水剂法提取澳洲坚果油的化学成分及其抗氧化活性研究

采用水剂法从烘干的澳洲坚果仁中提取仁油,先对其基本理化性质进行分析,再通过红外、气相和液相色谱法对坚果油的红外特性、脂肪酸组成、生育酚、磷脂、甾醇进行分析,并通过测定其氧化诱导时间和清除DPPH自由基的能力来综合评价澳洲坚果油的抗氧化能力。结果表明:水剂法提取的澳洲坚果油的过氧化值、酸价、碘值、皂化值、折光率、水分及挥发物含量分别为0.59 mmoL/kg、0.28 mg KOH/g、74.21g/100g、198.78mg KOH/g、1.466 8、0.36%;红外谱图显示澳洲坚果油具有坚果油的特征吸收;脂肪酸分析发现其不饱和脂肪酸含量为83.45%,其中棕榈油酸和油酸含量分别为17.25%和61.44%;甾醇含量为55.51 mg/100g;总酚酸含量为31.87 mg/100g;磷脂和生育酚均未检出;澳洲坚果油的氧化诱导时间为11.44h,其清除DPPH自由基的能力达89.84%,具有良好的抗氧化能力。     

不同干燥方式对澳洲坚果品质的影响

以适时采摘的澳洲坚果为原料,探讨自然晾晒、热泵干燥、热风干燥以及超声协同热风干燥4 种干燥方式对澳洲坚果果仁品质（水分含量、色泽、质地、酸价、过氧化值和不饱和脂肪酸含量）的影响。结果表明：热泵干燥得到的澳洲坚果果仁水分含量最低,硬度与酸价最小,油酸和棕榈油酸含量最高,果仁脆度最大;但自然晾晒对澳洲坚果果仁的色泽影响最小,且超声协同热风干燥和自然晾晒对澳洲坚果果仁的过氧化值影响最小。综合分析,热泵干燥效果最优,其不仅能提升干燥效率还能较好地保持澳洲坚果品质。     

澳洲坚果油储藏期间氧化稳定性的研究

以热榨澳洲坚果油为原料,以酸价、过氧化值、K232值、K268值和氧化诱导时间为氧化稳定性指标,采用Schaal烘箱加速法研究60℃下不同储藏阶段澳洲坚果油的氧化稳定性,同时研究储藏期间脂肪酸组成和总酚、总甾醇等脂质伴随物的变化。结果表明：酸价从0.36 ± 0.05 mg KOH/g升高至1.78 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g,升高4.94倍;过氧化值从0.0047 ± 5.72 × 10-5 g/100 g升高至0.0196 ± 2.52 × 10-4 g/100 g,升高4.17倍;K232值从0.41 ± 0.01升高至0.47 ± 0.01,K268值变化不明显;氧化诱导时间从4.37 h下降至2.59 h,缩短1.68倍。储藏过程中澳洲坚果油脂肪酸组成基本未发生变化;总酚含量从33.45 μg GAE/g减少至20.94 μg GAE/g,减少1.59倍;总甾醇含量基本未发生变化。因此,澳洲坚果油储藏过程中,品质和稳定性均在不同程度上降低,多酚在澳洲坚果油中起到一定的抗氧化作用,虽然澳洲坚果油的氧化稳定性逐渐降低,但较大豆油、菜籽油等其他植物油相比,其仍具有更好的氧化稳定性。这些结果有助于澳洲坚果油的开发和在食品加工中的应用。     

响应面法优化澳洲坚果真空油炸工艺及品质分析

以澳洲坚果果仁为原料,制备真空油炸产品。采用单因素实验和响应面Box-Behnken试验进行真空油炸工艺优化;以原料果仁为对照,测定真空油炸果仁含油率、酸价、过氧化值、色差与感官品质指标。结果表明：冷冻温度、真空油炸温度、真空油炸时间和真空度对澳洲坚果果仁的口感和风味品质影响差异极显著（P<0.01）,澳洲坚果果仁真空油炸最佳工艺条件：冷冻温度-24℃、真空油炸温度113℃、真空油炸时间58 min、真空度-0.095 MPa,在该工艺条件下制得的澳洲坚果果仁香味浓郁、口感酥松,感官评分为95.90分,酸价、过氧化值分别为0.23 mg/g、0.14 g/100 g,在低水平范围内,符合LY/T 1963-2018的标准要求。因此,真空油炸工艺极显著提高了澳洲坚果果仁的品质。     

提取方法对澳洲坚果油的化学成分及其抗氧化活性影响研究

本文旨在研究不同提取方法(水剂法、压榨法、溶剂法)对澳洲坚果油主要理化性质、活性成分、脂肪酸组成和红外光谱的影响,并采用DPPH自由基清除能力和氧化稳定性来综合评价澳洲坚果油的抗氧化活性。结果表明:三种提取方法得到的澳洲坚果油的理化性质(过氧化值、酸价、皂化值、碘值等)均符合国家食用油标准;与溶剂法和水剂法相比,压榨法得到的澳洲坚果油表现出较好的产品特性,其总酚酸含量((41.82±0.73)mg/100 g)、不饱和脂肪酸含量(83.67%)最高,且其氧化诱导时间((13.87±0.37)h)最长,清除DPPH自由基能力(46.70%)最强。红外谱图显示不同提取方法得到的澳洲坚果油均具有坚果油的特征吸收,且提取方法对其分子结构没有影响;通过分析不同提取方法得到的澳洲坚果油的品质,可为提取高品质澳洲坚果油奠定理论基础,同时也为澳洲坚果油的工业化生产提供了参考依据。     

基于不同贮藏温度下油茶籽油氧化模型的建立

研究贮藏过程中油茶籽油品质指标变化及预测模型,为油茶籽油的安全贮藏及品质预测提供参考,探讨不同温度下(20、40、60℃)油茶籽油酸价和过氧化值随储藏时间的变化趋势,采用动力学和人工神经网络模型进行拟合,并采用25℃贮藏条件下油茶籽油的酸价和过氧化值对模型进行校验。结果表明:酸价和过氧化值的变化随储藏时间的增加而增加,而且温度越高变化越快;酸价的动力学和神经网络模型的相关系数分别为0.995 9和0.998 0;过氧化值动力学和神经网络模型的相关系数分别为0.933 9和0.991 3;模型拟合效果极好;模型校正过程,酸价和过氧化值动力学模型预测值和实测值之间的平均相对误差分别为:6.66%、42.17%;而酸价和过氧化值对应的神经网络模型预测效果更好,预测值和实测值之间的平均相对误差分别为:2.34%、6.38%;表明神经网络模型较之动力学模型,泛化能力更好,误差更小,能更加准确预测油茶籽油在储藏过程中酸值和过氧化值的变化趋势。     

葡萄籽油提取工艺的研究

葡萄籽中油脂含量一般在14%～17%,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量在90%以上,亚油酸含量在70%以上.主要研究了提取溶剂、提取温度、提取时间、料液比、葡萄籽的含水量和粉碎度对葡萄籽中油的提取得率的影响,并采用正交试验对提取条件进行了优化.结果显示,提取溶剂、提取温度、提取时间、提取料液比、葡萄籽的含水量和粉碎度对提取效果均有显著性影响.通过研究,初步确定了葡萄籽油的适宜提取条件.即:以石油醚(30～60)作为提取剂;提取温度65℃;提取时间3h;提取料液比为1:12,葡萄籽含水量为9.5%,葡萄籽粒度80目.以该优化条件进行提取,葡萄籽中毛油的得率达到20.78%(w/w).将在正交试验所得的最优条件下制得的葡萄籽油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行检测,结果为:相对密度为0.907,酸价为3.21mgKOH/g,皂化值为136.4mgKOH/g,过氧化值为6.65mmol/kg,碘价为127.2I2g/100g.葡萄籽油中的主要不饱和脂肪酸为亚油酸和油酸,其中亚油酸占整个脂肪酸含量的71.20%,油酸占17.53%.     

小球藻不饱和脂肪酸碱提法工艺优化及其品质分析

本论文采用直接碱提法对小球藻油脂不饱和脂肪酸进行提取,在单因素试验的基础上进一步通过响应面试验对提取工艺进行优化。并以大豆油为参照,对小球藻的不饱和脂肪酸组成进行了测定。此外在大豆油中分别添加了不同浓度的小球藻不饱和脂肪酸并对其过氧化值和酸价等油脂品质特性指标进行分析。结果表明,小球藻不饱和脂肪酸的最佳提取条件为提取料液比1:25（g/mL）、提取温度50 ℃、提取时间60 min,在此工艺条件下小球藻不饱和脂肪酸得率达3.15±0.045%;小球藻不饱和脂肪酸的主要成分依次为亚油酸（62.96±0.86）%、棕榈油酸（12.14±0.025）%、棕榈酸（9.88±0.068）%、油酸（8.62±0.037）%,并富含其他多种脂肪酸;在大豆油中添加小球藻不饱和脂肪酸会提高油脂的过氧化值和酸价,但过氧化值和酸价的升高均在合理范围内,对油脂的品质无明显负面影响。     

澳洲坚果油脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对澳洲坚果油中的脂肪酸组成进行分析.结果表明,澳洲坚果油有10种脂肪酸,主要有棕榈油酸、油酸和11-二十烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸(相对含量77.23%)以及月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸等饱和脂肪酸(相对含量22.39%),其中油酸相对含量达58.60%.     

不同温度处理的风干牛肉贮藏过程中脂肪变化

为了研究干燥温度对风干牛肉贮藏过程中脂肪酸组成的变化规律,选取新疆褐牛后腿肉为研究对象,经腌制后分别进行20 ℃ 48 h、40 ℃ 20 h、50 ℃ 12 h、60 ℃ 8 h的风干处理,冷却后置于4 ℃冰箱贮藏,分别在第0、15、30天和第60天取样,检测其pH值、过氧化值、酸价、硫代巴比妥酸反应底物（thiobarbituric acid reaction substrate,TBARS）值、脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成变化。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,pH值先降低后略微升高（P＞0.05）;处理温度对脂肪含量影响显著（P＜0.05）,而贮藏时间对脂肪含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）;相同温度处理的样品过氧化值、酸价和TBARS值随着贮藏时间的延长呈增加的趋势;处理温度对风干牛肉中肌内脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯和磷脂相对含量影响也不明显,但对游离脂肪酸含量影响较明显,且温度越高,游离脂肪酸相对含量越高;与20 ℃处理组相比,60 ℃处理组样品中游离脂肪酸相对含量在0、15、30、60 d分别增加了0.84%、1.82%、1.45%、1.14%;50、60 ℃处理组的样品随着贮藏时间的延长,磷脂脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）相对含量降低,游离脂肪酸中的PUFA相对含量增加。本实验结果可为阐明不同温度影响风干牛肉加工过程中风味形成的原因提供一定参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the