新能源并网输电电缆谐波谐振分析及抑制方法

光伏发电或风力发电的选址距配电网一般较远,往往需要通过电缆进行连接。由于电缆的寄生电容较大,使得配电网中的谐波电压在长电缆中出现谐波谐振的问题。在电缆线路终端加入电阻可以有效阻尼电缆上的谐波谐振,且最优的电阻值为电缆的特征阻抗。利用分布式能源并网逆变器,在输出基波有功能量的同时,通过有源谐波电阻的控制策略在连续的谐波频率上模拟纯电阻的特性,可以实现阻尼宽频域谐波谐振的功能。文中首先建立了电缆线路的分布参数模型,并且分析了由于新能源并网接入点电压谐波而引起的电缆线路谐波谐振问题。然后,基于有源谐波电阻的思想,提出一种新的谐波电流指令生成方法,可以实现新能源并网逆变器在连续的谐波频率上呈现纯电阻特性。最后,利用仿真和实验验证了理论分析的正确性及所提出谐波电流控制方式的有效性。     

谐波对电力电缆的影响

为解决非线性负荷产生的谐波所造成电网电压波形畸变问题,在采集输电现场数据结合实验结果的基础上,对谐波在电缆中产生的集肤效应、电缆对地电容、零序谐波的作用、电缆的高频容性效应进行了分析,探究了在输电电缆中非线性负荷谐波的产生机理,提出了为减小谐波影响的电缆结构设计要求。为抗谐波电缆的工程设计提供了理论参考。     

基于神经网络的电力系统高精度频率谐波分析

加窗插值 FFT 算法是电力谐波分析常用的高精度算法，但在严重非同步采样情况下，其谐波分析精度有限。该文提出一种基于神经网络的高精度电力系统频率谐波分析算法。采样频率不能与实际基波频率同步时，该算法通过对与基波频率、谐波幅值及相位等相关参数进行更新，当神经网络收敛时，可以获得高精度的谐波分析结果。仿真结果表明，当基波频率在40~60Hz范围变化时，电力系统基波频率、基波和谐波幅值和相位的分析精度超过99.999 999 999%。     

±800kV特高压直流输电工程换流器谐波特性分析

直流输电工程中的换流器工作时能产生大量谐波,对电力系统稳定和通信线路等造成不良影响.为了有效降低换流器谐波的危害、提高系统运行的可靠性,分析了±800 kV特高压直流输电工程中换流器谐波的时频域特性,以换流器谐波电流与系统运行功率、输送直流电流大小之间的关系作为切入点,将谐波电流畸变率作为判断换流器谐波特性的特征量.根...     

高电缆化率对直流受端输电网谐波传递特性的影响

电缆线路占比增加将使直流受端输电网谐波传递特性发生改变。首先提出了电缆化率的概念,并推导出准确计及电缆化率的输电线路谐波模型,继而建立了计及电缆化率的交直流谐波经直流逆变站出线传递的谐波电压传递系数模型。最后,以上海宜华直流输电工程为例详细分析了在不同直流逆变站出线方式下电缆化率对直流受端输电网谐波相互传递特性的影响。研究结果表明：直流系统与受端输电网谐波相互传递特性受直流逆变站出线方式、线路参数、电缆化率及谐波频次制约;电缆化率增加会引起谐振频率左移,高频段谐波偏移程度更显著;所推导模型可根据线路实际参数、电缆化率定量分析谐波放大程度,作为未来受端输电网电缆线路规划及建设的重要依据。     

Analysis of even harmonics generation in an isolated electric power system

Harmonics bred from loads are mainly odd order because the current waveforms have half‐wave symmetry. Since the even harmonics are negligibly small, they generally are not measured in electric power systems. However, even harmonics were measured at a 500/275/154 kV substation in Hokuriku Electric Power Company after a transmission line fault was corrected. The even harmonics caused malfunctions of protective digital relays because the relays used 4th harmonics at the input filter as the automatic supervisory signal. This paper describes mechanisms of generation of the even harmonics by comparing the measured waveforms with the ATP‐EMTP simulation results. Analysis of these results has clearly shown that there are three different mechanisms of generation of even harmonics. The first mechanism is the appearance of a magnetizing current in transformers due to flux deviation by the DC component of the fault current. The second mechanism is harmonic conversion of a synchronous machine which generates even harmonics when the DC component or the even harmonic current flow into the machine. The third mechanism is an increase of harmonic impedance due to an isolated power system, thus producing the harmonic voltages. The design of the input filter of protective digital relays should take into account even harmonics generation in an isolated power system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 56–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20592     

Impact of cycloconverter harmonics

Findings from a study on the harmonics generated by a 15 MVA three-phase 13.2 kV 60 Hz to single-phase 24/12 kV 25 Hz static frequency converter (SFC) or cycloconverter are summarized. At light loads, some of the characteristic harmonics (e.g. 10 Hz, 110 Hz) have magnitudes that exceed the fundamental frequency. Since the three-phase components at these frequencies do not necessarily nullify each other, many frequency components, in addition to zero-sequence components, can be measured in the neutral (residual) current. Because of low system impedance at harmonic frequencies, the voltage at the 13.2 kV substation supplying the SFC is not severely affected. A worst-case scenario for the voltage spectrum is presented. The corresponding distortion factor is calculated to be 4.12%. The power factor of an assumed parallel load is calculated using this scenario, and the effect of the SFC harmonics on the power factor is found to be insignificant. However, depending on the system impedances, the shunt capacitors for power factor compensation at the assumed load may be ineffective due to harmonic resonance     

First trial of the electric power transmission of 3.8 kV–460 kVA through the prospective power transmission model system integrated under superconducting environment (PROMISE)

Superconducting technology is regarded as a breakthrough to future electric power transmission because of its highly densified and large transmission capability. This paper proposes a concept of the future power system composed of various superconducting apparatuses. A prototype model system called “PROMISE (PROspective power transmission Model system Integrated under Superconducting Environment)” is constructed to prove the realization of the above concept. PROMISE is composed of a superconducting transformer (60 Hz, 6/3 kV, 1000 kVA class), superconducting fault current limiter (6 kV, 200 A class), and superconducting power cable (5 m, 6 kV, 650 A class). This paper also shows that PROMISE realized the transmission of the electric power of 3.8 kV–460 kVA (50 Hz). This is the first achievement in the world. The voltage-current synthetic test verified that PROMISE can withstand ac voltage of 6 kV while carrying ac current of 170 A (60 Hz). The ac loss of superconducting cables, the heat leak of cryostat and the core loss of the superconducting transformer are measured to estimate the transmission loss of PROMISE. These fundamental performances of PROMISE may indicate the feasibility of the future introduction of superconducting technology for electric power systems.     

Power distribution system design for operation under nonsinusoidalload conditions

This paper explores the effects of power system harmonics induced by nonsinusoidal loads on power distribution systems. The first portion examines the harmonic phenomenon to more fully understand harmonic current behavior from an intuitive point of view. The second portion outlines the hazardous effect harmonic currents have on power system components and provides guidance for nonsinusoidal load power distribution system design     

基于阻抗模型的集中式光伏电站谐波放大机理研究

针对现有多逆变器并网系统研究缺乏对集中式大型光伏发电系统建模的问题,利用诺顿、戴维南等效定理对集中式光伏并网系统的发电单元、各级升压变压器、传输线路以及电网进行等值建模,建立并网发电系统的阻抗模型,并在此基础上推导谐波与系统各阻抗间的关系。利用频域分析研究谐波在传输过程中的放大机理,仿真结果给出了谐波电流放大倍数受阻抗模型的等效电源系数与等效耦合导纳的影响关系,为后续研究谐波抑制策略提供理论基础。     

居民用户谐波调查及仿真分析

调查了多种低压民用负荷的谐波情况和典型配电网变压器低压侧的中性线电流和相线电流情况。低压民用负荷会产生大量的谐波和畸变功率,且功率因数较低,是影响配电网无功含量和功率因数的主要因素。配电网中性线电流中的三倍次谐波含量很高,相电流中奇次谐波含量很高,而且配电网的谐波网损很大。利用电磁暂态仿真程序ATP建立了两类主要的低压民用负荷模型,模型的仿真结果与实测数据基本吻合。     

Overcurrent Protection from Earth Faults Based on Higher Harmonics for Compensated 6- to 10-kV Cable Networks

Devices based on the method of absolute measurement of the level of higher harmonics in zerosequence currents of connections of a protected object are the most commonly used for protection from earth faults in compensated 6- to 10-kV cable networks of industrial and urban power-supply systems. However, many years of operating experience have shown that the technical refinement (the selectivity and the sensitivity) of overcurrent protection from earth faults based on the method of absolute measurement of higher harmonics is not always sufficient. One of the reasons for the low technical refinement of these protection devices is the inaccuracy in estimating the maximum and minimum possible higher harmonics levels in the earth-fault current of compensated 6- to 10-kV cable networks, which are required for the selection of the operating current settings and the sensitivity determination. The main factors influencing the maximum and minimum higher harmonics levels in the earth-fault current and their ratio were revealed on the basis of the computational experiments using the imitation models for 6- to 10-kV cable networks, the limiting values of these levels were determined, an determination of the harmonics-level instability in the fault current for cable networks with different total load compositions was given, and its interrelation with the fluctuations of the total coefficient of harmonic voltage components on 6- to 10-kV buses of network power centers was established. The conditions of applicability and the area of application of overcurrent protection from this type of failure based on the use of higher harmonics of the zero-sequence current for different objects of 6- to 10-kV compensated cable networks were determined taking into account the above estimates. Specifications for a method for selecting the operating current settings were proposed.     

基于模拟器件的电力系统谐波电流补偿方法

提出了全部采用模拟器件来实现ip-iq算法,能准确检测出谐波电流并对系统补偿谐波的方法。仿真表明该法实时性强、补偿效果好。基于该法的电力系统有源滤波器响应快,高可靠,体积小、成本低。     

Power systems and harmonic factors

Harmonic currents and distortions in power systems are a natural progression in society's use of electrical equipment. A proliferation of harmonics can cause problems-some severe. However, the benefits we receive from electrification far outweighs the downside to this problem. There is an increased awareness among equipment designers, manufacturers, and users for the need to reduce power system harmonics. However, much work still needs to be done. This paper describes how harmonics arise from nonlinear loads and their effects on the power system. The problems that arise from harmonic current flow are straightforward and simple. The two main problems are abnormal heating of components and disruption of operation. The paper also describe mitigation of harmonic effects which take on two strategies: one is to reduce the harmonic effect; the other is to reduce or control the harmonic content     

The engineering economics of power systems harmonics insubdistribution feeders: a preliminary study

A method for the computation of the cost of harmonic losses in a subdistribution feeder is presented. The cost of harmonics, including the cost of the filters, is compared with the cost of the 60 Hz power loss as well as the total annual cost of the system. Evaluating the cost of harmonic current $/A/year or the incremental cost of the harmonic reactive power, $/kVar/year, is recommended     

Comments on active power flow and energy accounts in electricalsystems with nonsinusoidal waveforms and asymmetry

Pricing of electric energy is based on the value of the integral of the load active power P measured by energy meters. At such a pricing, the electric power utilities waste some revenue for the energy delivered to current harmonic generating customers and/or customers causing current asymmetry. This is because the load generated current harmonics and unbalanced currents cause an increase in the active power loss in the distribution system. At the same time, the customers that do not generate harmonics but are supplied with distorted and/or asymmetrical voltage are billed not only for the useful energy but also for the energy which may cause only harmful effects on their equipment. It is shown in the paper that these two disadvantages of the tariff in single-phase systems could be eliminated if the energy account based on the value of the integral of the active power of only fundamental harmonic, P_I, rather than on the integral of the whole active power P was used. These disadvantages could be eliminated in three-phase systems if the energy account is based on the integral of the active power of the positive sequence component of the fundamental harmonic     

An investigation of harmonics attenuation and diversity amongdistributed single-phase power electronic loads

Widely distributed single-phase power electronic loads are an increasingly important source of harmonics in power distribution systems. The objective of this paper is to investigate the cumulative harmonic current characteristics of a large number of such loads. A complete analytical model for the most common load type is derived. This model is then used to investigate the impact of: (1) interaction due to a shared source impedance; (2) variation in power level; and (3) variations in circuit parameters, on individual and cumulative current harmonics. The key findings of the paper are that diversity and attenuation are very important factors in predicting the behavior of distributed single-phase power electronic loads, especially for the higher-order harmonics, and that due to these two factors, the commonly-used fixed current injection method, using arithmetic sums of harmonic current magnitudes, can significantly overestimate the cumulative harmonic currents produced by these loads     

载波相移三相单管电路在直驱系统中的应用

为改善传统的直驱型风力发电系统中永磁同步发电机的谐波特性,从功率因数校正(PFC)、升压和提高系统容量的角度出发,将3个三相单管Boost型PFC电路交错运行的方案应用在直驱系统中。结果表明,在支路电流均工作于断续电流模式时,合成电流基本工作于连续电流模式,谐波特性良好。三相单管BoostPFC电路具有开关频率固定、元件数量少、成本低、控制简单、可靠性高等优点,该拓扑能对永磁同步发电机的输出进行功率因数校正,减少发电机电流的谐波含量和发电机损耗,提高发电机的有功功率输出能力和系统效率。采用载波相移技术能在较低的器件开关频率下实现较高开关频率的效果,通过低次谐波的相互抵消提高等效开关频率而不是简单地将谐波向高次推移,能在提高装置容量的同时,有效地减小输出谐波,提高整个装置的信号传输带宽。仿真验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

变频系统电力电缆谐波振荡辐射及抑制

根据变频系统高频输出电能特点,分析高次谐波产生原因和危害,并给出在电力电缆传输过程中产生振荡辐射的原因和解决方法。最后提出电力电缆的技术要求并设计电缆结构,以减少电缆振荡辐射谐波对环境的电磁污染。     

电流谐波法在电力电缆状态检测诊断的应用进展

电力电缆的谐波检测诊断方法作为一种新兴的电力电缆在线检测诊断技术,对提升电力电缆检测诊断可靠性具有重要的理论意义与应用价值.本文总结了国内外电力电缆谐波检测诊断方法的研究进展,系统分析了电缆谐波检测原理、谐波检测方法、谐波含量与电缆老化、缺陷和故障的关系、谐波诊断技术及其优缺点,以期对电缆谐波诊断技术的发展状况有一个全...