改性铵油炸药生产工艺研究

为了改进铵油炸药的起爆和传爆性能,从传统铵油炸药生产工艺出发,分析了原材料和工艺参数等方面对铵油炸药爆炸性能的影响,通过反复试验,获得了合理的工艺配方和工艺参数,经过一年多的生产实践表明,生产的铵油炸药能在小直径条件下由8号雷管直接可靠起爆,并且能够可靠传爆。     

低爆速震源药柱的配方研究

研究一种以低爆速膨化硝铵炸药为主装药的低爆速震源药柱。用自敏化改性膨化硝酸铵为氧化剂的低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的配方为(质量分数):膨化硝酸铵83%~87%、木粉3.0%~4.0%、复合油2.0%~3.0%、高能添加剂4.0%~5.0%和稀释剂6%~8%。研究表明,低爆速膨化硝铵震源药柱具有稳定的爆炸性能和优良的安全性能,其爆速为2 200~2 500m.-s 1,装药密度0.78~0.82 g.cm-3,各种环境条件下的起爆率均为100%。     

炸药由燃烧转爆轰

一、研究炸药由燃烧转爆轰的意义1. 燃烧转爆轰的难易可作为划分起爆药和猛炸药的判据之一炸药由燃烧可以转变为爆轰,不管是起爆药还是猛炸药,这种性质是它们的共性。一般讲,起爆药可以在不加限制的装药条件下由点火燃烧转变为爆轰,并且从不会熄灭;但猛炸药一般必须由冲击波引起它的爆轰,在装药尺寸不是非常大的情况,由点火燃烧转变为爆轰必须在强的限制条件下才有可能。另外,起爆药由燃烧转变为爆轰非常迅速,如叠氮化铅,由点火到爆轰的时间仅为1. 2±0. 5μs,药柱燃烧的长度小于2mm;而猛炸药则需要长得多的时间和药柱燃烧长度,如 D.price 等对73. 4%TMD(最大理论密度)的 TNT,测得其燃烧转爆轰所需的时间为180μs 左右,药柱燃烧长度为147±5mm(TNT 装药和点火药之间加了     

铝粉-空气混合物的燃烧转爆轰过程

利用自行设计的长29.6 m、内径199 mm配有40套喷粉扬尘装置的大型水平爆轰管,研究了细片状铝粉-空气混合物在40 J弱点火条件下火焰从发生到加速、最后实现爆轰转捩的全过程,探讨了铝粉浓度和点火延迟时间对爆轰参数的影响.结果表明,铝粉-空气混合物燃烧转爆轰(DDT)过程可分为慢速反应压缩阶段和快速反应冲击阶段.当点火延迟时间为370 ms,铝粉质量浓度为300 g/m~3时,在管道中距离点火位置83倍长径比处峰值超压为9.8 MPa,爆速为1 670 m/s,发生了DDT过程.在铝粉-空气混合物自持爆轰波的传播过程中,由于呈现螺旋爆轰波结构,爆速和峰值超压随着传播距离振荡.     

LLM-105/EPDM造型粉的制备及性能

以LLM-105为主体炸药,EPDM(乙丙三元橡胶)为黏结剂,采用溶液-水悬浮法制备了LLM-105/EPDM造型粉,并将其压制成药柱.用SEM对包覆前后样品的形貌进行了表征,并对其机械感度、热分解特性、热安定性和爆速进行了测试和分析.结果表明,与LLM-105和其他传爆药相比,EPDM/LLM-105造型粉的机械感度有一定程度的降低,热稳定性显著提高;当传爆药柱的装药密度为1.518 g/cm~3时,爆速可达7915 m/s.     

复合结构装药爆轰波爆速与曲率关系的数值模拟

为了研究复合结构中爆轰波传播速度和曲率的关系,利用通用有限元程序AUTODYN对钝感复合装药结构单点起爆的爆轰效应进行了数值模拟。分析说明了不同尺寸的装药结构爆速和曲率的对应变化情况,根据曲面爆轰波曲率和爆速的线性近似关系,描述了复合装药药柱的爆速与曲率的关系方程,并拟合得到了相关参数。     

FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性

为研究FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的冲击起爆特性,对其进行了冲击波感度试验和冲击起爆试验,结合冲击波在铝隔板中的衰减特性,确定了FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药的临界隔板值和临界起爆压力,并通过锰铜压阻传感器记录了起爆至稳定爆轰过程压力历程的变化。结果表明,以Φ40mm×50mm的JH-14为主发装药时,FOX-7和RDX基含铝炸药临界隔板值分别为37.51和34.51mm,对应的临界起爆压力为10.91和11.94GPa;起爆压力为11.58GPa时,FOX-7炸药的到爆轰距离为25.49~30.46mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为27.68GPa,爆轰速度为8 063m/s;起爆压力为14.18GPa时,RDX基含铝炸药的到爆轰距离为17.27~23.53mm,稳定爆轰后的爆轰压力为17.16GPa,爆轰速度为6 261m/s。     

改性铵油炸药爆炸性能影响因素探讨

文章从原材料及加工和工艺条件、药卷密度等方面探讨了改性铵油炸药爆炸性能的影响因素,通过有效控制该气流干燥改性连续球磨混药铵油炸药生产线加工过程,制造出性能优良的改性铵油炸药。     

一种改性铵油炸药连续化生产中的均匀混合设备

文章介绍了改性铵油炸药连续化生产的关键性混合设备之一卧式多辊连续混合机,对该设备的结构特征、工作原理、混合过程及安全措施进行分析,认为该设备能充分适应改性铵油炸药连续化生产工艺要求,对改性铵油炸药连续化自动化生产和发展具有重大意义。     

分散药T型装药控制二次引爆型FAE云雾研究

为了控制新型FAE弹体云雾的窜火、形状、直径与高度等,设计出直径不同的两种药柱间隔装填的分散药T型装药结构,着重对两种药柱的半径、高度、爆速、密度、分散药燃料比进行了设计。在假设小药柱以平面爆轰波引爆大药柱的前提下,对大药柱爆轰波正常传播条件进行了理论推导。选择宏观固态燃料,对Φ330mm×430mm的新型FAE炸弹进行静爆实验;运用柯达高速运动系统观测云雾形成及爆轰过程,并对FAE云雾的直径、高度和体积进行了处理和分析。结果表明,分散药T型装药能有效地控制FAE云雾的形状、直径、高度以及云雾体积,特别是对遏制云雾窜火有很好的效果。     

An empirical confinement model for ANFO explosive

Ammonium-nitrate-fuel-oil (ANFO) explosive, one of the most used mining explosives, exhibits highly non-ideal behaviour. The non-ideality of the detonation is manifested in the strong dependence of the detonation velocity on the charge radius and existence and the characteristics of confinement. This can lead to the detonation velocities as low as one-third of the ideal velocity. The literature reported experimental detonation velocities of cylindrical ANFO charges confined in different confiners (aluminium, copper, steel, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyvinyl chloride) are analysed in this paper. An empirical confinement model, which relates the detonation velocity to the charge radius and the mass of the confiner to the mass of explosive ratio per unit length, is proposed. The model predicts the detonation velocity of unconfined and confined ANFO charges with a mean average percentage error of 8.8 %.     

Mathematical simulation of heterogeneous detonation of coal dust in oxygen with allowance for the ignition stage

A consistent physicomathematical model that describes ignition and detonation combustion of a gas suspension of coal-dust particles is developed. The model is based on the concepts of the two-velocity two-temperature continuum of mechanics of heterogeneous media with allowance for reduced reactions of pyrolysis, combustion of volatiles, and combustion of the coke residue. The model is verified with the use of available experimental data on the dependence of the detonation velocity on the initial concentration of the discrete phase and the dependence of the ignition delay on the Mach number of the incident shock wave. An analysis of ignition of the gas suspension of bituminous coal in shock waves shows that the stage of ignition proceeds under conditions of both temperature and velocity nonequilibrium. The influence of particle heating due to stagnation temperature on devolatilization dynamics and ignition delay is established. Examples of computed flow structures behind shock and detonation waves with allowance for the ignition stage are presented.Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 89–99, January–February, 2005.     

Investigation and mapping of toxic fumes produced by detonation of ANFO explosives in underground space

Post-blast fumes are hazardous and known to cause severe health related issues of workers. Further, these harmful gases have a significant impact on the surrounding environment. Thus, it is imperative to have an in-depth understanding of the real time detonation fume generation in underground space to avoid hazardous health risk of the worker. In this context, the mapping of toxic fume concentrations generated by the detonation of ANFO explosives in the actual field is a fascinating area of research that has a great environmental impact. This article examined the real-time analysis of toxic fumes generated by ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) explosives at various locations of a metalliferous underground mine. Furthermore, detonation parameters of various ANFO explosive compositions were also studied at the mining site. On-site blasting studies were performed with ANFO explosives, and post-detonation fume measurements enabled us to map the CO and NO_x concentrations in underground spaces. Toxic fumes like CO and NO_x were analyzed before and after each blasting operation at different intervals, and found within the allowed limit as per the Directorate General of Mines Safety guidelines. Additionally, an empirical correlation has been established to evaluate the maximum detonation velocity based on the alteration of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil composition.     

Influence of Ammonium Nitrate Prills' Properties on Detonation Velocity of ANFO

Prilled/granulated ammonium nitrate is commonly used as a fertilizer and a basic ingredient of industrial explosives, especially of ANFO. One of the most important factors that affect the explosive properties of ANFO is the porosity of the prills/granules. This paper describes an attempt to manufacture ammonium nitrate prills of determined porosity in order to investigate its influence on the ANFO detonation velocity. A method of manufacturing porous ammonium nitrate prills with a high‐level of oil absorption (up to 20% by volume) was developed. The relations between porosity and granulometric distribution of ammonium nitrate prills versus the detonation velocity of ANFO were examined. It has been proved that the detonation velocity of ANFO increases significantly with higher porosity and smaller size of ammonium nitrate prills/granules. The influence of ANFO oxygen balance (researched by changing the content of fuel oil in the mixture) on detonation velocity has been determined for two kinds of ammonium nitrate prills–one with a low and another one with a high level of porosity.     

含ACP改性双基推进剂的燃烧转爆轰实验研究

为研究快燃物ACP对改性双基推进剂燃烧转爆轰性能的影响,利用DDT管建立相应的测试系统,对推进剂在多孔装药条件下的燃烧转爆轰过程进行了实验研究.实验中采用电离探针和压电式压力传感器记录了燃烧与爆轰波阵面的位置一时间关系和压力波形图,利用实验结果计算并比较了波阵面的传播速度、爆轰形成点的位置以及药床不同位置的压力值.结果表明,快燃物ACP能够增大改性双基推进剂转爆轰的倾向,当ACP的质量分数从5%增加到7%时,装药燃烧转爆轰的倾向增大比较明显.     

Energy release of mixed explosives during propagation of a nonideal detonation under conditions similar to the operation conditions of a blasthole charge

Detonation experiments were performed in a specially developed explosive device simulating a blasthole using charges of fine-grained and coarse-grained (granular) 30/70 TNT/ammonium nitrate mixtures of identical density 0.89 g/cm³ in steel shells with an inner diameter of 28 mm and a wall thickness of 3 mm at detonation velocities of 4.13 and 2.13 km/sec, respectively. Despite significant differences in detonation velocity (pressure), identical expansion of the charge shells was observed. On the other hand, numerical simulations of detonation propagation in the explosive device with the corresponding velocities ignoring the possibility of energy release behind the shock front show that the expansion of the charge shell is always greater in the case of a high-velocity regime. It is concluded that under the conditions simulating detonation propagation and the work of explosion products in a blasthole, effective additional energy release occurs behind the low-velocity (nonideal) detonation front. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 111–120, July–August, 2007.     

薄环形装药起爆技术研究

设计和压制了一种薄型起爆药片及环形药柱,并对其隔爆和起爆能力、可靠性和同步性进行了测试研究。采用环形装药起爆可以有效地提高聚能装药的威力,而且其威力随着环形装药直径的增加而增加。研究结果对于传爆序列的可靠性和起爆技术的研究有重要的参考价值,可用于聚能装药的起爆,提高其作战能力。     

Performance Properties of Commercial Explosives

The aquarium test is a proven means of obtaining nonidial performance property data for commercial blasting agents. Optical data on the detonation velocity, shock wave in water, and expansion rate of the pipe enclosing the detonation products (in combination with the equilibrium thermodynamic chemistry code BKW) give the C-J state and degree of chemical reaction at the detonation front, as well as information on additional chemical reaction that occurs as the detonation products expand. Specific explosive systems that are studied are ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture (ANFO), aluminized ANFO, flaked trinitrotoluene (TNT), and several other commercial products in 10-cm-diam and 20-cm-diam pipes of Plexiglas and clay. Experimental shock pressure data are obtained with lithium niobate transducers placed in the water surrounding the explosive charge. These data show that the addition of ∼ 100-μm aluminum particles to ANFO significantly increases the initial peak shock pressure delivered to the surrounding medium. Peak shock pressures in the water, calculated from the shock-wave orientation, are also useful in comparing performance properties of various commercial explosives.     

爆轰火焰在管道阻火器内的传播与淬熄特性

在水平封闭的直管中,采用自主研制的阻爆实验系统(包括传感器系统、配气系统、数据采集系统、点火系统等)对不同活性预混气体爆轰火焰在波纹管道阻火器内的传播与淬熄过程进行了实验研究。结果显示当可燃气体接近当量浓度时(丙烷4.2%、乙烯6.6%、氢气28.5%,均为体积分数),预混气体从点燃到火焰淬熄过程历时非常短,总体可分为4个阶段,缓慢燃烧阶段、快速燃烧阶段、加速燃烧阶段和超压振荡阶段。丙烷-空气、乙烯-空气预混气体在D=80 mm的管道阻火器中,爆炸压力峰值较高。当管道直径增加至400 mm时,爆炸压力峰值逐渐降低,其中乙烯-空气预混气体的爆炸压力峰值仅为3 MPa左右;氢气-空气预混气体的爆炸压力峰值随管径的增加呈递增趋势。对爆轰速度的研究结果表明,丙烷-空气、乙烯-空气预混气体爆轰速度数值相差不大,丙烷-空气预混气体甚至稍高些;而氢气-空气的爆轰速度数值较高。而且随着管径的增加,管壁热损失增大及其阻力因素等原因影响使预混气体爆轰速度趋向平稳。最后,从经典传热学理论出发,推导出了阻火单元厚度与爆轰火焰速度之间的关系。并结合实验数据,提出了爆轰安全阻火速度的计算方法,为工业装置阻火器的设计和选型提供更为准确的参考依据。