锂离子电池用三维网状水系黏结剂的研究进展

硅材料由于具有很高的理论比容量(4200 mAh·g-1)而成为下一代锂离子电池的关键负极材料之一,但是其在嵌/脱锂过程中会产生巨大的体积变化,使电极的循环性能变差.黏结剂作为电极的主要成分之一承担着连接电极组分、维持电极结构稳定的重要作用,使用合适的黏结剂对于改善硅基负极的循环稳定性至关重要.带有极性官能团的水系黏结剂由于可以有效改善硅基负极的电化学性能而成为现在的研究热点.本文综述硅基负极水系黏结剂的研究进展,首先对单一线性结构黏结剂的性质进行归纳总结.在此基础上,对具有三维网状结构的复合黏结剂的研究进展进行重点介绍,详细讨论不同类型三维网状黏结剂的结构和性能特点,以及应用于硅基负极时对电极性能的改善效果.最后,提出硅基负极水系黏结剂所应具备的特性,旨在为硅基负极水系黏结剂的开发和选择提供思路.     

反应挤出制备极性共聚聚丙烯热熔胶

聚丙烯(PP)热熔胶缺乏极性,在粘接极性材料时性能较差.文中使用反应挤出在PP及共聚PP分子链上引入马来酸酐(MAH)基团,提高其极性,获得了PP极性热熔胶.使用多种粘接基材评价了该热熔胶的粘接性能,研究了极性、表面粗糙度、分子链结构对粘接性能的影响.结果表明,反应挤出接枝MAH可以显著提高PP热熔胶与极性材料的粘接能...     

改性酚醛树脂处理剂对石英纤维增强芳基乙炔复合材料性能的影响

采用改性酚醛树脂作为石英纤维表面处理剂来提高石英纤维增强芳基乙炔复合材料(SF/PAA)界面性能。通过性能测试,研究处理剂对力学性能和介电性能的影响。通过XPS和SEM分析方法,研究了酚醛树脂表面处理剂对复合材料界面官能团变化和微观形貌的影响。性能测试结果表明改性酚醛树脂处理剂可以显著提高PAA复合材料的力学性能和介电性能。XPS分析结果表明酚醛树脂处理后的石英纤维表面与酚醛树脂发生了化学反应,SEM研究表明酚醛树脂处理后的复合材料界面粘结性能得到显著提高。     

接枝内酯基活性炭增强苯乙烯吸附性能研究

活性炭以其丰富的孔道结构和高比表面积而在吸附苯乙烯废气上具有巨大的应用潜力,然而含氧官能团对弱极性苯乙烯的吸附作用机理尚未明晰。本研究通过酸浸渍法制备改性活性炭AC-S和AC-N,探究改性活性炭孔径结构、比表面积和含氧官能团的演变规律及其对苯乙烯吸附性能的影响。结果表明,酸改性可以明显提高活性炭对苯乙烯的吸附量。通过吸附动力学、吸附等温拟合发现,活性炭改性前后均受物理吸附与化学吸附的复合作用影响,改性后活性炭更倾向于单层吸附。HNO₃改性活性炭(AC-N)的孔隙结构在苯乙烯有效吸附孔径范围内没有显著改变,表面含氧官能团含量增加提高了AC-N对苯乙烯的吸附性能。表面含氧官能团分析表明,内酯基是提高改性活性炭对苯乙烯吸附量的关键因素。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明, AC-N上的内酯基官能团与苯乙烯的乙烯基产生强相互作用,增强了苯乙烯在改性活性炭上的吸附。     

溶聚丁苯橡胶分子结构对其声学性能的影响研究

丁苯橡胶(SBR)是常用的水下吸声胶种之一,通过研究溶聚丁苯橡胶(SSBR)分子链中苯乙烯含量和环氧化对其水压下吸声性能的影响,显示SSBR样品吸声系数随测试压力变化不大.在各测试压力下,低苯乙烯含量的SSBR样品吸声性能较差,随着链中苯乙烯含量的提高,吸声性能有明显的改善;极性化改性处理SSBR能够有效提升其加压状态...     

活性炭表面改性对双电层电容器电化学性能的影响

通过氢气还原改性和浓硝酸氧化处理对石油焦基活性炭(ACs)进行改性.采用氮气吸附和脱附等温线计算改性ACs的BET比表面积、 DFT孔径分布及孔容,以XPS方法表征改性ACs的表面含氧官能团种类及含量,改性ACs的电化学性能通过直流循环充放电、循环伏安等表征.结果表明:浓硝酸处理后,ACs比表面积和孔容均稍有减少,表面含氧官能团和比电容明显增加,内阻和自放电显著增大;氢气改性后,ACs比表面积和孔容亦稍有减少,孔径分布的变化使比电容明显增加,氧化官能团的减少降低了内阻并减少了自放电.即,氢气改性ACs的电化学性能明显提高,增加了比电容,降低了内阻和自放电.     

氟化改性国产芳纶Ⅲ纤维(F-3A)复合材料的界面性能

为了改善国产芳纶Ⅲ纤维(F-3A)增强树脂基复合材料界面性能,利用氟化改性技术对F-3A纤维表面进行改性,采用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱对氟化改性F-3A纤维表面结构及元素组成进行表征,然后通过纤维复丝性能和NOL环层间剪切性能对复合材料界面性能进行评价。研究结果表明,(1)氟化改性在F-3A纤维表面物理刻蚀形成大量微槽结构,氟化学反应形成大量含氧和含氟的极性官能团,有利于复合材料界面粘接性的提高;(2)采用氟化工艺2处理后,F-3A纤维复合材料的NOL环层间剪切强度最高分别达到56.3 MPa和56.1 MPa,比未改性处理提高了20%以上,复合材料综合性能达到最佳。     

CF表面低聚倍半硅氧烷涂层对复合材料界面性能影响

采用不同倍半硅氧烷(SSO) ( YGO-SSO 和Methacryl isobutyl-POSS) 涂层对碳纤维(CF) 改性, 有效地提高了碳纤维/ 聚芳基乙炔(CF/ PAA) 的层间剪切强度( ILSS) 。采用原子力显微镜(AFM) 以力调制模式对CF/ PAA复合材料横截面进行表面形貌和硬度分布研究, 通过对硬度图像进行统计学分析得到纤维、界面相、基体相硬度分布直方图和线分布图, 对不同涂层、同种涂层不同浓度改性后的复合材料界面相特性进行了比较和研究。结果表明, 不同结构、不同浓度SSO 涂层处理对界面的改性效果不同, 含大有机官能团的笼型倍半硅氧烷(MethacrylisobutylPOSS) 的改性效果好。AFM 分析直观地表明, 经不同结构SSO 涂层处理后CF/ PAA 复合材料中出现不同形貌结构、不同硬度的界面过渡层,该界面层提高纤维/ 树脂的粘接。      

沙柳活性炭纤维改性及其对铅离子的吸附性能

采用硝酸对自制的沙柳活性炭纤维进行处理来制备改性吸附材,并与未改性活性炭纤维进行对比,借助红外光谱、扫描电镜等方法分析两者的性能及结构差异。在含铅污水的净化试验中,重点对比分析了水溶液pH值对吸附效果的影响,线性吸附等温线及吸附动力学模型拟合的差异及循环再吸附性能。结果表明:经硝酸改性后活性炭纤维的整体形貌保持不变,其表面含氧官能团及微孔数量增多。随着pH值的增大,改性吸附剂对铅离子的吸附量和吸附速率均大于未改性活性炭,用Langmuir吸附等温线模型和准二级动力学模型可以更好地描述此吸附过程,且改性活性炭纤维具有良好的循环再吸附性能。     

聚合物材料热辐射性能的研究

采用自行设计安装的法向全发射比测量仪,测定了多种聚合物(PE、CPE、SBS、PVC、CPVC及PVA)的热辐射性能,研究了聚合物品种、试样厚度及填充剂对材料热辐射性能的影响。结果表明:分子链上带有极性基团的聚合物具有较强的热辐射能力,并且随着极性基团含量的增加辐射能力增强;样品厚度增加,辐射能力增强并逐渐趋于某一平衡值;填充剂有提高软PVC辐射能力的作用。本法向全发射此测量仪具有结构简单、操作方便,数据稳定可靠的优点,适合于研究各种聚合物材料的热辐射性能。     

石墨烯及其聚合物复合材料在锂离子电池中的应用研究进展

石墨烯的出现为设计和构建新型功能复合材料提供了广阔的空间,文中详细综述了石墨烯及其聚合物复合材料在锂离子电池中的研究进展。石墨烯是一种极有发展潜力的负极材料,储锂性能受到结构特征、含氧官能团和杂质原子等多种因素影响,导致储锂行为和机理较为复杂。将具有储锂活性的聚合物与石墨烯复合作为正极材料,储锂性能受到聚合物氧化还原的可逆性和复合结构等因素影响。聚合物还作为晶格匹配剂和交联剂,有利于提高石墨烯与氧化物复合的结构稳定性。最后指出,聚合物种类和制备方法的选择是以改善储锂性能为原则,有针对性和预见性地设计和制备高性能锂离子电池电极材料。     

Highly dispersed silver nanoparticles for performance-enhanced lithium oxygen batteries

Aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries possess ultrahigh energy density but suffer from the sluggish decomposition of discharge product,quick depletion of Li anode and cleavage of electrolyte,in close association with oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode.Herein,highly dispersed silver nanoparticles are used to enhance the lithium-oxygen battery with 1.0 M lithium perchlorate in dimethyl sulfoxide.It is observed that film-like amorphous lithium peroxide is formed through surface pathway instead of bulk crystals,due to the incorporation of silver nanoparticles dispersed in the electrolyte,which subsequently accelerates the decomposition of the discharge product by offering more active sites and improved conductivity.The released silver nanoparticles after battery charging can be re-used in the following cycles.Experiments and theoretical calculation further indicate that the suspended silver nanoparticles can adsorb the soluble oxygen reduction intermediates,which are responsible for the alleviation of oxidative cleavage of electrolyte and corrosion of lithium anode.The lifespan of lithium oxygen batteries is therefore significantly extended from 55 to 390 cycles,and the rate performance and full-discharge capacity are also largely enhanced.The battery failure is attributed to the coalescence and growth of silver nanoparticles in the electrolyte,and further improvement on colloid stability is underway.     

Carbon‐Coated Li3VO4 Spheres as Constituents of an Advanced Anode Material for High‐Rate Long‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Lithium‐ion batteries are receiving considerable attention for large‐scale energy‐storage systems. However, to date the current cathode/anode system cannot satisfy safety, cost, and performance requirements for such applications. Here, a lithium‐ion full battery based on the combination of a Li₃VO₄ anode with a LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode is reported, which displays a better performance than existing systems. Carbon‐coated Li₃VO₄ spheres comprising nanoscale carbon‐coating primary particles are synthesized by a morphology‐inheritance route. The observed high capacity combined with excellent sample stability and high rate capability of carbon‐coated Li₃VO₄ spheres is superior to other insertion anode materials. A high‐performance full lithium‐ion battery is fabricated by using the carbon‐coated Li₃VO₄ spheres as the anode and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ spheres as the cathode; such a cell shows an estimated practical energy density of 205 W h kg^?1 with greatly improved properties such as pronounced long‐term cyclability, and rapid charge and discharge.     

金属锂负极的关键技术与研究进展

综述了近几年科研工作者基于金属锂负极本身的改性的最新研究进展。金属锂的理论质量比容量达3860 mAh/g,密度为0.534 g/cm^3,标准还原电位为-3.045 V,这些优势使得金属锂成为下一代理想的锂二次电池(如锂硫、锂空气电池等)的负极材料。然而,锂离子的不均匀沉积导致的锂枝晶生长、体积膨胀及其随之带来的电池安全隐患和循环寿命的降低等缺陷严重困扰着金属锂电池的发展。本文从机械地增加锂负极的表面积、锂合金负极及混合锂负极、锂负极表面层以及二维三维基底四个方面对金属锂负极的改性进行分析。最后提出要实现金属锂电池的产业化,应从解决锂枝晶和体积膨胀两个方面,通过结合不同改性方法进行研究探索。     

A Revolution in Electrodes: Recent Progress in Rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

As a promising candidate for future batteries, the lithium–sulfur battery is gaining increasing interest due to its high capacity and energy density. However, over the years, lithium–sulfur batteries have been plagued by fading capacities and the low Coulombic efficiency derived from its unique electrochemical behavior, which involves solid–liquid transition reactions. Moreover, lithium–sulfur batteries employ metallic lithium as the anode, which engenders safety vulnerability of the battery. The electrodes play a pivotal role in the performance of lithium–sulfur batteries. A leap forward in progress of lithium–sulfur batteries is always accompanied by a revolution in the electrode technology. In this review, recent progress in rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries is summarized in accordance with the evolution of the electrodes, including the diversified cathode design and burgeoning metallic‐lithium‐free anodes. Although the way toward application has still many challenges associated, recent progress in lithium–sulfur battery technology still paints an encouraging picture of a revolution in rechargeable batteries.     

锂空气电池性能改善方法的研究进展

锂空气电池是一种高能量密度的清洁储能设备,其应用对于缓解能源危机和环境压力具有重要意义。当前,锂空气电池性能仍受到阳极锂腐蚀、电解质分解、充放电效率低的影响。本文结合国内外研究最新进展,从阳极锂保护、电解质及添加剂的使用、氧化还原中间体和多孔阴极结构等方面探讨改善锂空气电池稳定性、提高放电产物分解速度、降低充放电过电位的方法,并对锂空气电池的应用前景进行展望。     

Lithium Titanate Cuboid Arrays Grown on Carbon Fiber Cloth for High‐Rate Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries

High‐rate performance flexible lithium‐ion batteries are desirable for the realization of wearable electronics. The flexibility of the electrode in the battery is a key requirement for this technology. In the present work, spinel lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, LTO) cuboid arrays are grown on flexible carbon fiber cloth (CFC) to fabricate a binder‐free composite electrode (LTO@CFC) for flexible lithium‐ion batteries. Experimental results show that the LTO@CFC electrode exhibits a remarkably high‐rate performance with a capacity of 105.8 mAh g^?1 at 50C and an excellent electrochemical stability against cycling (only 2.2% capacity loss after 1000 cycles at 10C). A flexible full cell fabricated with the LTO@CFC as the anode and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ coated on Al foil as the cathode displays a reversible capacity of 109.1 mAh g^?1 at 10C, an excellent stability against cycling and a great mechanical stability against bending. The observed high‐rate performance of the LTO@CFC electrode is due to its unique corn‐like architecture with LTO cuboid arrays (corn kernels) grown on CFC (corn cob). This work presents a new approach to preparing LTO‐based composite electrodes with an architecture favorable for ion and electron transport for flexible energy storage devices.     

高镍三元锂离子电池低温放电性能研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

随着新能源汽车产业的迅速发展,消费者对电动汽车续航里程的要求不断提高。高镍三元锂离子电池因其比能量高成为电动汽车中最具应用前景的动力电池,但该电池体系依然面临着低温性能差的问题。本文综述近年来高镍三元锂离子电池低温性能的研究进展,重点总结高镍三元锂离子电池低温性能的影响因素,一方面从热力学角度分析低温下高镍三元正极材料和石墨负极材料的结构变化、电解液相态和溶剂化结构变化以及黏结剂玻璃化转变对电池低温性能的影响;另一方面从动力学角度分析高镍三元电池低温放电过程中的速率控制步骤。归纳目前高镍三元锂离子电池低温性能的主要改善措施,其中低温电解液的设计包括优化溶剂、改善锂盐及使用新型添加剂三个方面,对电极材料低温性能的改善主要是通过体相掺杂、表面包覆及材料颗粒粒径降低的方式。总结电池中低温性能研究中存在的对电池低温热力学特性研究不够明确、对电池低温动力学过程研究方式单一以及对电池中的反应顺序存在的影响认识不足等问题。     

A 3D and Stable Lithium Anode for High‐Performance Lithium–Iodine Batteries

Lithium metal is considered as the most promising anode material due to its high theoretical specific capacity and the low electrochemical reduction potential. However, severe dendrite problems have to be addressed for fabricating stable and rechargeable batteries (e.g., lithium–iodine batteries). To fabricate a high‐performance lithium–iodine (Li–I₂) battery, a 3D stable lithium metal anode is prepared by loading of molten lithium on carbon cloth doped with nitrogen and phosphorous. Experimental observations and theoretical calculation reveal that the N,P codoping greatly improves the lithiophilicity of the carbon cloth, which not only enables the uniform loading of molten lithium but also facilitates reversible lithium stripping and plating. Dendrites formation can thus be significantly suppressed at a 3D lithium electrode, leading to stable voltage profiles over 600 h at a current density of 3 mA cm^?2. A fuel cell with such an electrode and a lithium–iodine cathode shows impressive long‐term stability with a capacity retention of around 100% over 4000 cycles and enhanced high‐rate capability. These results demonstrate the promising applications of 3D stable lithium metal anodes in next‐generation rechargeable batteries.     

LiFePO_4锂离子电池容量的衰减机制

为探讨LiFePO4锂离子电池容量衰减、电池循环性能失效的原因,对LiFePO4锂离子电池进行循环性能测试,通过拆解电池,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜结构测试手段,对多次充、放电循环前后锂离子电池LiFePO4正极材料和石墨负极材料的物理性能进行表征。结果表明,石墨负极在200次循环后,衍射峰的位置略微右移,晶体粒径结构几乎没变化,但是LiFePO4正极材料的晶体结构却发生不可逆变化,晶粒从3.73 nm减小到2.75 nm;在0.25 C倍率下循环200次,容量衰减11.6%;随着循环次数的增加,LiFePO4正极材料微观结构和晶粒度细化造成Li+传输阻力增大,是造成LiFePO4锂离子电池容量衰减的主要原因。