面向手眼系统的摄像机内参数自标定研究

为得到机械臂手眼系统中的摄像机内参数,提出了一种基于运动约束线性求解的自标定方法。通过控制机械臂上的视觉系统进行极点延伸运动,根据图像序列之间对应特征点的关系确定摄像机主点。而后进行一组三正交平移运动,即可根据运动约束,构建关于单应性矩阵的线性约束方程组,实现摄像机内参数的线性求解。以所研究的标定结果为基础重建三维点云模型作为比较值,与已知相机参数的双目深度传感相机重建的点云模型进行对比试验,绝大多数点云相对偏差在1.5%内,有较高的标定精度。为机械臂的手眼系统标定提供了一个新的解决方案。     

摄像机标定中亚像素级角点检测算法

针对摄像机标定模板图像的角点检测问题,提出了两种简便而有效的亚像素级精度的提取算法.先用传统的Harris算子检测出像素级的角点坐标,然后再求取亚像素级角点坐标.一种方法是用二次多项式去逼近周围3×3领域内的角点反应函数,用线性解法求得亚像素级角点坐标;另一种方法是从亚像素角点到周围像素点的矢量应垂直于图像的灰度梯度这个观察事实得到的,通过最小化误差函数的迭代方法来获得亚像素级精度的坐标值.文中提出的亚像素级角点检测方法定位精度高,摄像机标定试验中,得到的重投影平均偏差小于0.15个像素.     

结构光焊缝视觉检测系统中投影仪标定法

在基于结构光的焊缝视觉检测应用中,标定是实现高精度检测的关键.提出了一种基于平面投影的结构光视觉系统快速标定方法.该方法将投影仪当作一个逆向的摄像机,使用一块带有四角棋盘格作为靶标的平面标定板对投影仪进行标定.利用摄像机提取特征点在投影仪图像空间中的对应点,建立投影仪图像和靶标图像的对应关系,从而将投影仪标定转化为成熟的摄像机标定.得到标定结果后,即可以求得特征点的三维坐标.最后结合标定结果对试验焊缝板进行了三维重构.结果表明,所提出的标定方法操作过程简便、精度高,可适用于焊缝三维信息检测等场合.     

基于OpenCV的移动焊接机器人视觉系统自主标定方法

标定工作是实现机器人视觉计算的前提.根据移动焊接机器人工作场合的特殊性,基于OpenCV,提出一套针对手眼双目视觉系统的自主标定方法.自动提取角点,自主筛选有效标定图像序列,由亚像素角点提取结果求取相机内参数,由同时刻获取的标定图像对估算双目间几何矩阵,由标定板面在摄像机坐标系下位姿矩阵改变量间接求取摄像机运动矩阵,用最小二乘法快速计算出手眼关系.标定试验结果表明,相对于传统的Matlab标定工具箱,该方法能够满足用于机器人焊接的视觉系统所需标定精度,同时因无人为参与可很大程度地提高移动焊接机器人的自主性.     

单目结构光扫描仪的系统标定技术研究

针对单目结构光扫描系统中投影仪难以准确标定的难题,通过分析投影仪的工作原理和投影特性,提出了10参数投影模型。将投影过程看作摄像的逆过程,借助于摄像机建立投影仪栅片图像和CCD像机图像的对应关系,提出了基于外差式多频相移的投影仪栅片图像生成方法。由拍摄和生成得到的标定图像,基于摄影测量原理分步实现了摄像机内参数、投影仪内参数和他们的相对外参数,实现了扫描仪的系统标定。结果表明:标定实验中用标定结果对标定板上的标志点进行重投影,重投影误差在0.08 pixel以下,具有较高的标定精度;经该方法标定出的单目结构光扫描仪测量标准球的绝对误差小于0.07 mm,能满足大多数物体型面的测量要求。     

基于结构光立体视觉的焊缝测量

提出了一种基于结构光立体视觉的焊缝测量方法,并给出了一种简单的摄像机与激光器标定方法。它采用安装在机器人末端的两台摄像机和一只激光器构成测量系统,激光器发出的光束经平凸柱面镜变成光平面,在焊件上形成条纹。两台摄像机同步采集该条纹图像,结合机器人末端位姿与摄像机参数,对于条纹上的每个特征点可以获得三组空间坐标。对这三组坐标进行信息融合,可以更加精确的获得特征点的空间坐标。进行的V形焊缝测量与跟踪试验表明,该方法具有实时性好、测量精度较高、标定简单、可靠性高等特点。     

基于人机交互的遥控焊接虚拟环境标定技术

对于工作在非结构化环境中的机器人遥控焊接系统,虚拟环境与真实环境的一致性直接决定了系统的可靠性、作业精度和工作效率.虚拟环境标定技术可以通过远端真实环境的信息反馈校正虚拟环境中机器人模型与工作环境模型的位姿关系.采用人机交互的图像特征提取方式和线性与非线性结合的最小二乘算法,实现了摄像机在线标定和工件定位,完成了遥控焊接系统的虚拟环境标定任务.在标定试验中,当采用较大的摄像机焦距时,最大标定误差为2.9mm,平均标定误差为1.5mm.根据试验的过程和结果,分析了影响标定精度的因素.     

轮对轮缘磨耗非接触测量的现场标定方法

摄像机标定方法的选择和标定精度直接影响着轮对动态视觉测量系统的精度.本文利用二元二次多项式变形技术,提出了一种轮对外形尺寸非接触测量的现场标定方法.首先根据现场实际测量环境的要求,利用平面靶标标定装置,确定高分辨率面阵CCD和激光线光源的位置,然后采集平面靶标图像,获取关键控制点物像坐标,最后利用非线性畸变模型求解出标定参数.实验结果表明,该方法标定过程操作简单,标定精度高,测试数据满足车辆段现场动态检测的要求.     

基于OpenCV的焊缝跟踪系统中摄像机标定方法

针对焊接机器人焊缝跟踪导引系统研制过程中的摄像机标定问题,以摄像机标定技术为研究对象,分析了开放计算机视觉函数库(OpenCV)中的摄像机模型,对摄像机的标定过程以及几何模型进行了深入的研究.特别地,充分考虑了透镜的径向畸变和切向畸变的影响及其方程的求解方法,采用Bouguet算法提取角点,实现了基于OpenCV的摄像机标定.结果表明,该算法可以充分发挥OpenCV的函数库功能,能够稳定的成功提取棋盘格角点,提高了标定精度和计算效率,可以满足机器视觉导引系统中摄像机标定的实时性要求.     

水下焊接熔池采集过程中摄像机的标定

定标是计算机视觉系统中的一个重要问题,针对水下焊接熔池采集过程中的摄像机标定问题进行了研究.采用图像增强、细化等图像处理技术确定标定模板的图像坐标,从而实现了对摄像机的快速标定.试验表明该方法切实可行.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。