影响生物组织冻结过程的两个因素

本文在Pennes生物传热议程的基础上,应用变时间步长法对冷冻外科手术中冷刀周围生物组织的冻结过程进行了数值求解,分析了在冷刀壁面温度随时间非线性变化的边界条件下,血流灌注率和代谢产热对相变区温度分布和相变界面移动速率的影响,结果表明,血流灌注率的大小对组织的影响较显著,而代谢产热的影响则不十分明显,因此,在预测冷冻外科手术温度场分布时,应考虑血流灌注的影响。     

冷冻外科中一维相变问题的数值解

用变时间步长法求解了冷冻外科手术时模拟生物组织中的一维相变问题。计算方法经与文献比较,简便可行。运用本文的计算方法计算并讨论了不同边界条件下,相变区的温度场分布和无量纲相界面降温速率随Ｓｔｅ数的变化,计算分析表明,相变区的温度基本呈线性分布,无量纲相界面降温速率随Ｓｔｅ数增大而降低,所得结论可对冷刀设计和冷冻外科手术提供帮助。     

生物组织低温作用下相变冻结界面研究

探讨了细胞及生物组织在低温下造成损伤和破坏的机理,给出了生物组织在低温冷冻探头作用下的相变冻结界面半径与低温冷冻探头壁面温度的关系,以及相变冻结界面随时间的变化、相变冻结界面扩展速率随时间的变化关系.     

影响血浆冷冻效果因素的数值模拟研究

血浆袋中心点温度降至-30℃是衡量血浆冷冻过程的最终指标,冷冻过程中的降温速率和温度分布均匀性是决定血浆冷冻质量的关键因素。本文通过实验测定了血浆的热物性参数,结合数值模拟方法研究不同冷冻温度对血浆冷冻过程中降温速率和温度分布均匀性的影响。结果表明:降低冷冻温度,可缩短血浆中心达到-30℃所需的冷冻时间,但使血浆内温度均匀性变差;不同冷冻温度时,由于空气与血袋壁面换热能力相对较弱,血浆最高温度均分布在与空气接触壁面附近;通过增大血袋与冷冻箱内壁的接触面积或提高空气的流速、湍流度,可能成为增大血浆降温速率和温度均匀性的重要措施。     

生物组织冻结过程中的应力分析

为了预测生物组织低温保存过程中所受到的机械损伤 ,建立了一维球对称模型 ,模拟计算了降温过程相变界面随时间的移动 ,壁面温度随时间的变化 ;组织内温度分布不均引起的热应力随时间变化及其在壁面的分布。主要考虑了降温速率的影响 ,当降温速率低于某一值时 ,降温速率越高 ,组织内部所受热应力越大 ;降温速率超出这个值 ,组织内的热应力不再随降温速率变化     

不同保存温度下生物材料冻结过程中断裂分析

为了预测生物组织低温保存过程中所受到的机械损伤,本建立了一维轴对称柱状模型,模拟计算了降温过程相变界面随时间的移动,壁面温度随时间的变化;组织内温度分布不均引起的热应力随时间变化及其在壁面的分布。主要考虑了最低保存温度的影响,保存温度越低,管壁内部温度变化速率越快,组织内部所受热应力越大;当此应力超过血管壁所能承受的极限应力时,在管壁上会产生裂纹。     

血管影响肿瘤治疗效果的仿真研究

在冷冻治疗中,无论对于正常组织还是病变组织,血管的存在对冷冻治疗效果影响显著,研究血管对于冷冻过程的影响机理意义重大。本文建立了一种基于柔性冷刀治疗系统的三维传热传质模型用于研究血管对冷冻过程的影响,采用周围血管半径为0.7 mm的肿瘤组织作为模拟对象,分别对距离冷刀3、6 mm及垂直方向和水平方向的血管进行研究,分析血管对于温度场的分布,﹣1、﹣8、﹣20、﹣40 ℃等值面的分布特性及组织损伤程度的影响。研究发现,血管越靠近冷刀对冷刀周围温度场的扰动越大,其中X=3 mm处的血管对温度的影响最大,而Z=﹣3 mm处的血管干扰冷冻过程,使组织损伤范围最小。血管与冷刀平行比与冷刀垂直对冷冻过程温度的影响大,但血管与冷刀平行的组织损伤范围大。     

接触式超声波辅助平板冷冻对胡萝卜冷冻速率的影响

超声波可以促进晶核形成,缩短冻结时间并且获得较高的冻结品质,但该技术目前多用于液态样品或浸渍冷冻过程,在固体果蔬样品平板冷冻过程中的应用未见报道。本文设计制作了一种接触式超声波辅助冷冻平板,用于固体果蔬的冷冻过程,并进行了三组实验:1)在-1℃施加10 s不同功率(0 W,122.6 W,178.7 W,229.8 W)的超声波;2)在-1℃施加178.7 W超声波,作用0 s,5 s,10 s,15 s;3)在不同阶段(预冷段,相变段,终了段)施加178.7 W的超声波10 s。分别研究了超声波的作用功率、作用时间、作用阶段等参数对胡萝卜冷冻速率的影响,结果表明:在相变阶段作用178.7 W的超声波10 s,能显著降低样品通过最大冰晶生成段的时间tcf和总冻结时间ttf,提高样品的冷冻速率。     

浸没发热球体冷冻水绕流作用下水体温度稳定性分析

本文通过推导在冷冻水绕流发热球体传热过程中,水池内水体平均温度随时间的变化公式,研究冷冻水理论降温所需最小流量、水体稳定温度和所需稳定时间的主要影响因素,分析水池内所容纳水体质量及初始温度、冷冻水流量及温度等参数对水体温度稳定性的影响。根据某工程实际情况确定冷冻水温度、流量等参数,运用理论推导公式和CFD模拟技术计算水体温度稳定性。结果表明:当冷冻水温度为17℃时,理论最小质量流量为83. 7 t/h。经过6~7个月后水体温度将达到稳定,稳定温度为22. 4℃。     

基于半导体制冷预冷的氮气冷冻刀系统实验研究

设计了基于三级半导体制冷的氮气J-T效应预冷器,研制了直径3 mm的冷冻探针,搭建了基于半导体制冷预冷的氮气冷冻刀降温实验系统。实验结果表明,本系统中冷冻刀在氮气初始压力8.5 MPa下节流温度可达-98.3℃,在初始压力为12 MPa下,节流后的氮气最低温度可达-120℃;冷冻刀的冷量随刀头恒定制冷温度的不同而不同,在氮气初始压力为8.5 MPa下,其制冷温度恒定为-47℃时,冷量为30 W,可满足杀死细胞的要求;水中冻结实验表明,氮气初始压力越大,冷冻刀冷量越大。     

高强度聚焦超声作用下体模组织温度上升研究

为研究高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)作用下组织温度上升规律,建立了高强度聚焦声场和组织温度场有限元仿真模型,并通过体外辐照实验对仿真模型进行了验证。通过仿真对水和组织域中的聚焦声场进行建模,计算吸收声能并将其用作热源以计算组织内的温升。进一步制备仿生物组织凝胶体模,利用热电偶进行HIFU作用下体模组织焦点处的测温。结果表明:该模型可有效预测HIFU治疗时的温度上升,与实验所得温度误差不超过 3℃;体模组织受到超声辐照时温度会立即升高,起初温升速率较快,随着辐照时间延长,温升速率逐渐降低,停止辐照后温度立即下降。     

震荡热管应用于玻璃化保存中的数值模拟

介绍了震荡热管应用于玻璃化保存的新方案,建立了生物组织在玻璃化保存过程中的数学模型,通过ANSYS分析软件,对样品在降温过程中的温度场进行了计算分析和数值模拟.得出了生物组织的瞬时温度分布,并通过模拟结果,计算出了生物组织在降温过程中的降温速率可达2×10~4 ℃/s.研究结果表明:极快速的降温速率可使细胞或组织快速通过0 ℃--60 ℃的危险温度区域,从而抑制冰晶的生成和长大, 减轻胞内冰造成的细胞损伤.     

Light transport in three-dimensional semi-infinite scattering media

The three-dimensional radiative transfer equation is solved for modeling the light propagation in anisotropically scattering semi-infinite media such as biological tissue, considering the effect of internal reflection at the interfaces. The two-dimensional Fourier transform and the modified spherical harmonics method are applied to derive the general solution to the associated homogeneous problem in terms of analytical functions. The obtained solution is used for solving boundary-value problems, which are important for applications in the biomedical optics field. The derived equations are successfully verified by comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations.     

In vitro cytocompatibility evaluation of a thermoresponsive NIPAAm-MMA copolymeric surface using L929 cells

Scaffold free tissue constructs are preferred in tissue engineering as they overcome all the problems associated with scaffolds. Stimuli responsive polymers enable generation of scaffold free multilayered tissue constructs which would in turn reduce the use of biomaterials in vivo. In this study, we investigated cytocompatibility and thermoresponsiveness of a copolymer of N-Isopropylacrylamide and Methyl Methacrylate. Thermoresponsive surfaces were prepared by coating tissue culture polystyrene with the copolymer solution in isopropanol. Mammalian fibroblast cells (L929 cells) readily adhered on the copolymer. The viability and cellular activity was ensured through Neutral red staining, MTT assay, Tritiated thymidine uptake assay and Immunofluorescent staining for cytoskeletal organisation. Incubation under lower critical solution temperature of copolymer resulted in intact detachment of cells. To conclude, in-house synthesized cytocompatible smart culture substrate intended for tissue engineering was developed using a cost effective and simple technique. Moreover, presence of methyl methacrylate in the copolymer reduced the lower critical solution temperature facilitating extended in vitro manipulation time. As the copolymer is insoluble in water, the copolymer could be polymerised without additional crosslinkers.     

Quantitation of manganese by use of an electron spin resonance method

An electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement is described for the quantitation of manganese in biological materials. The content of Mn was measured at room temperature by using 5 microL of a solution of the tissue wet-ashed with HNO3. In the ESR spectrum, Mn(H2O)6(2+) showed the characteristic six lines, and interferences were not detected from other substances in the tissues. For these tissue samples, good agreement was obtained between the values obtained by the present method and those obtained by conventional flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Mn in urine, blood, and most tissues were so low that enrichment of Mn by coprecipitation with ZnS was applied for these samples. It took, however, only 5 min to quantify Mn in 1 mL of urine.     

Simulation of heating of biological tissues in the process of ultrahigh-frequency therapy

A physicomathematical model of the temperature distribution over the surface and the bulk of a biological object (human palm) exposed to an ultrahigh-frequency electric field (40.68 MHz) for therapeutic purposes is presented. Various approaches to studying the propagation of laser radiation and radio-frequency electromagnetic waves in biological tissues are considered. The temperature distributions in various biotissues, obtained by numerical solution of the nonstationary heat problem, are presented.__________Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 106–111, January–February, 2005.     

Radial Structure of the Temperature Field in Biological Tissue under Irradiation by a Laser Beam

Using the previously developed method, we have obtained analytically the Green function in the time and radial coordinates for the problem on medium heating under external irradiation. On this basis, the radial structure of the temperature field in the biological tissue has been investigated. The influence of the radial diffusion of light on the thermal conditions of the tissue has been estimated, and it has been shown that at fairly large times after irradiation such diffusion can be neglected. Examples of radial and depth temperature distributions at various optical parameters of the tissue are given. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 82–86, July–August, 2005.     

Applications of viscoelastic clock models in biomechanics

The viscoelastic response of inert polymers, with respect to stress relaxation and creep, can be sped up by increasing their temperature or slowed down by decreasing their temperature. An explanation for such behavior is the existence of an internal clock whose speed relative to the laboratory clock is affected by temperature. It is assumed that the viscoelastic response of biological tissue can be affected by a biochemical factor, such as a hormone or medication, in a manner similar to that of temperature for an inert polymer. The concept of the intrinsic clock is introduced into the constitutive theory for the viscoelastic response of biological materials. Two examples are presented that illustrate the implications of a biochemically dependent internal clock: (1) cervical softening during birth due to a hormone release, (2) blood vessel dilation induced by medication.     

Influence of Optical and Thermophysical Characteristics of Biological Tissue on Its Thermal Conditions Under Laser Irradiation

On the basis of the developed analytical method of solving the heat conduction equation in a multicomponent biological tissue, its thermal conditions under laser irradiation have been investigated. Quantitative data on the temperature fields under a wide variation of the optical and thermophysical parameters in the tissue in the 400– 700-nm range of wavelengths are given. The steady-state regime of the field in the tissue at various depths has been investigated. Estimates of the possible use of the time dependence of temperature under tissue cooling to solve the inverse problem — determine the heat-conductivity coefficient, the parameter of heat exchange with the medium, and the depth attenuation coefficient of light — are given. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 15–21, May–June, 2005.