柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池关键电极材料研究进展

柔性太阳能电池具有轻便、可弯曲的优点,可用于可穿戴设备等器件的即时充电,具有广阔的应用前景,受到持续广泛的关注。柔性太阳能电池制备中的关键在于基材以及与之相关的电极材料的制备。本文综述了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池近几年的发展情况,着重介绍了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极、对电极以及柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的底电极和电子传输层。结果发现高温烧结目前仍是制备高效染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极不可避免的方法,而对电极则不受这一限制并且已经有多种材料的效率超过了高温烧结的铂。柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究重点是用其他材料代替底电极中柔性较差的ITO以及高温烧结的电子传输材料TiO₂,并且都取得显著成效。在此基础上,展望了柔性染料敏化太阳能电池和柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池未来的发展方向。     

柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池研究进展

近年来,柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池由于具有质量轻、成本低、形状可塑、适用性广等优点,成为了太阳能电池领域炙手可热的研究课题。目前,该类柔性电池的最高光电转换效率已超过16%。本文针对柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构及其柔性衬底,介绍了其主要的研究方向和目前的研究进展,并探讨了柔性钙钛矿太阳能领域面临的主要问题与挑战,最后展望了柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展。     

银纳米线基柔性有机太阳能电池研究进展

柔性是有机太阳能电池最为显著的特点和优势。但是,目前柔性有机太阳能电池的性能仍然滞后于刚性器件,这主要是因为缺乏同时具有低电阻、高透光度和低表面粗糙度的高性能柔性透明电极。传统的氧化铟锡透明电极因其脆性以及铟元素的稀缺,限制了其在柔性器件中的发展与应用。因此,开发新型、高性能的柔性透明电极是柔性有机太阳能电池发展和应用的基础。在新型的柔性透明导电材料中,金属纳米线,特别是银纳米线(AgNWs),以其优异的综合光电性能和柔韧性成为柔性透明电极中的明星导电材料。同时,基于AgNWs柔性透明电极构筑柔性有机太阳能电池也被广泛研究,并取得了一系列进展。综述了近年来基于AgNWs透明电极的柔性有机太阳能电池的研究进展,重点介绍了AgNWs柔性透明电极的性质对柔性有机太阳能电池性能的影响,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池中顶电极的研究进展

继硅基太阳能电池之后,又迅速崛起了一个有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池(perovskite solar cells, PSCs),目前它认证的最高光电转换效率(photoelectric conversion efficiency, PCE)已经达到25.5%,被认为是最具有应用前景的新型太阳能电池,其中,顶电极是钙钛矿太阳能电池的重要组成部分。主要阐述了顶电极材料的研究进展,综述了金属电极和碳电极的界面调控和改性处理,提出了金属电极和碳电极材料的优势与挑战,并对顶电极在低制造成本和长期稳定性的应用方向进行了展望。     

NiOx介孔层的成膜过程对碳电极钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响(英文)

碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池(C-PSCs)具有稳定性好且成本低的优势,展现出广阔的应用前景。本研究基于MAPbI₃材料,选择高质量的NiO_x介孔层作为空穴传输层(HTL),对比了NiO_x介孔层不同制备方法对电池性能的影响,并对NiO_x介孔层的厚度进行优化。研究发现,与旋涂工艺制备的NiO_x介孔层相比,丝网印刷工艺制备的介孔层的孔径分布均匀,可改善钙钛矿(PVK)前体溶液填充在介孔支架中的填充状态。最终得到含HTL的高效率和低滞后的钙钛矿太阳能电池,其开路电压(VOC)为910m V,光电转换效率(PCE)为14.63%,认证效率达14.88%。此外,在空气中储存近900 h,其PCE没有明显衰减。     

纳米ZrO2缓冲膜的性能研究

用溶胶－凝胶技术,在金膜与基体不锈钢箔之间制备了一层ＺｒＯ２缓冲膜。在前期研究工作的基础上,通过ＴＥＭ、ＡＥＳ、ＳＥＭ等测试手段对ＺｒＯ２缓冲膜的结构及性能进行了表征。结果表明,溶胶－凝胶法制备的ＺｒＯ２缓冲肛螈粒度尺寸为纳米级;８５０℃处理后,没有涂覆缓冲膜的蒸金不锈钢箔与金膜之间存在着严重的互扩散反应,缓冲膜的涂覆可以有效地抑制高温互扩散反应。带有缓冲膜的蒸金不锈钢箔在高温热处理后仍能保持清晰     

纳米ZrO2填充PEEK的摩擦表面和转移膜

研究了微粒直径分别为１０ｎｍ和８６ｎｍ的两种纳米ＺｒＯ２「填料含量为７．５％（质量分数,下同」填充ＰＥＥＫ的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微对摩擦表面和转移的形貌进行了观察研究,并对材料的磨损机理作了分析与讨论。     

纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线柔性电极的制备

目的以竹粉为原料制备纳米纤维素,并将其作为基底材料制备纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极,应用于柔性超级电容器。方法采用化学机械处理法,将竹粉通过化学处理以及研磨、超声等处理,制备成纳米纤维素悬浮液;分别将多壁碳纳米管和纳米银线超声分散于溶剂中;最后,通过层层自组装制备纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极,同时,作为对照组,制备纳米纤维素/碳纳米管复合电极。结果纳米纤维素纤丝的直径大约为30~100 nm,相互之间缠绕成网状结构,是很好的支撑材料,纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极具有很好的成膜性和电化学性能,在扫描速率为30 m V/s时,面积比电容达到77.95 m F/cm~2。结论以纳米纤维素为基底,通过层层自组装方法制备的纳米纤维素/碳纳米管/纳米银线复合电极具有较好的电化学性能,可作为柔性超级电容器的电极。     

染料敏化太阳能电池柔性对电极的研究进展

从柔性基体的选择,高聚物基底铂对电极的低温制备方法,金属基底铂对电极以及其它催化材料柔性对电极等几个方面介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池柔性对电极的研究现状,重点评述了高聚物基底铂对电极的低温制备技术,如磁控溅射真空镀铂、化学镀铂、电化学镀铂、雕版印刷、旋转涂布等,并就柔性对电极的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

MoSe2 nanoflowers as a counter electrode for quantum dots sensitized solar cells

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - Layered transition metal dichalcogenides hold tunable and promising photoelectrochemical properties. MoSe2 is a potential candidate of the...     

A transparent,solvent-free laminated top electrode for perovskite solar cells

A simple lamination process of the top electrode for perovskite solar cells is demonstrated. The laminate electrode consists of a transparent and conductive plastic/metal mesh substrate, coated with an adhesive mixture of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, and sorbitol. The laminate electrode showed a high degree of transparency of 85%. Best cell performance was achieved for laminate electrodes prepared with a sorbitol concentration of ~30 wt% per milliliter PEDOT:PSS dispersion, and using a pre-annealing temperature of 120°C for 10 min before lamination. Thereby, perovskite solar cells with stabilized power conversion efficiencies of (7.6 ± 1.0)% were obtained which corresponds to 80% of the reference devices with reflective opaque gold electrodes.     

转移法制备顶电极在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

钙钛矿太阳能电池因为其高效率、易制备和低成本等优点,近年来发展迅速。在钙钛矿器件的多层薄膜结构制备和调控中,研究者们关注最多的是钙钛矿吸光层和电荷传输层。而顶电极部分的问题,由于蒸镀Au电极作为实验室阶段标准研究方法的成功使用,而容易被人们忽略。然而,蒸镀贵金属电极的生产设备和原材料成本问题,在钙钛矿太阳能电池未来的大面积器件制备、大范围应用中将是难以避免的。为此,研究者开发了导电膜转移法、导电浆料涂布法等非蒸镀工艺,尝试解决这些问题。本综述针对这一现状,从工艺方法的角度出发,介绍包括金属、聚合物、碳等多种材料体系的顶电极的转移法应用进展,总结具有普遍性的原理、规律,讨论目前技术的缺陷、瓶颈问题和潜在的解决方案。     

Electrospun carbon nanofibers as low-cost counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells

Electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNs) have been explored as an electrocatalyst and low-cost alternative to platinum (Pt) for triiodide reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry measurements indicated that the ECN counter electrodes exhibited low charge-transfer resistance (Rct), large capacitance (C), and fast reaction rates for triiodide reduction. Although the efficiency (η) of ECN-based cells was slightly lower than that of Pt-based cells, their short circuit current density (Jsc) and open circuit voltage (Voc) were comparable. The ECN-based cells achieved an energy conversion efficiency (η) of 5.5 % under the AM 1.5 illumination at 100 mW cm(-2). The reason for lower cell performance using the ECN electrode was because of its lower fill factor (FF) than that of Pt-based cells, probably caused by high total series resistance (RStot) at ～15.5 Ω cm2, which was larger than that of ～4.8 Ω cm2 in the Pt-based devices. Simulated results showed that the fill factor (FF) and η could be substantially improved by decreasing RStot, which might be achieved by using thinner and highly porous ECNs to reduce the thickness of the ECNs counter electrode.     

Preparation of hysteresis-free flexible perovskite solar cells via interfacial modification

In recent years, flexible perovskite solar cells have received extensive attention and rapid development due to their advantages of lightweight, portability, wearability and applications in near-space. However,due to the limitations of their preparation process and other factors, high-efficiency and large-area flexible perovskite solar cells still have a lot of room for development. In our work, a flexible perovskite solar cell(PEN/ITO/Sn O2/KCl/Cs0.05(MA0.17 FA0.83)0.95 Pb(I0.83 Br0.17)3/spiro/Au) was prepared using a low temperature(no higher than 100°C) solution process, and the device with the highest efficiency of 16.16%was obtained by adjusting the concentration of the KCl modified layer. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the large area(1 cm2) flexible solar cell was higher than 13%. At the same time, the passivation of the KCl interface modification layer inhibits the formation of the defect states, which reduced the surface recombination of the perovskite and improved the carrier transport performance, and the hysteresis effect of the device was also reduced accordingly.     

Critical review of recent progress of flexible perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a ‘rising star’ in recent years due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), extremely low cost and facile fabrication techniques. To date, PSCs have achieved a certified PCE of 25.2% on rigid conductive substrates, and 19.5% on flexible substrates. The significant advancement of PSCs has been realized through various routes, including perovskite composition engineering, interface modification, surface passivation, fabrication process optimization, and exploitation of new charge transport materials. However, compared with rigid counterparts, the efficiency record of flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) is advancing slowly, and therefore it is of great significance to scrutinize recent work and expedite the innovation in this field. In this article, we comprehensively review the recent progress of FPSCs. After a brief introduction, the major features of FPSCs are compared with other types of flexible solar cells in a broad context including silicon, CdTe, dye-sensitized, organic, quantum dot and hybrid solar cells. In particular, we highlight the major breakthroughs of FPSCs made in 2019/2020 for both laboratory and large-scale devices. The constituents of making a FPSC including flexible substrates, perovskite absorbers, charge transport materials, as well as device fabrication and encapsulation methods have been critically assessed. The existing challenges of making high performance and long-term stable FPSCs are discussed. Finally, we offer our perspectives on the future opportunities of FPSCs in the field of photovoltaics.     

Charge transfer enhancement of TiO2/perovskite interface in perovskite solar cells

In the conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs) structure, TiO₂ is the most commonly used electron transport layer (ETL) as it has good energy-level matching with perovskite layer. However, oxygen vacancy defects will appear when TiO₂ is exposed to ultraviolet light for a long time, which would reduce its carrier extraction ability. Here, we report a simple and effective interface engineering method for TiO₂ ETL to achieve a highly efficient PSCs. An ultra-thin [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) layer is used to modify the mesoporous TiO₂/perovskite layer interface. The PCBM effectively passivates defects on the TiO₂ surface, promotes the extraction of electrons, and improves the quality of the perovskite film. Finally, a high efficiency of 16.4% was achieved for the modified device, much higher than 13.5% of the reference devices. After storing for 12 days in an atmosphere with an air humidity of 30?±?5%, the efficiency of the PSCs maintains more than 60% of its initial level. This strategy is beneficial to enhance the efficiency and working stability of PSCs.

     

Large area dye-sensitized solar cells with titanium based counter electrode

Construction of dye-sensitized solar cell of large area using platinum sputtered titanium metal counter electrode is demonstrated. An impressive increase in the fill factor and consequently the efficiency compared to the conventional platinized conducting glass based counter electrodes result from very low sheet resistance of the titanium plate and a cell of active area 151 cm² with parallel silver collecting grids delivered an efficiency of 7.4%. The possibility of using this technique for commercial production of dye-sensitized solar cells was discussed giving details of fabrication procedure.     

Facile construction of high-electrocatalytic bilayer counter electrode for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells

To improve the mechanical rigidity of the electrocatalyst and assure a higher number density of catalytic sites of the counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), we have extended widely applied titanium tetrachloride treatment to construct a rough scaffolding underlayer for the platinized counter electrode. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images clearly depicted the platinum nanoparticles with a diameter of ca. 10 nm homogeneously distributed on the scaffolding underlayer of the bilayer counter electrode and thus led to a characteristically high surface roughness. The electocatalytic activity of this novel bilayer counter electrode was measured and compared with the corresponding properties of conventional sputtered Pt electrode. Interestingly, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements further demonstrated the notably larger electrochemical active surface area and thereby higher electrocatalytic activity of the bilayer counter electrode. Consequently, under standard 1 sun illumination (100 mW cm(-2), AM 1.5), device with this bilayer counter electrode achieved a considerably improved fill factor of 0.67 and overall energy conversion efficiency of 7.09%, which was apparently higher than that of 0.60 and 6.37% for sputterd Pt electrode. Therefore, this present method paves a facile and inexpensive way to prepare high-electrocatalytic bilayer counter electrode in DSCs.