寒区水源热泵及调峰供暖运行机制的优化分析

首先介绍了适用于寒区供暖的水源热泵及调峰供暖系统,指出该供暖系统的运行机制影响着运行的经济性。在不改变末端原有散热器的前提下,分析了该供暖系统主要运行参变量之间的关系。以系统运行费用为目标函数,推导出了系统运行时的优化模型。以哈尔滨某一小区从原有传统供暖方式改造为水源热泵及调峰供暖为例,对其进行了优化分析,得出了最优的系统方案及其运行情况,说明水源热泵及调峰供暖具有明显环保和经济效益。     

低温地热运用热泵供热的技术经济性

结合某工程可行性研究,分析了低温地热运用热泵供暖,供生活热水的技术经济性,并与传统锅炉供热方式进行比较,讨论了地热热泵应用的可行性。     

地热+高温水源热泵区域供暖工程的环境影响分析

经过分析计算，对区域燃煤锅炉房供暖方式和地热＋高温水源热泵供暖方式对环境的影响做出比较．证明了地热＋高温水源热泵同燃煤锅炉供暖方式相比具有巨大的环境效益。     

地热直供联合热泵供暖技术的研究与应用

为了响应国家节能减排的政策,改善传统的供暖模式所造成的环境污染和能源浪费,渤海石油水电服务公司在东沽石油新村采用先进的地热联合热泵供暖技术,成功替代了原有的地热直供、燃油锅炉调峰供暖技术,使地热直供供暖尾水得以充分利用,达标25℃进行回灌,并消除了渣油燃料对环境的大量污染,使公司的经济效益和社会效益得到了稳步提升.     

热泵在低温地热资源利用中的应用

探讨了低温废热资源有效利用的方法，即将热泵技术应用于低温地热废水供暖。通过对地热及热泵联合供热热源系统的设计计算方案比较，分析热泵参与地热供暖的负荷调节，论证了应用热泵技术是提高低温能源利用率的有效方式。还介绍了工程投资和运行成本的计算方法。     

基于热回收的游泳池热泵除湿供暖系统

基于国内室内游泳馆能耗较高且大部分未设热回收装置的现状，讨论了利用热泵对游泳池供暖除湿的同时实现废热回收的系统设计方案以及回收效果，提出了利用太阳能辅助热泵运行的思想，并给出联合运行的设计方案。从能源利用的角度对二者进行了分析，并与常规的锅炉加冷水机组系统进行了经济性分析和比较，阐明将热泵应用于游泳池除湿供暖，不仅可以有效地节约能源，而且在经济上也是一个非常可行的方案。     

水源热泵在冬季供暖中的应用

利用水源热泵从13～18℃的浅层地下水中提取热量，提供45℃的热水，通过风机盘管进行供暖。本文对热泵供暖的经济性进行了分析，并与燃油、燃气锅炉供暖进行了比较，结果表明热泵是一种节能环保的设备，热泵供暖带来了明显的经济及环保效益。     

河水源热泵与蓄热电锅炉联合供暖系统研究

为提高电力供暖的经济性,本文设计了一种河水源热泵和蓄热电锅炉联合供暖系统.并根据某10万m2小镇的供暖需求进行了方案设计.通过采用不同输出功率分配的热泵和蓄热电锅炉组合方案,对各方案的运行费用、初投资费用和污染物排放进行了对比研究.研究结果表明,随着热泵供暖负荷的增加,设备的初投资随之增加,而运行费用和污染物排放随之减...     

国内最大高温地热热泵机组在西安投入运行

国内最大高温地热热泵机组在西安投入运行。由西安市地热开发经营服务中心负责的西安市丰盛园小区供暖项目，采用了国内最先进的地热 高温水源热泵供暖技术，供暖面积25万m^2。该技术节能环保，符合可持续发展的要求，利用高温水源热泵从原先50℃排放掉的地热尾水中吸取热量，然后输出65℃热水进行供暖，使地热尾水温度降低到10℃排放。同往年相比，     

热泵供暖的经济性分析

该文对利用低品位的浅层地下水作为水源热泵的热源，冬季向建筑物供暖的经济性进行了分析研究，结果表明用低品位的地热资源利用热泵技术进行供暖具有很好的节能和环保效益。     

Techno‐economic analysis of renewable energy source options for a district heating project

With the increased interest in exploiting renewable energy sources for district heating applications, the economic comparison of viable options has been considered as an important step in making a sound decision. In this paper, the economic performance of several energy options for a district heating system in Vancouver, British Columbia, is studied. The considered district heating system includes a 10 MW peaking/backup natural gas boiler to provide about 40% of the annual energy requirement and a 2.5 MW base‐load system. The energy options for the base‐load system include: wood pellet, sewer heat, and geothermal heat. Present values of initial and operating costs of each system were calculated over 25‐year service life of the systems, considering tax savings due to depreciation and operating costs, and salvage value of equipment and building and resale price of land in the cash flow analysis. It was shown that the natural gas boiler option provided less expensive energy followed by the wood pellet heat producing technologies, sewer heat recovery, and geothermal heat pump. Among wood pellet technologies, the grate burner was a less expensive option than powder and gasifier technologies. It was found that using natural gas as a fuel source for the peaking/backup system accounted for 37% of the heat production cost for the considered district‐heating center. The results show that the cost of produced heat from wood pellet grate burner is well comparable to that of the natural gas boiler. Emissions of the systems are also calculated in this study. It is shown that the natural gas boiler for the base‐load heat production would produce more than 4300 tonnes of GHG emission per year, while wood pellet burning systems are GHG neutral. Sensitivity analysis on various inputs to the economic model has been carried out. It was shown that 20% increase in capital cost of the natural gas base‐load system or 1% decrease in wood pellet price inflation would make the wood pellet grate burner economically preferable to the natural gas boiler. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太阳能吸收式空调系统的经济性分析

针对一个特定的对象,进行了太阳能吸收式空调系统寿命周期内的模拟计算及影响因素的分析,结果表明：（1）单纯太阳能空调（无采暖与热水供应）的经济性很差,太阳能空调与供热的复合系统的经济性要优于单纯的太阳能空调系统;（2）太阳能采暖与空调的复合系统,采暖与供冷的负荷比对系统的经济性有很大影响,即使在最佳的负荷比时仍无法和常规的系统竞争;（3）太阳能与生活热水系统的负荷系统中,热水负荷所占比重越大,经济性越好,当太阳能空调使用生活热水系统夏季多余的热量时,太阳能空调系统经济上可以和天然气锅炉＋电动制冷机竞争,并具有很好的节能性和环境效益。     

基于电锅炉的火电机组灵活性改造技术研究

为有效解决东北电力产能过剩,促进风电、核电等清洁能源消纳问题,提升燃煤供热机组的灵活性,针对东北地区某热电厂,通过对热电解耦时间、电锅炉型式以及不同电锅炉容量配置对机组实际发电负荷的影响等灵活性改造关键技术进行研究,确定了最佳电锅炉容量,提出了电锅炉装设方案,并对改造前后机组的调峰能力和性能指标进行对比分析。研究表明:随着电锅炉容量增长,抵减电锅炉用电后机组实际发电负荷率显著降低,提升火电机组灵活性改造后,电厂调峰能力显著提升,考虑以全厂172 MW发电负荷运行,电厂调峰能力在采暖初末期增加了368 MW,采暖中期增加了528 MW;全厂供热标煤耗由39.7 kg/GJ降低至34.3 kg/GJ,降低了5.4 kg/GJ;经济效益显著,扣除电锅炉用电成本后1个采暖季的调峰辅助服务补贴收益为1.47亿元;同时,电锅炉投运后可实现电厂的上网电量接近零,为清洁能源就地消纳做出贡献。     

Thermal analysis of indirect geothermal district heating systems

Low- and moderate-temperature geothermal resources have been discovered in many areas of the world, and are being used increasingly for district heating. Due to the corrosive action of some geothermal waters, heat exchangers are used to avoid circulating the geothermal fluid directly through the district heating systems, in what are called Indirect Geothermal District Heating Systems (IGDHS). In this case, the geothermal water acts as a heat source directly heating the network fluid through a heat exchanger. However, it is different from that of conventional systems in which hot water from a fossil fuel boiler is used directly. In the former (IGDHS), the geothermal water is regarded as a heat source with constant temperature, and in the latter the boiler is considered a heat source with variable heat flux. This paper presents a thermal analysis of a simple IGDHS, and discusses the selection of heat exchangers and optimum operating conditions.     

Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of district heating systems

Selecting the optimal type of district heating (DH) system is of great importance because different heating systems have different levels of efficiency, which will impact the system economics, environment and energy use. In this study, seven DH systems were analysed and evaluated by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The dimensionless number—goodness was introduced into the calculation, the economics, environment and energy technology factors were considered synthetically, and the final goodness values were obtained. The results show that if only one of the economics, environment or energy technology factors are considered, different heating systems have different goodness values. When all three factors were taken into account, the final ranking of goodness values was: combined heating and power>gas-fired boiler>water-source heat pump>coal-fired boiler>ground-source heat pump>solar-energy heat pump>oil-fired boiler. The combined heating and power system is the best choice from all seven systems; the gas-fired boiler system is the best of the three boiler systems for heating purpose; and the water-source heat pump is the best of the three heat pump systems for heating and cooling.     

风机盘管特性参数在低温工况下简便算法的研究

针对低温地热采暖方式的特点，对低温地热采暖系统中采用的风机盘管结构及特性参数进行了改造与优化。分析了系统最佳运行参数及其影响因素；通过对不同型式风机盘管热工性能的试验及风机盘管设备的实验研究，总结出适用于低温地热采暖系统风机盘管总传热系数的简化计算公式，对工程设计具有一定的使用价值。     

Impact of burner cycle time in liquid fuel pressure burners on the thermal efficiency of heating appliances

Heating appliances used in buildings are designed according to building's heating load as a function of outdoor design air temperature. Usually this temperature is quite lower than the average external air temperature during the heating season. For most of the heating season, heating appliances do not operate at their nominal heating capacity. This requires boilers to operate at a lower thermal efficiency. Furthermore, on–off cycling of the pressure oil burner increases the amount of emissions of harmful substances into the flue gases. In many systems, a built-in burner is harmonized to the heating power of a boiler. The heating appliance's thermal efficiency appears to depend on burner cycle time and boiler heating load. Thermal efficiency of the heating appliance drops during shorter burner cycle times. The shortest burner cycle time appears at approx. 50% of the boiler heating load. Interestingly, in cases where the boiler heating load is not equivalent to rated (design) boiler capacity, two methods of calculating boiler thermal efficiency produce different results.     

Shallow gravel aquifers and the urban ‘heat island’ effect: a source of low enthalpy geothermal energy

Northern European countries with no high temperature geothermal resources can utilise the urban ‘heat island’ effect to generate low enthalpy geothermal energy for space heating/cooling systems in buildings, provided a suitable aquifer underlies the urban area. Buried valleys, formed at the height of the Pleistocene glaciation 15,000 years ago, when sea level was 130 m lower than present, and infilled with gravels as sea level rose again at the end of the Pleistocene, underlie many European cities. These high yielding aquifers exist at only a few metres depth, and can provide a supply of groundwater at temperatures elevated 3–4 K above the average rural groundwater temperatures. This can produce a marked improvement both in the output and in the efficiency of a geothermal system making use of this source. When passed through a heat pump operating at a Coefficient of Performance (COP) of 4.5:1, a well yielding 20 l/s of groundwater at 13 °C can generate 865 kW heat, sufficient to supply space heating for buildings with a footprint in excess of 12,000 m² with a peak heating intensity of 70 W/m². The economics of this low enthalpy geothermal energy source are outlined. Although development costs are minimal, at current low natural gas fuel prices in Ireland, heating-only applications will be less attractive, and a real cost saving will only accrue if dual heating/cooling functions can be developed.     

Geothermal energy in Turkey: the sustainable future

Turkey is an energy importing nation with more than half of our energy requirements met by imported fuels. Air pollution is becoming a significant environmental concern in the country. In this regard, geothermal energy and other renewable energy sources are becoming attractive solution for clean and sustainable energy future for Turkey. Turkey is the seventh richest country in the world in geothermal energy potential. The main uses of geothermal energy are space heating and domestic hot water supply, greenhouse heating, industrial processes, heat pumps and electricity generation. The district heating system applications started with large-scale, city-based geothermal district heating systems in Turkey, whereas the geothermal district heating centre and distribution networks have been designed according to the geothermal district heating system (GDHS) parameters. This constitutes an important advantage of GDHS investments in the country in terms of the technical and economical aspects. In Turkey, approximately 61,000 residences are currently heated by geothermal fluids. A total of 665 MW_t is utilized for space heating of residential, public and private property, and 565,000 m² of greenhouses. The proven geothermal heat capacity, according to data from existing geothermal wells and natural discharges, is 3132 MWt. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy is clean and much cheaper compared to the other fossil and renewable energy sources for Turkey.     

Barriers and enablers to geothermal district heating system development in the United States

According to the US Energy Information Administration, space and hot water heating represented about 20% of total US energy demand in 2006. Given that most of this demand is met by burning natural gas, propane, and fuel oil, an enormous opportunity exists for directly utilizing indigenous geothermal energy as a cleaner, nearly emissions-free renewable alternative. Although the US is rich in geothermal energy resources, they have been frequently undervalued in America's portfolio of options as a means of offsetting fossil fuel emissions while providing a local, reliable energy source for communities. Currently, there are only 21 operating GDHS in the US with a capacity of about 100 MW thermal. Interviews with current US district heating operators were used to collect data on and analyze the development of these systems. This article presents the current structure of the US regulatory and market environment for GDHS along with a comparative study of district heating in Iceland where geothermal energy is extensively utilized. It goes on to review the barriers and enablers to utilizing geothermal district heating systems (GDHS) in the US for space and hot water heating and provides policy recommendations on how to advance this energy sector in the US.