新型防锈润滑添加剂的合成与红外光谱表征

本文以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚、顺丁烯二酸酐和二乙醇胺为原料,合成了一种具有防锈、润滑双重性能的水基合成切削液添加剂———琥珀酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酯二乙醇酰胺。酯化条件为:酸酐∶OP(摩尔比)=1.0∶1.2,反应温度为90~95℃,反应时间为3h;酰胺化条件为:琥珀酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯∶二乙醇胺(摩尔比)为1∶1.3,反应温度为140~160℃,反应时间为2~4h。采用红外光谱法对中间体和产物进行表征,从而确定了合成的最佳工艺路线和工艺条件。     

琥珀酸十二醇聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺合成与红外光谱表征

从顺丁烯二酸酐出发,经过单酯化、酰胺化等一系列过程,合成了一种具有防锈、润滑双重性能的水基合成切削液添加剂———琥珀酸十二醇聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺。酯化条件为:酸酐/AEO9(物质的量比)1.0∶1.1,反应温度为85～95℃,反应时间为3～4 h;酰胺化条件为:琥珀酸十二醇聚氧乙烯醚单酯/二乙醇胺(摩尔比)为1∶1.2,反应温度为150～160℃,反应时间为2～3 h。采用红外光谱法对原料、中间体和产物进行表征,确定了合成的最佳工艺路线和工艺条件。     

柠檬酸酐的合成与表征

以无水柠檬酸和乙酸酐为原料合成柠檬酸酐,通过单因素试验利用滴定法考察投料摩尔比、反应温度以及溶剂用量对反应转化率和收率的影响。结果表明:反应温度为52℃,n(乙酸酐)∶n(无水柠檬酸)=1.2∶1,n(乙酸)∶n(无水柠檬酸)=1.0∶1,反应时间为1.5 h时,柠檬酸酐收率达88.8%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱表征了合成产物,证明其为五元环状柠檬酸酐。     

羧化不对称聚氧乙烯醚马来酸双酯表面活性剂的合成及性能

以壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚10(TX-10)、月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚9(LE9)、马来酸酐(MAH)和富马酸(FA)为原料经3步合成了羧化不对称聚氧乙烯醚改性Gemini表面活性剂。最佳工艺条件为:①n(TX-10)∶n(MAH)=1.00∶1.00,于120℃,2%(相对于MAH)对甲苯磺酸(TsOH)催化下反应4.5 h,得酯化率为100%的聚氧乙烯醚马来酸单酯;②n(LE9)∶n(MAH)=1.00∶1.00,于210℃,3%(相对于MAH)TsOH催化下反应5.0 h,得酯化率为88.3%的双酯化产物;③n(FA)∶n(MAH)=2.00∶1.00,130℃反应5 h,得最终产物羧化不对称聚氧乙烯醚马来酸双酯,并测定了产物的性能。     

脂肪醇与烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的改性研究

用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚与琥珀酸酐进行半酯化反应,合成二种新型混合离子型表面活性剂——壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚琥珀酸单酯(MPOENPS)和壬氧基聚氧乙烯琥珀酸单酯(MPOENS)。考察了在不同摩尔比条件下合成产物的表面活性,     

二元醇双琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠(GMI-02)的合成

采用1,4-丁二醇、马来酸酐、月桂醇为主要原料和环境友好的工艺路线,合成了一种易降解的双子(Gemini)表面活性剂--二元醇双琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠(GMI-02)。对各步合成条件采用正交实验进行优化,得出各步反应的优化工艺条件:酯化反应I,配比为n(1,4-丁二醇)∶n(马来酸酐)=1∶2.15,反应时间2h,催化剂w(乙酸钠)=1.0%,反应温度95℃,以丙酮作溶剂,回流操作;酯化反应Ⅱ,甲苯为溶剂,反应时间6h,反应温度145℃,催化剂w(对甲苯磺酸)=1.0%,n(1,4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)∶n(月桂醇)=1∶2.20。磺化反应,石蜡加热,石蜡温度(加热温度)控制在115℃,时间为6h,原料配比为n(1,4-丁二醇双马来酸双酯)∶n(亚硫酸氢钠)=1∶2.50。对每步合成产物均用IR进行了表征。     

双子表面活性剂--二元醇双琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠(GMI-01)的合成与性能研究

采用1,4-丁二醇、马来酸酐、十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚(AEO2)为主要原料和环境友好的工艺路线,合成了一种易降解的双子(Gemini)表面活性剂--二元醇双琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠(GMI-01).对各步合成条件采用正交实验或均匀设计进行优化,得出各步反应的最优工艺条件如下酯化反应Ⅰ,配比为n(马来酸酐)∶n(1,4-丁二醇)=2.15∶1.00,反应时间1 h,催化剂w(乙酸钠)=1.0%,以丙酮作溶剂,回流操作.酯化反应Ⅱ,配比为n(1,4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)∶ n(AEO2)=1.00∶2.15,反应温度150 ℃,反应时间14 h,催化剂w(PW12/C)=1.5%.磺化反应, 配比为n(1,4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯)∶ n(NaHSO3)=1.00∶3.00,反应时间4 h,反应温度80 ℃,相转移催化剂w(CTAB)=1.5%.对每步合成产物均用 IR和1HNMR进行了表征,终产物GMI-01的平衡表面张力γCMC=38.4 mN/m,CMC为0.049 mmol/L.     

柠檬酸单月桂醇酯二钠盐的合成

以乙酸酐、柠檬酸为原料 ,合成柠檬酸酐中间体 ,n(柠檬酸 )∶n(乙酸酐 ) =2 0∶1 0 ,温度36～ 37℃下 ,反应时间 18h ,收率为 71 0 % ;酯化反应 ,n(柠檬酸酐 )∶n(月桂醇 ) =1 0∶1 1,温度 85～ 90℃ ,反应时间 2 0h ,单酯的收率为 83%～ 84 %。对中间体和产品的结构用红外光谱、元素分析等手段进行了表征 ,并用高效液相色谱对产品的质量分数进行了测定。     

4-DAMP催化合成丁二酸单乙酯的研究

以4-二甲基氨基吡啶(4-DAMP)为催化合成丁二酸单乙酯(MEESA)。研究了原料配比、反应温度和反应时间等工艺条件对单酯收率的影响。最佳工艺条件为:n(乙醇)∶n(丁二酸酐)=1.4∶1.0,反应温度60℃,反应时间1.5h,催化剂用量为丁二酸酐质量的0.5%,单酯收率大于90%。     

Gemini表面活性剂——乙二醇双琥珀酸正辛醇双酯磺酸钠的合成与性能研究

采用马来酸酐、正辛醇、乙二醇和亚硫酸氢钠为主要原料合成了一种新颖的双子表面活性剂——乙二醇双琥珀酸正辛酸双酯磺酸钠(GMI-03)。对各步合成条件采用正交实验进行优化,得出各步反应的最优工艺条件如下:正辛醇与马来酸酐的单酯化反应(酯化反应Ⅰ),反应时间为3 h,反应温度为70°C,正辛醇和马来酸酐摩尔比为1.00∶1.05;磺化反应,反应温度为90°C,反应时间为4 h,马来酸酐与NaHSO3摩尔比为1.00∶1.05;中间体正辛醇琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠与乙二醇的双酯化反应(酯化反应Ⅱ):反应温度为150°C,反应时间为6 h,催化剂用量为物料总量的1.0%(质量分数),中间体正辛醇琥珀酸单酯磺酸钠与乙二醇的摩尔比为2.50∶1.00。对终产物GMI-03的性能进行测定,表面张力σ(γCMC)为:32.8 mM/m,CMC为:5.8×104mol/L。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。