A measurement-based prioritization scheme for handovers in mobilecellular networks

A method of improving the quality of service in mobile cellular systems based on prioritization of handover requests is presented. The objective is to improve perceived quality of cellular service by minimizing both the probability of forced termination of ongoing calls due to handover failures and the degradation in spectrum utilization. A model based on a multiple-priority nonpreemptive queuing discipline is developed. New calls are blocked if all channels are occupied. Handover requests are queued such that as soon as a channel is available, it is offered to the mobile subscriber with the measurement results closest to the minimum acceptable power level for communication. Service rate is given by channel occupancy time distribution and is assumed to be exponential. The performance of a cellular system employing the proposed handover policy is evaluated analytically and by simulation, and results are compared to those obtained when the cellular system employs nonprioritized call handling and first-in/first-out queuing discipline. This provides lower probability of forced termination and less call blocking, less reduction in traffic, and less delay     

Vertical Handover Necessity Estimation Based on a New Dwell Time Prediction Model for Minimizing Unnecessary Handovers to a WLAN Cell

In this work, we devise a vertical handover necessity estimation (HNE) method to minimize unnecessary handovers for a mobile node (MN) entering a WLAN cell. The method relies on a new model for prediction of dwell time and computation of certain threshold values. By comparing the predicted dwell time with those thresholds, a MN is able to make decision whether it should perform handover to a WLAN cell, while keeping the probability of handover failure and probability of unnecessary handover within bounds. Simulation results obtained from Monte-Carlo experiments prove validity of the proposed model. We also compare this model with existing models for minimizing unnecessary handovers. We further enhance the analytical model by incorporating the throughput gain in HNE and show that this can further optimize handover decision in heterogenous networks.     

Internetwork handover performance analysis in a GSM-satelliteintegrated mobile communication system

This paper evaluates the internetwork handover performance in a GSM and satellite integrated mobile communication system. The performance evaluation is based on an analytical model developed for internetwork handover. The handover performance parameters considered are the handover position, unnecessary handover probability, and call-dropping probability. Handover initiation is based on the signal level and distance measurement. The results are compared with those of the GSM handover performance. The analysis shows that the performance achieved in internetwork handover can be similar to those of the GSM handover with the considered handover initiation scheme     

多波束天线下多层蜂窝小区切换性能分析

分析了一种基于多波束天线在垂直面发射形成的多层蜂窝移动通信小区结构的切换性能.在切换算法中引入了以移动台所接收有用信号功率与干扰信号功率之和作为切换发起的判断规则之一,讨论了在阴影衰落无线传播环境下,该多层小区的3种切换发起规则,并给出了相应的切换发起概率表示式.最后计算机模拟结果比较了不同切换发起规则下切换发起概率与小区区群数和基站天线俯仰角间的关系.     

Performance Enhancement of Cellular Network Using Adaptive Soft Handover Algorithm

Mobility management is the most important feature of a wireless cellular communication system. Continuation of an active call is one of the most important quality measurements in the cellular systems. Handover makes it possible for a user to travel between various networks or cells while having a seamless connection. This paper shows that, performance of cellular network can be increased with proposed adaptive soft handoff algorithm, which dynamically calculates the Soft handover margin based on the received signal strength and distance. Performance is evaluated in terms of the performance metrics active set update rate, active set size, soft handover region and probability of outage. Simulation results show that soft handover algorithm gives better performance with adaptive soft handoff margin compared to that of fixed soft handover margin in varied propagation conditions.     

Performance analysis of handover delay and buffer capacity in mobile OpenFlow‐based networks

Software‐defined networking (SDN) is a network concept that brings significant benefits for the mobile cellular operators. In an SDN‐based core network, the average service time of an OpenFlow switch is highly influenced by the total capacity and type of the output buffer, which is used for temporary storage of the incoming packets. In this work, the main goal is to model the handover delay due to the exchange of OpenFlow‐related messages in mobile SDN networks. The handover delay is defined as the overall delay experienced by the mobile node within the handover procedure, when reestablishing an ongoing session from the switch in the source eNodeB to the switch in the destination eNodeB. We propose a new analytical model, and we compare two systems with different SDN switch designs that model a continuous time Markov process by using quasi‐birth–death processes: (1) single shared buffer without priority (model SFB), used for all output ports for both control and user traffic, and (2) two isolated buffers with priority (model priority finite buffering [PFB]), one for control and the other for user plane traffic, where the control traffic is always prioritized. The two proposed systems are compared in terms of total handover delay and minimal buffer capacity needed to satisfy a certain packet error ratio imposed by the link. The mathematical modeling is verified via extensive simulations. In terms of handover delay, the results show that the model PFB outperforms the model SFB, especially for networks with high number of users and high probability of packet‐in messages. As for the buffer dimensioning analysis, for lower arrival rates, low number of users, and low probability of packet‐in messages, the model SFB has the advantage of requiring a smaller buffer size.     

多网络共存下基于贝叶斯的垂直切换算法

针对目前的垂直切换技术普遍不能满足多网络下的切换问题,提出了一种改进的基于贝叶斯决策的垂直切换算法。首先根据接入终端网络的信号强度、网络负载、误码率和网络阻塞率以及用户业务对网络的实际需求偏好建立多条件相关的切换概率分布,计算出先验切换概率;然后通过贝叶斯决策算法计算出后验概率来进行判决比较,从而选取最优的接入网络。仿真结果表明,该算法不仅能有效地实现不同接入技术之间的垂直切换,从而减少不必要的切换,提高了切换成功的概率,而且还能在维持各网络平均负载达到30%~40%时减轻通信热点的阻塞情况,为用户提供更优的服务质量。     

5G系统多目标优化小区预切换方法

为了减少5G蜂窝网络中不必要的小区切换次数并提高用户平均吞吐量,提出了一种基于熵权的多目标优化小区预切换方案。多目标优化法将下行链路信干噪比、时延、预测驻留时间和小区可用资源作为切换指标,引入向量归一化技术并使用不同的方法处理有益指标与非有益指标,分析并预测最优目标切换小区从而达到预切换目的。与现有的切换方法比较,所提方案降低了排名异常的概率,在提高用户平均吞吐量的同时极大地减少了不必要的切换。     

Traffic performance analysis of handover in GMPCS systems

This paper presents an analysis of handover process and its effect on the traffic performance in global mobile personal communications by satellite (GMPCS) systems. With the nongeostationary satellite used for the system, the handover scheme needs to be applied to make calls completed without any interruption. An analytical model is developed for the analysis of the handover process. We derive the mean number of handovers and handover delay with various satellite antenna patterns and different settings of handover parameter. A suitable traffic model of the whole system is also derived after due considerations of the handover process. The system performance measures include new call blocking probability, call dropping probability, and mean number of handovers per call. A computer simulation is developed and used. We also analyze the system performance with a number of handover priority schemes applied. Based on the study results, the handover parameters are selected to maximize the traffic performance. It is shown that we can improve the overall traffic performance of GMPCS system by setting handover parameters properly and using the handover priority scheme     

Handover scheme for mobile cellular communication systems

A new scheme for minimising handover failure probability in mobile cellular communication systems, by exchanging channels between two mobiles moving in opposite directions across the endeavour area of adjacent cells is presented. The performance evaluation of the new scheme is carried out by computer simulation of a two cell model     

Interbeam handover in LEO satellite systems

This paper evaluates the performance of interbeam handover in LEO satellite systems. The evaluation is based on an analytical model that is specific for interbeam handover. There are three performance parameters concerned: handover probability, forced termination probability and time availability. From the results it can be seen that the interbeam handover probability depends strongly on the roll-off characteristics of the beam pattern. Forced termination and time availability depend on the quality of the received signal and the selected criterion. A comparison between the use of signal level and position as handover criteria is presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Handover prioritizing scheme for reducing call failure probability in cellular wireless network

This paper proposes a scheme suitable for managing handover in wireless cellular network. The main objective of the proposed scheme is to reduce the probability of forced termination of ongoing call due to handover failure. The scheme employs a queuing discipline, and the priority of queued is based on the residual time of the mobile user in the overlap region between two adjacent cells, assuming that the user's location and speed can be determined, then we applied the ascending priority; it means that the users having a shorter residual time join the head of the queue (i.e., high priority) while those having longer residual time at the end of the queue (i.e., low priority). Fixed channel allocation strategy (FCA) is employed and simulation results obtained concern: call blocking probability (CBP), handover failure probability, and average waiting time in the queue. Also simulation results are compared to those obtained by: non‐prioritized scheme (FCA), and FCA queuing with FIFO discipline. Results show that our proposed method decreases significantly handover failure probability compared with other two schemes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TD-LTE集群通信系统中基于小区筛选和AHP的切换算法研究

为了提高TD-LTE集群通信系统中用户的切换成功率以及降低阻塞率,文章根据TD-LTE及集群通信的特点,提出一种基于小区筛选(Filtration)机制结合层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process)的切换算法(FAHP)。该算法在利用筛选机制保证目标小区满足通信需求的情况下,结合层次分析法选择出合理的目标小区。仿真分析结果表明,与传统的切换算法相比,该算法能有效提高用户的切换成功率,降低系统的阻塞率。     

A Traveling Distance Prediction Based Method to Minimize Unnecessary Handovers from Cellular Networks to WLANs

We propose a handover decision method based on the prediction of traveling distance within an IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) cell. The method uses two thresholds which are calculated by the mobile terminal (MT) as it enters the WLAN cell. The predicted traveling distance is compared against these thresholds to make a handover decision in order to minimize the probability of handover failures or unnecessary handovers from a cellular network to a WLAN. Our analysis shows that the proposed method successfully keeps the number of failed or unnecessary handovers low.     

A Generic Analytical Modelling Approach for Performance Evaluation of the Handover Schemes in Heterogeneous Environments

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the integration of different technologies in heterogeneous environments. Modelling heterogeneous systems is a complex task and handover schemes should consider issues such as network coverage, mobility, and Quality of Service (QoS). Analytical models are useful to deal with this complexity. This paper presents a generic framework to model handover in heterogeneous environments for performance evaluation of different handover schemes. The model developed considers mobility of the users, coverage radius of the networks as well as decision making probabilities about handover between the two networks. The interaction between cellular mobile technologies is considered and handover between a WLAN and a cellular system is analysed using the proposed model. Two stage open networks can be used to model this kind of integrated systems. The cellular mobile technologies are modelled as a multi-channel queuing system while the WLAN is depicted as a single channel queuing system, both with finite buffers. The exact spectral expansion method is employed to solve the models. Simulation is also employed for the proposed systems and used for validation of the accuracy of the proposed models. Numerical results are presented for mean queue length and blocking probabilities for each system. The results of this study show that QoS measures of such systems can be evaluated efficiently and accurately, using the proposed analytical model and its solution. In addition, it can be used as a framework in heterogeneous environments and can also be adapted to various types of networks in interaction.     

A model for the handover traffic in low earth-orbiting (LEO) satellite networks for personal communications

The spectacular growth of cellular telephone networks has demonstrated the demand for personal communications. Communication systems based on low earth orbit (LEO) constellations of satellites seem to be an adequate approach to achieve a world-wide network. When defining the capacity in terms of satellite circuits, the network designer has to take into account the handover traffic. Unfortunately, in a LEO communication network where handover is most often due to the network nodes motion, handover traffic models for terrestrial cellular networks cannot be used. Hence specific models must be developed. This paper proposes an analytical model for the handover in LEO satellite networks. This model is applied to different network configurations and compared to discrete-time simulations. Simulation results agree with those obtained from the analytical model.     

Improving cell assignment probabilities using CPICH quality

In this paper the method for determining cell assignment probabilities, used for cellular network planning, is extended to take cell breathing into account. The model will be changed from a model based on the pilot power to a model based on the quality of the pilot signal. To reach a usable expressions some simplifications are made that hold in the network scenario, given by a network where the load is randomly spread and the investigated pixel is located randomly within the cell. In that case the ratio between the single cell state and the soft handover state is constant for load, which gives a simple cell assignment probability formulation that meets the requirements.     

Cost‐efficient vertical handover between cellular networks and WLAN based on HMIPv6 and IEEE 802.21 MIH

In order to increase the capacity of wireless communication networks with minor changes and low cost, internetworking between cellular networks and wireless local area networks (WLANs) is considered as an attractive solution. In the internetworking of cellular networks and WLANs, a cost‐efficient vertical handover mechanism is required for seamless service provision. In this paper, we propose a cost‐efficient vertical handover mechanism for the packet‐based cellular networks and WLAN internetworking, where HMIPv6 and IEEE 802.21 are complementarily integrated to optimize the handover procedures. To design the mechanism, we introduce pre‐binding update and hierarchical packet forwarding concepts which can reduce handover signaling cost and delay. A mathematical model for handover rates and costs is proposed in order to analyze the proposed mechanism. In performance evaluation, we investigate how various factors affect handover rates and costs, and compare the proposed mechanism against the conventional mechanism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TD-SCDMA系统接力切换技术及仿真

越区切换是蜂窝移动通信系统中的关键技术之一,第三代移动通信系统TD-SCDMA中采用了一种新型的越区切换技术—接力切换。文章在完整阐述其基本概念、切换过程和切换算法的基础上,对比硬切换方式,建立切换仿真模型并进行了仿真,得到上行传输功率和FTP业务上传响应时间的性能参数曲线。仿真结果证明,接力切换在降低上行干扰、缩短切换时延、降低掉话率方面性能更加优良。     

Cooperative directional inter-cell handover scheme in high altitude platform communications systems

A novel Cooperative Directional inter-cell Handover Scheme (CDHS) for High Altitude Platform (HAP) communications systems is proposed, in which the handover target cell and the two cells adjacent to this handover target cell work cooperatively to exploit the traffic fluctuation to improve handover performance. Users in the overlap area of the overloaded handover target cell will be forced to handover directionally before their optimal handover boundary in order to free up resources for the handover calls which would otherwise be dropped due to the shortage of resources and queue time out. Simulation results show that the handover call dropping probability is greatly reduced (at least 60%) compared with the general queue handover scheme, with little performance reduction to the call blocking probability, and the Not in the Best Cell (NBC) average time is only increased moderately. Moreover, an optimal cell radius can be achieved for a specific platform speed by minimizing the unified system performance, which is the linear combination of the handover call dropping probability and the NBC average time.