涂层硬质合金高速铣削U71Mn钢材的磨损性能研究

针对钢轨材料U71Mn的高速铣削,开展涂层硬质合金刀片的磨损实验,采用三维超景深显微镜观察刀具的磨损形貌,测量后刀面的磨损宽度,研究刀片不同基体材料和铣削速度对刀片后刀面磨损的影响规律;采用扫描电镜分析刀片前、后刀面的磨损形式和磨损机理。实验结果表明,在YG8N(K20)、YT5(P10)和YW2(M20)三种基体材料的实验刀片中,YG8N耐磨性最好;在250～400 m/min的铣削速度下,随着铣削速度的增大,刀片磨损加快;刀片前刀面磨损形式为崩刃和涂层剥落,主要发生粘结磨损和氧化磨损,后刀面磨损形式为沟槽磨损,主要发生磨粒磨损、粘结磨损和氧化磨损。     

硬质合金薄切削铝合金时刀具磨损形态分析

利用四种硬质合金刀片(YD05,YM051,YN05,YN10)进行了薄切削铝合金试验,利用扫描电子显微镜拍摄了刀具失效后前刀面和后刀面的磨损形貌,研究了硬质合金刀具失效后的磨损形态特征。     

深振荡磁控溅射复合沉积CrN/TiN超晶格涂层的摩擦学性能

研究了IN718高温合金、WC-6%Co硬质合金和Si(100)基体上深振荡磁控溅射复合沉积CrN/TiN超晶格涂层的摩擦学性能。研究表明,涂层的生长对基体的类型没有选择性。随着基体硬度的升高,划痕结合力失效临界载荷增大,涂层结合力失效机制由翘曲失效转变为基体/涂层协同变形,未发现涂层的剥落失效。载荷为2N时,磨损机制由磨粒磨损和氧化磨损转变为轻微磨粒磨损。载荷为4 N时,IN 718基体上涂层的磨损机制为严重的氧化磨损,WC-6%Co基体上的涂层的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损,氧化物的产生、堆积和转移导致摩擦系数的波动。     

H13表面TiAlN/CrAlN复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用真空电弧离子镀工艺在H13钢表面制备Ti Al N/Cr Al N复合涂层,利用划痕试验仪、盘式摩擦磨损试验机、金相显微镜和努氏硬度计分析Ti Al N/Cr Al N膜层的结合力和摩擦学性能,金相组织形貌和试样表面的显微硬度。结果表明,Ti Al N/Cr Al N复合薄膜表面组织分布均匀,结合致密,涂层与基体间的结合力是影响涂层承载能力的主要因素之一,Ti Al N复合涂层的摩擦性能优于H13基体和Cr Al N复合涂层的摩擦性能,Ti Al N/Cr Al N复合涂层的结合力分别为35 N和24 N,沉积有Ti Al N涂层试样表面摩擦系数最小,减摩效果最好,耐磨性能优越,并能有效地抵抗摩擦磨损。     

涂层硬质合金刀片高速车削蠕墨铸铁的实验研究

针对蠕墨铸铁Ru380的高速车削,本文先采用单因素实验,研究切削三要素v、f、a_p对主切削力F_z的影响,随后采用正交实验分析了v、f、a_p对主切削力F_z影响的显著程度,进一步以正交实验所得数据,采用最小二乘法,给出了实验条件下主切削力预报模型F_z=5 655.877 6×a_p~(0.964)×f~(0.558)×v~(-0.268),并利用单因素实验数据进行验证。结果表明:v与F_z呈负相关;f和a_p与F_z呈正相关,其中a_p对F_z影响最大,其次为f,最小为v,F_z预报值与实测值相差在15%以内。最后,采用超景深显微镜、激光扫描显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等多种方法观察刀片磨损形式、分析刀片失效机理。结果表明:涂层硬质合金高速车削蠕墨铸铁时以粘结磨损为主、伴随着硬质点磨损和氧化磨损。在切削热的作用下,涂层内部热裂纹明显。     

3Cr2W8V钢离子镀TiN涂层的高温滑动磨损性能

研究了3Cr2W8V钢基体离子镀TiN涂层在500-700℃的高温磨损性能。利用XRD法分析了涂层的相结构,用划痕法测定了涂层的结合力,并用SEM观察分析了磨损形貌和磨损机理。结果表明：随温度升高,TiN涂层和基体的磨损率及磨擦系数均上升。TiN涂层的高温耐磨性优于3Cr2W8V基体。涂层的主要磨损机制为粘着转移磨损和磨料磨损。     

离子渗氮对多弧离子镀CrN涂层摩擦学性能的影响

目的 采用离子渗氮技术强化40Cr钢基体,以提高大载荷条件下基体表面CrN涂层的耐磨性能。方法 首先采用离子渗氮技术强化40Cr钢基体,再采用多弧离子镀在强化后的基体表面上沉积硬质CrN涂层。采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析基体和涂层的微观形貌,采用划痕试验测试涂层与基体的结合力,采用维氏硬度表征涂层及基体不同深度的硬度,通过大载荷摩擦磨损试验研究基体强化对涂层耐磨性的影响。结果 经离子渗氮后,40Cr钢基体的表面硬度由380HV提高至879HV,渗层深度达到0.30 mm;多弧离子镀CrN涂层的表面硬度为2 380HV,厚度为33 μm,涂层的结合力达到37.79 N。摩擦磨损试验结果表明,40Cr钢基体的平均摩擦因数为0.92,磨损量为43.1 mg,磨痕宽度和深度分别为1 805、224 μm;经离子渗氮后40Cr钢基体的平均摩擦因数为0.68,磨损量为28.4 mg,磨痕的宽度和深度分别为1 260、156 μm;未强化基体表面CrN涂层的平均摩擦因数为0.55,磨损量为19.4 mg,磨痕的宽度和深度分别为884、89 μm,在摩擦磨损试验中出现了涂层剥落失效现象;经强化后基体表面CrN涂层的平均摩擦因数为0.42,磨损量为2.6 mg,磨痕的宽度和深度分别为328、16 μm,未出现涂层剥落现象。结论 采用离子渗氮强化基体的方法,使基体、渗氮层、CrN涂层形成了硬度梯度,提高了多弧离子镀CrN涂层的耐磨性能,避免在大载荷条件下出现因基体变形引起的涂层脱落失效。     

铍铜合金断续切削后刀面磨损机理研究

目的研究断续切削过程温度变化对刀具粘结现象、涂层剥落和刀具磨损的影响。方法搭建了仿铣削加工的断续车削实验平台,采用热电偶法测量了断续切削过程中刀具后刀面在不同速度下的切削温度,利用带有能谱仪(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)观察后刀面随速度变化的磨损形貌并分析后刀面磨损区域的元素组成,阐述了后刀面温度和刀具磨损之间的联系,研究了Ti AlN涂层硬质合金刀具断续切削铍铜合金C17200时的后刀面磨损机理。结果随着切削速度的增加,刀具温度在v=500 m/min出现峰值,温度越高,后刀面的涂层剥落和粘结磨损现象越严重,涂层剥落和粘结磨损现象在切削速度为500 m/min时最严重,而后随着刀具温度的降低而减缓,切削速度600 m/min时的涂层剥落和粘结磨损现象相比500 m/min时有所减轻。结论断续切削过程中,刀具持续性地经受"负载-卸载"、"升温-降温"产生的高温、冲击和加工环境的不稳定性,是引起粘结现象、涂层剥落和刀具磨损的主要原因。涂层剥落和粘结磨损是导致铍铜合金断续切削刀具失效的主要磨损形式。     

Al含量对Ti1-xAlxN涂层组织结构、力学性能和铣削性能的影响

目的研究不同Al含量对Ti_(1-x)Al_xN涂层的影响,以获得铣削铸铁材料性能最佳的Ti AlN涂层。方法采用阴极电弧蒸发沉积法在WC-Co硬质合金表面制备两种不同Al含量的Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N和Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子探针微区分析仪(EPMA)分析合金的微观组织和成分组成,通过CSM纳米硬度计和纳米划痕仪测定涂层的纳米硬度、弹性模量、抗塑性变形因子、显微硬度耗散系数MDP和划痕裂纹扩展阻力CPRs等性能指标,同时比较不同Al含量涂层刀片在铣削灰口铸铁HT250和球墨铸铁QT450时的性能和磨损机理。结果 Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N和Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层主要物相均呈NaCl型面心立方结构,以(200)方向为择优取向,且高铝涂层的XRD衍射峰向高角度偏移量大于中铝涂层,说明高铝涂层具有更高的铝固溶量。与Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N涂层相比,Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层的抗塑性变形因子较小,MDP和CPRs较大,表现出更优的塑性、韧性和膜基结合力。在铣削HT250和QT450时,Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层刀片的平均寿命分别为30、60 min,相比Ti_(0.5)Al_(0.5)N涂层,切削性能更好。结论对于Ti AlN涂层来说,提高Al的质量分数至67%可以获得更优的塑性、韧性和膜基结合力,在铣削HT250和QT450时,Ti_(0.33)Al_(0.67)N涂层刀片的切削性能较优。     

超声振动铣削碳纤维复合材料刀具磨损研究

介绍了采用超声振动铣削和普通铣削对硬质合金铣刀铣削碳纤维复合材料进行试验研究。试验结果表明,在两种加工方式下,刀具的磨损形式主要是后刀面磨损,前刀面磨损和刀刃的破损,其中后刀面的磨粒磨损最严重,前刀面的粘着磨损较弱,当进给量加大或者是主轴转速过高时,很容易发生崩刃。超声振动条件下,刀具的后刀面磨损和前刀面磨损均较弱,且呈现一定的规律性。刀具的耐用度高,相对于普通切削更适合于复合材料的加工。     

碳纤维/树脂基复合材料高速铣削的刀具磨损机理

采用涂层(Ti CN,Ti Al N)与无涂层超细晶粒硬质合金立铣刀对碳纤维/树脂基复合材料进行高速铣削试验,研究了刀具后刀面磨损带扩展及刀具磨损规律,并探讨了切削力、毛刺随着刀具磨损的变化趋势,观察了刀具的微观磨损形貌,分析了刀具的磨损机理。结果表明:在相同的切削条件下,无涂层刀具的后刀面磨损量及切削力最大,毛刺扩展严重,后刀面主要发生磨粒磨损,由于黏着磨损和氧化磨损对切削刃的弱化作用,主切削刃发生了微崩刃;Ti CN涂层刀具后刀面主要发生磨粒磨损,并伴随有黏着磨损和轻微的氧化磨损,失效形式为剥落和微崩刃;Ti Al N涂层刀具的后刀面磨损量及切削力最小,毛刺扩展缓慢,更适合碳纤维复合材料的加工。其后刀面主要发生了磨粒磨损,其失效形式为剥落。     

Cutting Performance and Wear Behavior of AlTiN-and TiAlSiN-Coated Carbide Tools During Dry Milling of Ti-6Al-4V

Machining, especially dry machining of titanium alloys, has been one of the most significant challenges for carbide cutting tools. In this study, aluminum-rich AlTiN coating, as well as TiAlSiN nanocomposite coating, were successfully employed for dry milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with high efficiency and long tool life. At the cutting speeds of 150 m/min and 200 m/min, the tool life of the TiAlSiN-coated tool exceeds that of AlTiN-coated tool by 32 and 66%, respectively. The wear modes for both coated tools include the uniform flank wear, smooth wear, chipping, coating and substrate flaking, crater and notch wear, and the wear mechanisms include adhesion, diffusion, oxidation and crack. Among them, the wear mechanism is dominated by the adhesion and oxidation wear. As compared with AlTiN coating, TiAlSiN coating exhibits better mechanical properties and oxidation resistance, which contribute to a better cutting performance, fewer thermal cracks and smaller and uniform workpiece chips during the dry milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

多弧离子镀TiAlSiN梯度涂层制备及切削性能

针对含Si超硬涂层与基体结合强度不足,切削过程中涂层易发生剥落从而导致涂层刀具切削性能低的问题,采用离子源增强的多弧离子镀技术在硬质合金刀具上制备了不同含Si层梯度结构的TiAlSiN梯度涂层。利用XRD、SEM、OM以及切削试验探讨不同含Si层梯度结构对涂层物相、表面形貌、膜基结合强度、摩擦磨损以及切削性能的影响。结果显示：不同含Si层梯度结构的TiAlSiN涂层主要由固溶的（Ti,Al） N和（Al,Ti） N相组成。其中,低Si直接过渡的TiAlSiN涂层（S3）呈现出较高的硬度、良好的膜基结合力、较低的涂层残余应力和摩擦因数。铣削结果显示,涂层刀具的切削磨损机理主要表现为粘着磨损。当切削速度为80 m/min时,低Si过渡涂层（S3涂层）表现出更高的切削长度（925 m）,显著高于S1涂层的525 m;当切削速度由80 m/min增加至110 m/min时,S3涂层切削长度增加到1650 m。对含Si刀具涂层进行梯度设计,可有效提高涂层的膜-基结合强度和涂层刀具的切削性能。     

高能离子刻蚀前处理对AlTiSiN涂层切削性能的影响

目的提高AlTiSiN涂层与刀具基材的结合强度,降低涂层表面的粗糙度,减少切削过程中涂层的剥落,改善涂层刀具的切削寿命。方法采用离子源增强的多弧离子镀设备刻蚀清理基体材料,并制备AlTiSiN涂层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、粗糙度仪、划痕仪和铣削实验探讨涂层沉积前不同Ar离子刻蚀清洗工艺对AlTiSiN涂层结构、膜基结合力和涂层表面形貌的的影响,探究不同刻蚀清洗工艺对涂层刀具切削机理和切削性能的影响。结果 AlTiSiN涂层的相结构主要由(Al,Ti)N固溶体相组成,涂层沿着基体呈现柱状生长。随着高能Ar离子刻蚀电流由40 A增加至100 A,涂层的表面粗糙度降低,Ra值由140 nm降至69 nm,Sq值由226 nm降至117 nm;涂层与基体之间的结合强度增加,Lc2由41 N增加至52 N;切削加工DC53模具钢结果显示,当清洗电流增加至100 A,涂层的剥落几率降低,涂层刀具的切削寿命增加,由11 m增加至23 m。结论高能离子刻蚀前处理过程可有效增加涂层与基体之间的结合强度,降低涂层表面粗糙度,进而提高涂层刀具的切削寿命。刻蚀清洗所用电流强度越大,清洗效果越好,刀具涂层切削性能提高越明显。     

热丝CVD金刚石涂层膜基界面结合强度研究新进展

硬质合金基体金刚石涂层工具产业化应用的主要障碍之一在于涂层的膜基界面结合强度较差,易引发涂层早期脱落。提高膜基界面结合强度、保证刀具正常使用寿命,已成为金刚石涂层工具产业化亟待解决的主要问题。我们介绍了近年来在提高硬质合金基体金刚石涂层膜基界面结合强度方面所取得的一系列研究新进展,并提出了进一步改善其膜基界面结合强度的新思路,以促进热丝CVD金刚石涂层工具的产业化应用。      

Face milling of the EN AB-43300 aluminum alloy by PVD- and CVD-coated cemented carbide inserts

Two commercially available WC-6Co cemented carbide substrates (Extramet EMT100 and Pramet H10), were industrially coated with PVD TiB₂ or CVD diamond. Subsequently, the coated inserts were submitted to dry sliding tests (slider on cylinder contact geometry) against the aluminum alloy EN AB-43300, for preliminary performance ranking and identification of basic wear mechanisms. The best substrate/coating combination (CVD-Diamond coated Extramet EMT100) was then tested in face milling EN AB-43300 with milling tool characterized by two different geometries (A and B), using PCD inserts as a reference for comparison. In milling tests, the influence of both insert geometry and cutting fluid feed rate were taken into account. The geometry of the tool was identified as the main parameter in influencing the tool performance. In particular, in the case of the A geometry, the relative flank wear of CVD coated tools increased abruptly during the test due coating detachment, whilst with the B geometry no catastrophic failure of the CVD coated insert was observed. The influence of Cutting Fluid Feed Rate (CFFR) also changed with tool geometry: in particular, with the B geometry, which allowed to obtain the best results with the CVD coated inserts, a decrease of CFFR from 100 to 25% did not affect significantly the wear resistance of CVD-coated inserts and allowed to maintain the roughness of the workpiece (R_a) below 0.6 μm, notwithstanding a slightly increased tendency towards the formation of Al-based transfer layers.     

碳膜刀具干式钻削Al-Si合金的切削性能及其减摩机制

采用非平衡磁控溅射离子镀技术制备碳膜,通过对刀具后刀面磨损曲线、切削力以及所加工孔精度的分析,证明高硬度低摩擦因数碳膜高速钢刀具在干切削条件下钻削铝硅合金时具有良好的切削性能。同时采用OM、SEM、XPS和EDS等方法对切削过程中碳膜的减摩效应进行探讨,证明碳膜改善刀具抗粘结能力的本质在于碳元素对铝硅合金的润湿性较差,而非在摩擦过程中生成碳转移膜。切削过程中碳膜的热稳定性越好,碳膜刀具的寿命就越长,一旦碳膜破坏,则刀具迅速发生粘结失效。     

Effect of PVD films wet micro-blasting by various Al2O3 grain sizes on the wear behaviour of coated tools

Micro-blasting on PVD films has been documented, among others, as an efficient method for inducing compressive stresses, thus for increasing the coating hardness and potentially tool life of coated tools. Since contradictory results have been registered concerning the efficiency of wet micro-blasting on coated tools for improving the wear behaviour, the paper aims at explaining how this process can be successfully applied for post-treatment of PVD films. In this context, the employed conditions such as pressure and grain size affect significantly the wear resistance of the micro-blasted coated tools.In the described investigations, TiAlN coatings were post-treated through wet micro-blasting by Al₂O₃ abrasives of various grains' diameter. Abrasion mechanisms after micro-blasting were investigated by roughness measurements. Nanoindentations on micro-blasted film surfaces at various pressures revealed the influence of this process on coating superficial hardness. The related residual stress changes were estimated considering the film yield stress alterations, which were analytically determined, based on nanoindentation results. Nano-impact tests were conducted for investigating the effect of the developed film compressive stresses at certain micro-blasting pressures and grain sizes on the film's brittleness. To monitor film thickness and cutting edge radius changes of coatings subjected to micro-blasting, ball cratering tests and white light scans were carried out respectively. In this way, micro-blasting conditions for improving the film hardness, without revealing the substrate in the cutting edge region, were detected. Finally, the wear behaviour of coated and variously wet micro-blasted tools was investigated in milling of hardened steel.     

精密切削纯铁材料硬质合金刀具刃口磨损特征演化

为研究纯铁材料精密切削时刀具刃口磨损特征演化规律,以涂层硬质合金刀具为研究对象进行纯铁材料精密切削试验。结果表明：涂层硬质合金刀具精密切削纯铁材料的磨损特征有后刀面均匀磨损带、主沟槽磨损、副沟槽磨损、刀尖磨损;主、副沟槽磨损长度都随着切削时间增加而增大且大于后刀面磨损量,沟槽磨损深度与沟槽磨损长度大致呈线性正相关;刀尖退化与后刀面磨损变化规律相互对应,切削初期磨损率大,随后磨损缓慢。