在可再生能源发展论坛上

1月12日，在中国可再生能源学会和中国能源研究会等单位共同举办的中国可再生能源发展论坛上，全国政协副主席、全国工商联主席黄孟复先生在讲话中强调，国家倡导建立创新型社会，创新型国家主要通过四项指标来衡量。他说，在创新型国家中，研发投入要占GDP的2．5％以上；科技对经济增长率的贡献要大于60％；国家对外技术的依存度应低于30％（目前我国为80％）；专利发明要进入世界前5名以内（2003年中国发明专利中外国发明占70％）。     

微型能源动力装置及微尺度燃烧研究

基于燃料燃烧的微型能源动力装置具有高能量密度特性,可提供瓦到百瓦级的能量输出,因此在过去的20年间受到广泛关注。国内外学者研制了微型的燃气轮机、内燃机、推进装置、燃烧器、热电转换装置及热光电转换系统等不同类型的能源动力装置。然而,由于微尺度条件下燃烧环境和常规尺度存在差异,材料、密封及润滑等方面的技术瓶颈,目前大部分微型能源动力装置的性能未能到达预期的目标。由于微尺度燃烧基础理论有别于传统的常规尺度燃烧理论,随着其重要性的凸显,国内外学者对其进行了广泛深入的研究,更加清晰地揭示了微尺度火焰及燃烧的基本特性。本文首先介绍了国内外微型能源动力装置及系统的研究进展,然后对微尺度条件下预混及非预混火焰的研究现状进行了总结,在本文的最后部分提出了微燃烧相关亟待解决的科学及工程问题。     

GEF/世界银行中国可再生能源商业化发展促进项目即将实施

由国家经贸委与世界银行合作开展的“全球环境基金（GEF）世界银行中国可再生能源商业化发展促进项目”的各项准备工作目前正在按部就班进行，预计将于年内正式实施。该项目目的是扩大和开发中国可再生能源的应用领域，加快其产业化进程；改善中国能源结构，减轻目前已经十分严峻的环境压力；开辟中国边远偏僻地区脱贫致富途径，解决电网不能覆盖地区农牧民的用电问题，从而促进中国经济和社会的可持续发展。该项目包括三个组成部分：（）建设190MW风电场；（2）推广10MW太阳能户用光伏系统（约35万套）；（3）支持风力发电和太阳能户用…     

“中国地热与可再生能源网”改版隆重上线

“中国地热与可再生能源网（www．chinagre．com）”于2005年12月开通，经过一年多的试运行，得到广大地热工作者的热情支持，取得一定的经验。为能更及时、准确、可靠地交流行业信息，满足广大读者对地热与可再生能源信息的迫切需求，推广已取得的先进技术与配套产品，加速地热与可再生能源科研成果转化为生产力的进程。网站及时总结办站经验，认真讨论、分析读者的需求，以服务行业为宗旨，以突出读者实用效果为目的，对原有栏目和资讯重新整合，     

风力发电技术讲座(四) 风力发电机组(2)

4调速 装置自然界的风速经常变化。风轮的转速随风速的增大而变快，发电机的输出电压、频率、功率也增加；当风轮的转速超过额定值时，有可能影响机组的使用寿命，甚至造成设备的毁坏。为使风轮能以一定的转速稳定地工作，风力发电机上设有调速装置。调速装置是在风速大于设计额定风速时才起作用，因此，又被称为限速装置。当风速增至停机风速时，调速装置能使风轮顺桨（风向与风轮旋转平面平行）停机。     

国际可再生能源新闻

综合类 中国可再生能源增幅将超欧美日增长总和 11月12日，国际能源署（1EA）发布2013年世界能源展望（World Energy Outlook 2013）。在报告中IEA认为，到2035年中国可再生能源发电装置增幅将超欧美日增长总和。     

世界地热热泵的回顾

过去的10年中，地热热泵在约30个国家的年增长为10％，是全世界增长最快的可再生能源应用之一。目前全世界的装机容量估计约1．2万MW。（热功率），年用能约7．2万TJ（2万GWh）。实际安装110万台左右。     

海茵茨曼负荷控制器的应用与调整

1前言海茵茨曼负荷控制器LKG01的应用，能使一台或多台柴油发电机组与电网并联运行．通过控制发电机组的负荷，达到控制电网输出功率和多台发电机组电网输人功率的目的（图1）．图！限制电网供电时机组向电网供电的特性装上负荷控制器的并联系统，大致有这样一些优点：a一运行中不会出现故障；b．在负荷有变动时，从电网输出的频率可确保稳定；。可实现低负荷时由电网供电．这一点对整个能源装置来说很重要．因为在这些能源装置处，控制发热是一个很重要的因素；d，并联运行过程中，可控制电站最小供电量．图2所示为机组与电网配有负荷分…     

2007年度全球船用推进装置订单报告

2007年是《柴油机与燃气轮机环球版》杂志连续公布船用推进装置订货量年度报告的第十年。过去的一年度（2006．6～2007．5）船用推进装置订货量再次增加，除小功率船用推进装置订货量略微下降外，其他类型的推进装置订货量都呈上升趋势，尤其功率最大的MW级船用推进装置订货量增长非常明显。     

基于表面活性剂水溶液的脉动热管可视化传热机理研究

脉动热管以质量浓度为1 440 mg/kg的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）水溶液为工质，固定充液率为50%，加热功率为10～105 W，通过可视化的角度探究CTAB/水PHP的作用机理，分析其在不同功率段的典型气泡行为，并与去离子水PHP进行比较。结果表明：CTAB/水PHP在流型方面具有较多气泡，主要以气泡簇的形式存在；加热功率为10 W时，去离子水PHP无法正常启动，其传热性能不如CTAB/水PHP；在低加热功率段，（10～30 W），二者均出现长液塞现象，且CTAB/水PHP能在加热功率更低时完成长液塞的隔断；在中等加热功率段（45～75 W）,CTAB/水PHP的蒸发段产生大量小气泡，且随着加热功率的增加，小气泡数量逐渐变多，去离子水PHP中未发现相同现象；高加热功率段（90～105 W）,CTAB/水PHP中更多观察到长液塞包裹着大量小气泡，而去离子水PHP在流型上与中等加热段无明显区别。     

Analysis of output power smoothing method of the solar chimney power generating system

Severe fluctuation of the output power is a common problem in the generating systems of various renewable energies. The concept of output power fluctuation factor of renewable energy power generating systems was put forward in this paper. Aiming to decrease the fluctuation factor of output power in solar chimney power generating systems (SC), a novel hybrid energy storage system made of water, and sandstone was employed to replace the traditional sandstone energy storage system. The mathematical models of fluid flow, heat transfer and power generating features of SC were established and the influences of material, depth, areas and location of the energy storage layer upon output power were analyzed. The simulation results indicated that adopting the hybrid energy storage of water and sandstone can effectively decrease the fluctuation factor of SC output power and hence smooth the SC output power. In addition, according to the largest daily power generating capability or the smallest peak fluctuation factor, the corresponding optimum depth of the water energy storage layer would be 5 cm or 20 cm, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高铁客运站分布式多能源系统供能协同优化策略研究

为解决传统高铁客运站供能系统中能源利用率较低的问题,以日运行购气费用和购电费用最优为优化目标,以系统运行过程中实时能量平衡为约束条件,以可再生能源出力和吸收式制冷占比为优化变量,建立多能源协同供能的分布式能源系统,并将该模型应用于北方某高铁客运站,分析可再生能源的利用率、制冷系统中可再生能源电出力的电制冷占比以及电网出力的节电率。仿真计算结果表明,分布式能源系统的使用提高了可再生能源的利用率,其中风电机组出力占其出力极限的96.5%,光伏机组出力94.7%;相比于参比系统,分布式能源系统的成本节约率为12.5%;电制冷占比为13%;电网的节电率为53.9%。     

考虑源荷不确定性的分时电价动态修正机制研究

针对新型电力系统中可再生能源出力及负荷需求的不确定性造成源荷协调困难,导致难以制定合理的分时电价的问题,该文提出一种考虑源荷不确定性的分时电价动态修正机制。首先,根据可再生能源出力的波动性以及不确定性,建立新能源并网功率与并网电量偏差量化模型;其次,根据需求侧负荷的变化特征,结合可再生能源出力不确定性,通过多种不确定性因素影响条件的误差计算方法,建立电价概率密度模型。然后,根据负荷上报的用电量以及预报电价,建立考虑源荷不确定性的电力市场分时电价动态修正与优化模型,并采用粒子群算法进行模型求解。最后,通过实际运行数据仿真验证该文所提方法的有效性。     

Sustainable energy system – A case study from Chile

This paper presents some of the results of a power system analysis for Chile. The two major Chilean electric systems are roughly modelled and optimized using a linear programming method with the option to integrate renewable energy sources like wind power, solar power, mini-hydropower and biomass-fired power and also “municipal waste”. A total of four different scenarios are outlined: reference system, new production units, gas and coal price variations and a policy measure to encourage power production based on renewable energy. The objective of the scenarios was to illustrate under what conditions integration of the different energy sources in the existing production system is possible. The study shows that even under current conditions, mini-hydro and waste to energy plants are economically viable. Wind power might be interesting alternatives if policy instrument measures are applied. On the other hand, it is hard for the other energy sources to enter the system even when higher price levels of gas and coal are applied. The system is more sensitive to coal price increases than to gas price increases and this mainly encourages CO₂ emission reduction.     

Adjustable robust low-carbon dispatch for interconnected power systems in Northeast Asian countries

Interconnected power systems that link several countries and fully utilize their individual resources in a complementary manner are becoming increasingly important. As these systems enhance accommodation of renewable energy, they also represent a move toward low-carbon and low-emission power systems. In this paper, a low-carbon dispatch model is proposed to coordinate the generation output between several countries where the carbon emission constraint is a priority. An adjustable robust optimization approach is used to find the optimal solution under the worst-case scenario to address the uncertainties associated with renewable energy resources. A specific constraint is that the area control error for each country should be self-balanced. Furthermore, a reformation using participation factors is presented to simplify the proposed robust dispatch model. Simulation results for practical interconnected power systems in northeast Asian countries verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.     

On the physics of power,energy and economics of renewable electric energy sources - Part II

Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) are often recognized as less competitive than traditional electric energy conversion systems. Obstacles with renewable electric energy conversion systems are often referred to the intermittency of the energy sources [1] and the relatively high maintenance cost. However, due to an intensified discourse on climate change and its effects, it has from a societal point of view, become more desirable to adopt and install CO₂ neutral power plants. Even if this has increased the competitiveness of RETs in a political sense, the new goals for RET installations must also be met with economical viability. We propose that the direction of technical development, as well as the chosen technology in new installations, should not primarily be determined by policies, but by the basic physical properties of the energy source and the associated potential for inexpensive energy production. This potential is the basic entity that drives the payback of the investment of a specific RET power plant. With regard to this, we argue that the total electric energy conversion system must be considered if effective power production is to be achieved, with focus on the possible number of full loading hours and the Degree of Utilization [2]. This will increase the cost efficiency and economical competitiveness of RET investments, and could enhance faster diffusion of new innovations and installations without over-optimistic subsidies. This paper elaborates on the overall problem of the economy of renewable electric energy conversion systems by studying the interface between physics, engineering and economy reported for RET power plants in different scientific publications. The core objective is to show the practical use of the Degree of Utilization and how the concept is crucial for the design and economical optimization disregarding subsidies. The results clearly indicate that the future political regulative frameworks should consider the choice of renewable energy source since this strongly affects the economical output from the RET power plants.     

基于改进支持向量机的多能源电力系统中储能容量规划及运行模型

研究多能源电力系统中储能装置的定容及运行,有利于减小功率波动,降低对电网的冲击,提高电能质量。以青海省海西千万瓦级可再生能源基地为例,首先根据光伏电站和风电场的历史数据分析了两种新能源发电系统的出力特性,在此基础上建立了支持向量机模型,对新能源电站的输出功率进行了短期预测。根据光伏电站和风电场的出力预测误差,建立了ARMA误差预测模型,进一步修正了光伏电站和风电场的预测曲线,最后根据出力预测曲线的功率谱确定了储能系统的容量及出力曲线。研究成果可为新能源并网提供技术支持。     

New scenario of the non-conventional renewable energies on Chile after the incentives created on the “Short Law I”

Non-conventional renewable energies have never played an important role in the Chilean energy generation system, mainly due to the economic barriers that actually exists on our country for the inclusion of these kinds of technologies. Nevertheless, the use of renewable energy system technologies have started to be an interesting issue for the Chilean government, and for that reason, the last modification of the Energy Law during 2004, usually known as “Short Law I”, introduced the first direct incentive to renewable energy generation (specifically in the art. 71-7).In this work we analyze in detail the modification on the electric law we mentioned before, especially for geothermal and wind power generation, and we compare the economic incentive generated with the new law and the differences between the real energy costs using renewable energy systems technologies and the current energy price in Chile. It is clear from the analysis that the total incentives do not cover more than 8.3% of the price differences between incomes and costs.     

Microgrid composed of three or more SOFC combined cycles without accumulation of electricity

Large-scale centralization of the power supply system, consisting mainly of nuclear power generation and thermal power generation, has been adopted in Japanese electrical power system. Because Japan's centralized power supply system has little accommodation for changes in load, the amount of renewable energy that can be introduced is restricted substantially. The percentage of renewable energy introduced in Japan in 2012 was 1.6%; if this were to include hydraulic power generation, the percentage would be less than 10%. Accordingly, this study proposes the development of a microgrid that responds to the changes in output from a large-scale solar power system by using load from the operation of three or more solid oxide fuel cell hybrid power systems (PGSSs), and controlling the number of PGSS units in response to the magnitude of load. A storage battery is not used for the microgrid, developed in this study, for controlling the change in output from renewable energy. The proposal of a system with an introductory high rate of renewable energy is the purpose of this study. The study clarified the method of system operation and the rate at which renewable energy can be introduced at the time of distributed installation of the developed microgrid, using three or more PGSSs to supply all the cities in the Hokkaido region of Japan. From the results of the analysis, the control achieved with the PGSS units was confirmed to be effective. Furthermore, according to meteorological data and our proposed microgrid, the power supplied by renewable energy over the entire Hokkaido region in 2012 reached 48% on February 14 (winter), 49% on July 15 (summer), and 45% on October 15 (moderate season).     

地热发电的投资经济分析

地热能是一种清洁的可再生能源,越来越多的国家宣布支持地热开发。地热发电必须考虑到影响成本的各种因素,地热发电的成本主要由初始投资和电力生产运行及维护成本两部分组成。地热项目具体的投资成本与资源特征和现场条件有着非常密切的关系,资源的温度、深度、化学特性和渗透性是影响发电成本的主要因素。与传统化石燃料发电相比,地热发电已具有相当的竞争力,在生命周期内地热发电厂的平均成本大大低于传统燃料发电厂。另外,地热发电还有抵消化石燃料价格波动对电力市场影响的作用,有利于促进农村和偏远地区经济发展,有利于能源供应多元化。当然,地热能发展也面临着一些障碍,包括钻井的成功率、地热技术尚不够完善以及项目启动成本高等。建议今后地热资源的利用不再仅局限于极少数高温地热项目中,而是尽可能发掘地热资源的所有潜力。