一株极端嗜热厌氧纤维素分解细菌的分离和生理性状研究

从新西兰Ｒｏｔｏｒｕａ的曙泉中分离出一株厌氧，极端嗜热的纤维素分解细菌。该菌株革兰氏染色阴性，不运动，不形成芽孢。细胞单个、成对或成链，呈直杆状，宽１．０－１．２μｍ，长３．０－７．０μｍ，在纤维素琼脂滚管上７０℃培养４天以后的菌落形态呈不规则状，不透明，产生淡黄色色素，发酵纤维素、纤维二糖、葡萄糖产生氢、二氧化碳、二氧化碳、乙醇、乙酸、微量乳酸。     

挺柱陶瓷镶块的材料与工艺研究

钎焊接合的陶瓷－金属复合挺柱，装在汽车发动机上，工作１１６０ｈ后，陶瓷镶块自身损量约为０．２５μｍ，其对偶件４５号淬火钢轮凸轮的磨损量为３．１４μｍ。而同样条件下，冷激铸铁挺柱的磨损量为１０．４４μｍ，与其配对的４５号淬火钢凸轮磨损量为８．７２μｍ，陶瓷挺柱与金属挺柱相比，不仅自身耐磨性好，而且具有减磨特性。     

硼离子掺杂类金刚石薄膜及C（B）n—Si异质结光伏特性

采用直流弧光放电等离子ＰＣＶＤ法，沉积获得硼掺杂类金刚石薄膜，该材料ｐ型半导体，电阻率５－１０Ωｃｍ。俄歇电子能谱测试表明，硼离子含量为０．８％，由扫描电镜和激光喇曼谱分析可知，薄膜以非晶为主，观察到许多线径为０．５－１．０μｍ的金刚石结晶微粒。     

SnO_2／p接触特性对a－Si太阳电池填充因子的影响

用ＰＥＣＶＤ方法制备出高电导率（～０．２ｓｃｍ－１）、宽带隙（～２．２ｅＶ）的Ｐ型微晶化硅碳合金（ｐ－μｃ－ＳｉＣ：Ｈ）薄膜材料。利用ｐ－μＣ－ＳｉＣ：Ｈ／ｐ－ａ－Ｓｉ：Ｈ复合结构做ａ－Ｓｉ太阳电池的窗口材料，明显改善了ＳｎＯ２／ｐ之间的接触特性，从而使１０ｃｍ×１０ｃｍ单结集成型电池的填充因子从０．７０以下提高到０．７２。     

透明电极材料：ITO超细粉末

本文介绍的制备ＩＴＯ超细粉末新工艺，使一次平均粒径达０．２￣０．３μｍ，这比日本目前的市场水平大约低下一个数量级。用它制备的透明电极ＩＴＯ薄膜，相对密度（Ｒ．Ｄ值）高达９５￣９８％。     

SHL6.5—2.45型锅炉一项节能措施

１　锅炉概况及存在问题徐州火柴厂ＳＨＬ６．５－２．４５／饱和－ＡⅢ型双横锅筒锅炉系上海某锅炉厂制造。１９８９年底投运后，工作压力２．０～２．２ＭＰａ，燃烧工况良好，设备运转正常，尤其是超负荷能力较强。其尾部装置双级方型肋片管铸铁省煤器，为顺排逆流式，烟气由上而下，省煤器受热面１４１．６ｍ２，单根规格为７６×１０ｍｍ，长２ｍ。几年来，锅炉运行排烟温度在２３０℃左右，超过ＧＢ／Ｔ３４８６－９３标准要求，增大了排烟热损失。１９９５年初，经徐州市能源利用监测站测试，该炉被认定为耗能不达标设备。针对存在…     

用流化床焚烧造纸污泥的热态试验

在一床截面积为 ０．２３×０．２３ｍ ２ 的流化床热态试验台上,在无辅助燃料助燃的情况下,对影响造纸污泥稳定燃烧的各种因素进行了研究。试验表明当水份不大于 ５０％ 时,能稳定燃烧。     

用流化床焚烧造纸污泥的热态试验

在一床截面积为０．２３ｍ×０．２３ｍ的流化床热态试验台上,造纸污泥在无辅助燃料助燃的情况下,对影响稳定燃烧的各种因素进行试验。试验表明当水分不大子５０％时能稳定燃烧。     

沼气浮罩的结构设计及安装调试

沼气浮罩的结构设计及安装调试安徽省农村能源科研所童有怀浮罩沼气池是一种较好的池型，其一，它产气率高，达到０．３～０．４ｍ３／ｍ３．ｄ，而水压沼气池产气率只有０．１～０．１５ｍ３／ｍ３．ｄ；其二，它的沼气压力稳定，能够使得灶具燃烧达到热效率最高的状况；...     

等离子喷涂γ—Al2O3和α—Al2O3涂层的性能和结构

用优选的喷焰参数制备了含有９９．５％以上的γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的喷涂态涂层，该涂层具有０．１－１μｍ直径的颗粒，其薄层厚度为１－４μｍ。用同样的喷焰条件，但缓慢地在基体上移动，产生了含有α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３涂层。在每个喷焰的喷道中观察到三种类型的显微结构：类型Ｉ，在较下面的区域，认为已形成了γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３晶核，并且由于喷焰和涂层的热量而转变成α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３相；类型Ⅲ；在类型Ｉ上连，形成了α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３晶核，在     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.