钛合金试样表面粗糙度、残余应力、显微组织及疲劳性能的影响。结果喷丸处理能够在试样表层引入厚度约230?m的残余压应力场,但同时导致试样表面粗糙度值增加。喷丸后进行表面二次喷丸,试样表面残余压应力值和残余压应力峰值提高,但残余压应力峰值的位置和残余压应力层的厚度变化不大。二次喷丸对试样表面起到一定程度的修复作用,使试样表面粗糙度值降低。喷丸后试样表层组织发生明显的塑性变形,晶粒变细,而喷丸+二次喷丸处理可使试样表层组织得到进一步细化。喷丸处理后,试样的疲劳强度由480 MPa提高至540 MPa,提高了12.5%,二次喷丸使试样的疲劳强度提高至570 MPa,在喷丸的基础上继续提高了5.5%。结论喷丸后对试样表面进行二次喷丸对表层残余应力场的影响不大,二次喷丸主要通过降低试样表面粗糙度值和细化试样表层组织,使试样的疲劳强度得到进一步提高。