氮对淬火-配分超级马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对超级马氏体不锈钢进行氮合金化并进行淬火-配分工艺处理,使用OM、SEM、TEM、EBSD、BSD、万能试验机和维氏硬度计等手段对不含氮和氮含量(质量分数)分别为0.23%、0.35%的三组超级马氏体不锈钢进行表征,研究了氮元素对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明：氮的添加细化了实验钢中的马氏体板条,使其平均宽度由2.93 μm减小到0.65 μm。在配分处理过程中较高的氮富集度为逆变奥氏体的生成提供了驱动力,并使其稳定到室温。在钢中添加氮元素使钢的强度和塑性均明显比0 N试验钢的高,0.23 N和0.35 N试验钢的抗拉强度和延伸率分别为1510 MPa、24.2%和1215 MPa和35.1%。由此可见,氮合金化有利于提高超级马氏体不锈钢的力学性能。     

淬火-配分-回火工艺处理钢的三体冲击磨损性能研究

研究了"淬火-配分-回火"(Q-P-T)工艺对20Si2Ni3钢三体冲击磨料磨损性能的影响.结果表明,随试验冲击能量从0.5 J增加到3.5 J,试样的磨损失重量先增大后减小,在2.5 J时出现峰;试样经Q-P-T工艺处理后的磨损失重量低于传统淬火回火((Q-T)工艺处理的试样,其主要磨损机制由犁削向应变疲劳转变;经Q-P-T处理的样品在磨损试验后的表面加工硬化层厚度明显高于经Q-T处理的样品.分析认为基体的高塑韧性及其在磨损过程中的形变强化和残余奥氏体的相变强化是Q-P-T工艺处理钢具有较好的抗冲击磨料磨损性能的原因.     

应变速率对热冲压淬火-配分钢显微组织与力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆对热冲压淬火-配分(HS-Q&P)钢在0~12000 s^(-1)应变速率范围内进行动态压缩实验,利用SEM,EBSD,XRD等分析表征手段探究动态压缩过程中试样的变形行为。结果表明:实验钢在不同速率下的变形行为基本相似且分为3个阶段,在平台处应力有小幅度增加,增幅更多体现在应变上。在压缩过程中出现的绝热升温会带来软化效应。残余奥氏体的存在会提高实验钢的强度和塑性变形能力。钢中残余奥氏体发生相变诱导塑性(transformation induced plasticity,TRIP)效应减少的体积分数与马氏体增加的体积分数基本一致,证明TRIP效应为钢中主要的强化机制。同时,通过SEM可观测到残余奥氏体发生TRIP效应转变成细小针状马氏体,随着应变速率增加,晶格畸变越来越严重,EBSD图像中可以观测到部分形变孪晶,在不同应变速率下,〈001〉取向的晶粒都会更容易产生形变孪晶。     

Si对中锰钢淬火配分组织和性能的影响

将20Mn5钢和20Mn5Si2钢进行淬火和配分(Q&P)工艺处理,用扫描电镜观测其微观组织,用X射线法测量残余奥氏体量,研究了Si对其微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,试验钢中的奥氏体含量明显高于传统的TRIP钢和Q&P 工艺处理钢;在相同Q＆P工艺条件下,20Mn5Si2钢比20Mn5有较多的残余奥氏体,析出物数...     

高强韧钢淬火-配分工艺中碳配分计算模型的研究进展

淬火-配分(QP)钢作为第三代先进高强钢,为汽车轻量化、能源使用效率提升及更早地实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的目标提供了重要保障。在淬火-配分(QP)工艺中,淬火过程形成初始组织(残余奥氏体+马氏体),配分过程则是保留和稳定残余奥氏体的关键环节。QP钢配分时除了会发生碳配分,还常常伴有置换原子短程扩散、奥氏体/马氏体界面迁移、奥氏体/马氏体间相变、奥氏体/贝氏体间相变及碳化物析出等现象,使得对配分过程组织演化和碳浓度分布的研究变得十分困难。国内外学者以相关实验为基础,针对具体配分过程提出了许多计算模型,以达到对最终组织相组成的准确预测,并揭示配分过程中多现象同时发生的潜在机制。本文从以下两方面对QP钢碳配分过程的计算模型进行了综述：(1)基于热力学和动力学建立的计算模型,主要包括理想化的CCE模型、考虑界面移动性的QP-PE模型和QP-LE模型、考虑碳化物析出的CCEθ模型和QPT-LE模型、考虑贝氏体相变的耦合模型以及考虑多现象同时发生的耦合模型;(2)利用相场手段进行的相关计算模拟。最后,对今后碳配分过程的模拟计算研究前景做出展望。     

Q&P工艺参数对34SiMn2CrNiMo钢组织和力学性能的影响EI北大核心

设计制备一种中碳合金钢34SiMn2CrNiMo,通过对淬火-配分(Q&P)热处理试样的显微组织表征和力学性能测试,建立工艺-组织-性能的关系,结合热膨胀相变行为研究结果,探讨淬火中止温度TQ、加热模式、配分温度TP和配分时间tP对组织演变的影响规律并进行强韧性机理分析。结果表明:实验钢经过Q&P处理后可以获得马氏体+残余奥氏体的复相组织,从而大幅提高强塑性。在最佳处理状态组织中残余奥氏体体积分数约为24%,屈服强度为1053 MPa,抗拉强度为1607 MPa,伸长率为24.9%,强塑积为40.0 GPa·%。为了避免生成块状二次马氏体,实验钢最佳淬火温度应位于马氏体相变开始温度Ms以下150℃左右。实验钢不完全淬火后缓慢加热比快速加热配分能获得更多的残余奥氏体,钢的塑韧性提高更明显。实验钢在400℃配分时Q&P组织和性能相对稳定,而在450℃配分时残余奥氏体体积分数随时间延长而减少,导致屈服强度和伸长率同步下降。     

回火温度对0Cr16Ni5Mo马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和力学性能测试,研究了回火温度对0Cr16Ni5Mo马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在450—700℃温度区间回火处理后的组织均为回火马氏体+残余奥氏体+δ-铁素体,随着回火温度的升高,韧化相残余奥氏体含量先增加后降低,在600℃其含量达到最大值29.8%。其强度则随着回火温度的升高先降低然后回升,在600℃回火后强度最低,而伸长率变化趋势与强度相反;不同温度回火后的冲击断口均呈韧窝状,撕裂棱清晰可见,断裂方式均为韧性断裂。     

奥氏体不锈钢中马氏体含量对其钝化膜稳定性的影响

采用ＡＥＳ研究１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ奥氏体不锈钢在中性氯离子介质中，相变α‘－马氏体含量对钝化膜稳定性的影响，由Ａｒ＾＋溅射得到Ｃｒ／Ｆｅ比值和Ｃｌ随深度变化的分布。实验结果表明，０％和１４．５％α－马氏体含量的试件表面膜中Ｃｒ富集程度大，Ｃｒ／Ｆｅ比高，氯元素吸附少，膜稳定性好．     

热处理温度对新型马氏体时效不锈钢微观组织和性能的影响

针对一种以Al作为主要强化元素的新型马氏体时效不锈钢,通过力学性能测试、光学显微镜观察和透射电子显微分析方法,研究不同的热处理温度对实验钢力学性能和微观组织的影响。结果表明:该实验钢的抗拉强度最高可达1876MPa,屈服强度可达1762MPa,具有良好的强韧性配合。固溶处理后形成了具有高密度位错的细小板条马氏体组织,在时效过程中,马氏体基体上弥散析出的NiAl相使其强度得到大幅度的提升。随着时效温度的提高,NiAl析出相颗粒逐渐长大粗化,从而使强度在到达峰值后迅速下降,出现了过时效现象。实验钢经过820℃固溶+(-70℃)冷处理+540℃时效处理后可获得良好的综合力学性能。     

40CrMnSiMoVA钢马氏体区和贝氏体区等温淬火的组织与强韧性

本文研究了40CrMnSiMoVA 钢在马氏体区(190℃)和贝氏体区(300℃)等温淬火后的组织与强度、塑性、韧性、多次冲击疲劳性能及周期强度间的关系。探讨了其强韧化的机理,证明贝氏体区等温淬火后在综合力学性能上具有明显的优越性。     

Effect of microstructure morphology on mechanical properties of quenching and partitioning steel

In order to illuminate the relationship between microstructure morphology and final properties of the quenching and partitioning(Q&P) steel, the samples with different microstructure morphology (equiaxed and lamellar) and same volume fraction of each phase are obtained by controlling the initial microstructure and Q&P heat treatment. Because of the feature of microstructure morphology, a large yield ratio and total elongation are obtained in the lamellar sample though yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are relatively lower than that of equiaxed sample. Moreover, the lamellar sample produces a continuous work-hardening rate and better the fracture toughness compared to the equiaxed sample. Thus the lamellar sample is more suitable to be used as automotive structural components.     

A novel ultra-strong hot stamping steel treated by quenching and partitioning process

In the present study, we design a novel hot stamping steel containing high amounts of C and Si and micro-alloying element (i.e. Nb). The steel was subjected to quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. The new Q&P treated hot stamping steel exhibits a significantly improved mechanical property in terms of strength, ductility and impact toughness compared with the traditional 22MnB5 hot stamping steel. The influence of partitioning time on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The retained austenite (RA) fraction and the carbon content of RA significantly increased with higher partitioning times. With increasing partitioning time, the uniform elongation, total elongation, strength-ductility balance and impact energy was also remarkably enhanced. The maximum strength-ductility balance achieves around 23?GPa %.     

Q&P热处理工艺对含Cu TRIP钢组织和性能的影响

随着能源的短缺和环境污染的日益严重,汽车轻量化需求日益迫切,如何通过工艺及成分设计革新、获得兼具高强度和高塑性的钢板尤为重要.尝试将Cu作为合金元素加入TRIP钢中,采用淬火配分(QP)工艺对含Cu TRIP钢进行一步法和两步法热处理,通过拉伸试验、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜等实验手段,对热处理后的组织及性能进行测试和观察,探究了不同热处理工艺对组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明:一步法处理后的显微组织为铁素体、马氏体和残余奥氏体,两步法处理后不仅包含上述3种组织,还含有贝氏体.一步法处理后,抗拉强度达2 200 MPa,拉伸延展率为15%,强塑积为33 GPa·%;两步法处理后综合力学性能优于一步法,在400℃等温5 min后,抗拉强度为1 300 MPa,拉伸延展率为43%,强塑积超过55 GPa·%.实验钢良好的综合力学性能得益于铁素体、马氏体/贝氏体和残余奥氏体的合理配比,变形过程中残余奥氏体的相变诱导塑性效应,以及马氏体位错与Cu粒子的交互作用.     

Effect of retained austenite on the microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel

The effect of retained austenite () on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel was experimentally investigated, whose chemical composition was Fe-1.8Cu-15.9Cr-7.3Ni-1.2Mo-0.08Nb-low C, N (mass%). The microstructures of all specimens consist of a typical lath martensite with interlath films of the retained , which is not reverted with aging. Cu-rich precipitates which may contribute to precipitation hardening can not clearly be observed. The tensile properties and Charpy absorbed energy are linearly approximated to the amount of retained as follows: 0.2% Y.S. (MPa) = 1192.3 – 13.6 × %, T.S. (MPa) = 1250.1 – 9.3 × %, El. (%) = 12.16 + 0.43 × %, R.A. (%) = 64.25 + 0.14 × %, and A.E. (J) = 72.5 + 0.8 × %. The introduction of retained is not beneficial to the fatigue limit. An excellent combinations of strength, ductility and toughness obtained in the present work is attributed to the introduction of retained and also to the chemical composition of the specimen used.     

Weldability and properties of martensitic/austenitic stainless steel joints

Abstract

A series of studies has been carried out to examine the weldability and properties of dissimilar steel joints using martensitic and austenitic stainless steels F6NM (OCr13Ni4Mo) and AISI 347, respectively. This type of joint requires good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and a stable magnetic permeability in addition to a good weldability. Weldability tests include weld thermal simulation of the martensitic steel to investigate the influence of weld thermal cycles and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the heat affected zone (HAZ); implant testing to examine the tendency for cold cracking of martensitic steel; and rigid restraint testing to determine hot crack susceptibility of the multipass dissimilar steel joints. The simulation results indicated that the toughness of the martensitic steel HAZ did not change significantly after the weld thermal cycles. The implant test results indicated that welds produced using nickel based filler show no tendency for cold cracking, whereas welds produced using martensitic or ferritic filler show such a tendency. Based on the weldability tests, a welding procedure (tungsten inert gas welding for root passes with HNiCrMo-2B wire followed by manual metal arc welding using ENiCrFe-3B coated electrode) was developed and a PWHT at 600°C for 2 h was recommended. Joints produced using the developed welding procedure are not susceptible to hot and cold cracking. After PWHT the joints exhibit both satisfactory mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking resistance.

MST/1955     

Effect of interlayer addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of NiTi/stainless steel joint by electron beam welding

NiTi/Stainless Steel(SS) sheets have been welded via a vacuum electron beam welding process, with three methods(offsetting electron beam to SS side without interlayer, adding Ni interlayer and adding Fe Ni interlayer), to promote mechanical properties of the Ni Ti/SS joints. The joints with different interlayers are all fractured in the weld zone near the Ni Ti side, which is attributed to the enrichment of intermetallic compounds including Fe2 Ti and Ni3 Ti. The fracture mechanisms of different joints are strongly dependent on the types of interlayers, and the joints without interlayer, adding Ni interlayer and adding Fe Ni interlayer exhibit cleavage fracture, intergranular fracture and mixed fracture composed of cleavage and tearing ridge, respectively. Compared with the brittle laves phase Fe2 Ti, Ni3 Ti phase can exhibit certain plasticity, block the crack propagation and change the direction of crack propagation. The composite structure of Ni3 Ti and Fe2 Ti will be formed when the Fe Ni alloy is taken as the interlayer, which provides the joint excellent mechanical properties, with rupture strength of 343 MPa.     

Austenite stability for quenching and partitioning treated steel revealed by colour tint-etching method

Abstract

The complex microstructures of quenching and partitioning treated (QP980) steel have been investigated using two-step colour tint-etching method and further verified by X-ray diffraction, electron backscattering diffraction, magnetisation measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The colour tint-etching method can quantitatively discriminate the ferrite, martensite and retained austenite by obviously colour differences. It is found that retained austenite was observed inside both martensite and ferrite, and the fraction of retained austenite in martensite was statistically higher but more scattering than that in ferrite. Moreover, the retained austenite in martensite is a little bit more stable than that in ferrite by comparing the change of volume fraction retained austenite in both phases after tension.     

Effects of dynamic impact on mechanical properties and microstructure of special stainless steel weldments

Variations in weld metal microstructure after impact at different strain rates for three weld metals, SAF 2507 DSS, SAF 2205 DSS and 254 SMO steel, are addressed. The twin grain forms that appear inside the γ grain of duplex stainless steel at low impact strain rates may be caused by adiabatic heat. The needle-like or thick streak-like twins occur in the γ grain of duplex stainless steel, caused by shear stress at a high strain rate. The impact induces dislocation loop formation in the γ phase of 254 SMO steel at low strain rate, but martensite is produced at a high strain rate. The chemical composition affects the stacking fault energy coupled with adiabatic heat to determine the final structure of the impact.     

Influence of specimen size and microstructure on the fracture toughness of a martensitic stainless steel

The fracture toughness of alloy HT-9,² a martensitic stainless steel under consideration for fast reactor and fusion reactor applications, was determined from circular compact tension specimens using the multi-specimen R-curve method. Specimens with thicknesses of 11.94, 7.62 and 2.54mm and widths of 23.88 and 11.94 mm were tested to investigate the effects of specimen size on fracture toughness. The test results obtained from all specimens are in good agreement and thickness requirements for a valid J_1c test are satisfied. The experiment indicates that small specimens of HT-9 may be used for post-irradiation fracture toughness testing.Fractographic examination of the fracture surfaces reveals that fracture in HT-9 is significantly influenced by delta ferrite stringers present in the material. The fracture surface examination and crack opening displacement measurements for specimens tested at various temperatures are consistent with the temperature dependence of the J_1c results.     

Quantitative assessment of retained austenite in quenching and partitioning treated multiphase steel

For multiphase steel, an efficient and accurate quantitative analysis of constituent phases is critical in understanding the mechanical mechanism and optimising its properties. A method based on image digitisation and the concept of categorised linear interception has been proposed to study the amount of retained austenite (RA) residing in different phases in quenching and partitioning treated multiphase steel. It was found that RA at different locations transformed in different strain stages due to considerable influence from the surrounding phases, and the stability of each type of RA was estimated according to the above mentioned method. The proposed multistage transformation was proved to be more accurate than a single stage stability model.