笔管缺陷自动化检测系统设计与研究

中国已成为笔类产品生产大国与出口大国，而笔管检测是制笔行业的关键工艺技术。针对目前制笔行业中笔管检测的需求，设计了笔管缺陷自动化检测系统，以提高笔管缺陷检测效率及笔管制造企业的生产质量。基于机器视觉及重心分类装置，采取分模块检测系统，对笔管的缺陷形态、类型进行鉴别与统计，高效率、高精度地实现笔管缺陷检测、残次品剔除与自动分拣。采用缺陷自动检测算法，利用计算机视觉检测技术进行缺陷边缘检测，分割出笔管的缺陷区域并定义主要缺陷类型，完成对笔管缺陷的判断与分类。通过构建、训练卷积神经网络，得到了拟合度较高的卷积神经网络模型，用于分析笔管的缺陷情况。实验结果表明，笔管缺陷自动化检测系统可以客观地检测笔管的缺陷，提高笔管生产效率，提升生产线的成品质量，具有较高的工程应用价值。     

基于机器视觉的二维图像质量缺陷检测研究进展

目的 机器视觉图像处理技术是近年在图像处理领域发展起来的一门新兴边缘交叉学科，二维图像的质量检测是印刷行业中必不可少的环节，分析基于机器视觉的二维图像质量缺陷检测流程，探索影响基于机器视觉的二维图像质量缺陷检测精度的相关因素，为后续研究印刷品的二维图像自动化检测和质量控制提供参考。方法 在此基础上，围绕图像预处理中的灰度转换、噪声过滤、固定阈值分割、自适应阈值分割、Otsu法及边缘检测，对图像配准中的基于灰度统计信息分布配准方法、基于特征的图像配准方法进行总结，然后归纳分析图像的缺陷提取和分类。结论 以实际例子对上述研究内容进行了提炼，通过图像预处理中的噪声过滤为后续缺陷提取提供清晰图像，减少伪影干扰；通过图像预处理中的灰度变换、阈值分割、感兴趣区域提取减少系统处理时间，为实现高效的缺陷检测奠定了坚实的基础；通过图像配准消除了机械振动引起的图像位置偏移，确保后续缺陷提取的准确性；通过图像缺陷提取和分类帮助印刷企业找出生产问题，提供有针对性的改进措施，可为生产高质量产品提供支持。     

《儿童玩具召回管理规定》颁布实施——玩具召回，责无旁贷的使命——国家质检总局法规司司长刘兆彬就玩具召回制度答记者问

8月27日，备受大家关注的《儿童玩具召回管理规定》终于出台。这是中国继2005年《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》制定后对缺陷产品实施召回管理的又一举措。 这一规定在产品质量法有关规定的基础上进一步严格了生产者生产存在缺陷的儿童玩具的产品责任，明确规定了生产者是缺陷儿童玩具的第一责任人。规定要求，对于儿童玩具存在缺陷的，即使生产者生产的儿童玩具符合中国有关产品安全的法律、法规和强制性标准要求，但经过调查、评估认定存在缺陷的，生产者必须停止生产、销售，向社会公布有关情况，通知销售者停止销售和通知消费者停止消费，并向质量技术监督部门报告，积极通过完善消费说明、退货、换货、修理等方式，有效消除缺陷可能导致的损害。规定要求，特别对于经国家监督抽查不符合国家有关安全标准的儿童玩具，经确认属于存在缺陷的，由国家质检总局直接责令生产者召回，并发布安全与消费预警。 玩具召回制度的出台将有效地避免大量的与缺陷产品有关的公共安全问题，规范和监控有关生产企业建立更加完善的产品设计开发，质量控制，服务监督体系。将有效地约束某些缺乏社会责任企业，减少其对公众可能造成的生命安全和财产损失的威胁，促进企业建立获得持久竞争优势的机制。可以说，建立儿童玩具召回管理制度是社会经济、技术发展的必然选择。     

电镀铬薄钢板的表面缺陷及对策研究

电镀铬薄钢板正逐渐取代镀锡板成为包装工业中最理想的材料。但是，在铬薄钢板的生产中会出现许多表面缺陷，本文即分析了这些缺陷并且探究了其产生原因，最后提出了一些控制质量的对策，希望对相关工作者有所帮助。     

中冶陕压技术创新有效预防大型铸件气孔缺陷

气孔缺陷是砂型铸件生产中普遍存在的一个难题，是影响铸钢件质量等级的重要因素。气孔缺陷会造成铸钢件组织致密度降低，力学性能下降，严重时会导致铸钢件报废。中国中冶所属中冶陕压重工设备有限公司技术人员通过对铸钢件气孔缺陷的形成机理进行仔细分析，反复论证进行技术创新，在保证砂型强度的前提下，对砂床内部、外围砂层做了相应的改造     

一汽-大众发动机缸体质量影响因素的分析

本文通过对一汽大众汽车有限公司的发动机缸体生产质量缺陷类型及数目原始数据的研究,分析影响缸体质量的因素,预防质量缺陷的产生,降低企业的生产成本,提高企业的产品合格率和生产效益。     

浅析预制箱梁施工中出现的缺陷及防治措施

近年来，在预制箱梁的施工中经常出现质量缺陷这种问题，不仅带给预制箱梁外观质量上的影响，而且还影响着后续的一系列施工。因此本文对引起这些质量缺陷的原因进行了详细的分析，并针对这些质量缺陷提出了一些防治措施。     

法兰顶尖质量缺陷及应对措施

本文对卧车主轴法兰式顶尖表面缺陷从材质、锻造、热处理、加工等方面进行了质量分析,并根据质量跟踪总结了生产过程中产生质量问题的原因,从而给出了有效的质量改进措施。     

常见焊接缺陷危害分析及防治措施

在焊接生产过程中,由于焊接缺陷的存在,可能会造成焊接产品在生产过程中的返修或报废,因为大部分的焊接缺陷都会造成焊接产品力学性能或抗腐蚀性能的下降,缩短焊接产品的使用寿命,严重的还会引发事故。由此可知,焊接缺陷不仅影响焊接产品的质量,还关乎企业的生产效率和经济效益,必须对其高度重视。本文主要对焊接生产实施过程中产生的焊缝缺陷进行了分类,并对常见缺陷如气孔,裂纹等的危害做了详细的分析,同时介绍了这些缺陷的防治措施。     

质量与保险（二）

质量与保险（二）尹力产品责任保险是分散缺陷产品损害风险的手段，它在社会经济生活中发挥着重要作用。（一）有利于稳定生产经营秩序缺陷产品损害是现代社会难以避免的工业风险之一，对生产经营秩序具有不良影响，有时．这种不良影响还会很严重。特别是在我国，由于存在...     

Production system design for quality robustness

In automotive assembly plants, vehicles with defects are either repaired (e.g., components are exchanged, scratches are polished, etc.) or reworked (e.g., the whole vehicle is repainted) to maintain high product quality. The performance of vehicle quality is typically characterized in terms of the first time quality and also the quality buy rate. First time quality is defined as the good job ratio of all first time processing jobs, while the quality buy rate is the good job ratio of all processed jobs, including the first time jobs and reworked jobs.

In this paper, we study a repair and rework system at an automotive paint shop with random first time quality. Specifically, we show that paint quality, in terms of quality buy rate, can be described by a function of repair capacity and first time quality. Increasing the repair capacity can improve the quality buy rate and reduce unnecessary repaints. Variations in first time quality may lead to a reduction in the quality buy rate and an increase in unnecessary repaints, and consequently, a substantial waste of production capacity and materials. In addition, we observe that the average quality buy rate depends primarily on the mean and coefficient of variation of the first time quality rather than its complete distribution. Based on these results, we introduce the notion of quality robustness and show that the design of a production system should accommodate randomness in first time quality to achieve a robust quality buy rate. Finally, a case study on a repair and rework system redesign to improve paint quality is presented.     

A study of the quality management methods employed by U.K. automotive suppliers

This paper reports on the results of a postal questionnaire survey of quality management methods, awareness and attitudes of suppliers to three major companies in the U.K. automotive industry. The main issues discussed include the quality management systems operated by suppliers, the methods by which quality improvement is pursued, quality-related training, and suppliers' interaction with both their own customers and vendors. The findings to specific questions were disappointing and illustrate the poor state of quality management development in some suppliers; overall the survey evidence indicates that many suppliers have a traditional attitude towards quality management. For example: it is possible to inspect quality into a product; component quality can be graded at different levels according to individual customer requirements; if the customer does not return the product then quality must be satisfactory; the quality manager is responsible for the quality improvement programme. Quality management tools and techniques are often seen as an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, that of improvement. It is clear that a number of suppliers assume that introducing statistical process control is the same as developing a total approach to quality management. There also appears to be a dilution of the quality message as requirements are passed down the supply chain, and in general communication and feedback between customer and supplier is poor.     

运用质量功能展开方法的物流服务质量改进

根据客户对物流供应商的质量反馈信息,对物流企业的访谈和专家调查的意见,提取了可能影响物流服务质量的因素。通过分析这些因素的重要性,剔除了那些影响小的因素,并对保留的因素加权。这样建立了度量物流服务质量的指标体系,并按照质量功能展开的方法形成了质量屋,其建立可以帮助企业有效地改进服务质量。     

Optimizing the Formation of the Quality Improvement Teams through a Data Mining-Based Methodology

A data mining-based methodology is proposed for optimizing the process of designing and allocating the quality improvement teams to investigate and eliminate the quality problems (defects) in manufacturing enterprises. A methodology based on grouping the related quality problems using a data mining technique is suggested as a first stage to assign the correct types and numbers of quality problems to the appropriate quality improvement teams. The resulting groups of quality problems are then refined in the second stage using a cost minimization model that scrutinizes the expected quality costs associated with the quality improvement process. A heuristic algorithm and mathematical programming are used to solve for the optimal decisions in the refining stage. Furthermore, quality problems of the Electrical Discharge Machining for fast hole drilling process are presented as a case study that demonstrates the procedure for implementation of the proposed methodology.     

Manufacturing quality density,control and maintenance

The purpose of this paper is to define conceptually and operationally, a measure of quality density in manufacturing. This is expressed in terms of a manufacturing process propensity to ‘output’ units which are defectives, as a function of the manufactured production output, the manufacturing deterioration process, maintenance, quality control, and generally the risks a manufacturing process is subjugated to. Particularly, we assume that the production process induces ‘shocks’ which lead to poorer manufactured quality, while maintenance efforts are continually being employed to restore the process propensity to produce units of better quality. Quality control is used then to monitor the output quality of units produced. Using a methodology of level crossing in stochastic point processes, the stationary probability distribution of a manufactured output quality is defined. Applications to production quality management, combined quality and maintenance management, as well as quality control are considered. Finally, an exponential shock model is resolved analytically.     

A partially observable simulation model for quality assurance policies

This paper presents a simulation model of a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) for quality assurance policies. The model may be used as a decision aid for evaluation and comparison of different quality policies. The decision maker must decide what quality policy to adopt: a 'do-nothing' policy, an appraisal policy that prevents the nonconforming products from reaching the customer, or a prevention policy that affects process performance and leads to long term improvements. The process performance is not observed directly but its effect on the quality of products is observed. The three policies are compared based on the incurred quality costs and the average outgoing quality. A case study in a fish processing plant is presented. It is shown that if costs are the only criteria for decision making then a prevention policy that leads to process improvement may not be the best policy to adopt. Money spent in this policy may never be regained. It is also shown that the merits of each quality policy depends on the actual quality level in each organization.     

Quality assurance growing pains: a state perspective on implementing an organizational-wide quality system in environmental laboratories.

To implement an effective and efficient quality system in a network of established environmental testing laboratories requires a committed long-term effort that is potentially fraught with multiple obstacles. This presentation discusses one state's ongoing efforts at implementing such a system. First is the need to convince management of the rationale for a quality systems-based approach versus the traditional QA/QC program. Once development of a quality system has been sanctioned, a team-based approach utilizing project planning tools is a good way to approach the effort. Resources are assigned to the development of key quality system components, and generally a phased-deployment or roll-out works best. Once implementation is underway, assuring operational utilization and compliance with the quality system are vital steps in the process. Important to successful implementation is ongoing assessment and refinement of the quality system. Fundamental and key elements of the laboratory quality system are numerous and need to work in concert with each other. Quality system elements to be discussed in the presentation range from management and QA roles and functions to the typical documentation of laboratory policies and procedures. Numerous QA assessment tools and other vital quality system practices that play an important role in making a complete quality system are addressed. In addition, efforts must be undertaken to integrate the laboratory quality system with other management systems within the organization. The bottom line is that all environmental laboratories need a quality system more now than ever. Data users need it. Customers' expectations for data quality are high. USEPA policy and/or programs call for it. Additionally, good quality systems can benefit the organization in multiple ways and help avoid the "pay-me-now or pay-me-later" syndrome. In conclusion, all environmental testing laboratories (i.e., academic, private, commercial and especially governmental) need to invest in and implement a quality system based on a recognized standard (e.g., NELAC, ISO 17025, ANSI/ASQC E-4). The author recommends pursuing NELAP laboratory accreditation with a NELAP-recognized accrediting authority.     

A cubic quality loss function and its applications

The traditional quality evaluation method believed that when the product quality characteristic was within the specification limit, no loss was produced. Taguchi proposed that even if the characteristic was within the range of users' demand, the fluctuation of quality characteristic would still cause loss to users and society. Therefore, he proposed a quadratic quality loss function to describe this loss. The function was established based on the Taylor expansion. It neglected terms with powers higher than 2, which would cause a certain deviation between the calculated and true value. Moreover, the tolerance and loss in the quadratic loss function must satisfied specific relationship, which limited its use. In this paper, the Taylor expansion items are raised to third order. The quality loss coefficients are discussed and analyzed so that the cubic quality loss function is established. In addition, the method of calculating hidden quality cost is given by using the cubic loss function. The hidden quality cost is affected by the quality loss coefficients and should be a range. The cubic quality loss function studies the inapplicability of quadratic loss function, so it widens the scope of application of quality loss function.     

Thermodynamic analysis of a diabatic two-phase flow for a pure refrigerant and a refrigerant/oil mixture under equilibrium conditions

Two different definitions of the vapor quality during a diabatic two-phase flow with and without the presence of oil are presented in this paper: the well-known vapor flow quality and the thermodynamic vapor quality. The vapor flow quality is based on the mass flow rates whereas the thermodynamic vapor quality is based on the mass. Two-phase thermodynamic diagrams for pure R-134a and R-134a/oil mixture are plotted for different slip ratios. It is shown that the iso-flow quality lines are moved to lower enthalpies for larger slip ratios. In addition, the maximum vapor flow quality of a fluid/oil mixture is shown to increase when increasing the slip ratio whereas the maximum thermodynamic vapor quality remains constant. In addition, the correct expression of the elementary derivative of the vapor quality is also proposed, highlighting the role of the heat capacity at constant vapor quality.     

Dynamic quality and pricing decisions in customer-intensive service systems with online reviews

In this paper, we investigate dynamic quality and pricing decisions for customer-intensive service systems with online reviews. We construct a dynamic programming model to determine the optimal quality and pricing strategies. We find that with online reviews, the supplier is forced to provide a higher quality at a higher price for fewer customers, especially when the customer intensity is high. Interestingly, although online reviews deliver quality information for later consumers, the provided quality may decrease over time. Next, we compare the optimal strategies with those of models of either quality flexibility or pricing flexibility, respectively, to examine the merits of our developed model of both quality and pricing flexibilities. The comparison results demonstrate that our model can achieve higher profits, and the advantages of our model increase with the number of periods. In addition, quality (pricing) flexibility is more valuable when consumers are more sensitive to service price (quality). Furthermore, we compare our formulated model with the model for a regular service system, and we illustrate that the optimal quality and pricing strategies in our system are quite different from those of the regular service system.