吸收剂形状对雷达吸波材料性能的影响研究

以片状铁、针状多晶铁纤维、球形羰基铁粉吸收剂为原材料分析探讨了磁性吸收剂形状对其微波电磁参数的影响。结果表明，2GHz时磁导率实部最大的为片状，其次是针状，最小的为球形吸收剂，片状铁吸收剂磁导率实部在2GHz时可达4．65，磁导率虚部2～18GHz均高于多晶铁纤维和羰基铁粉。模拟其吸波性能发现片状铁吸收剂吸波性能在2～9．6GHz优于多晶铁纤维和羰基铁粉，可用于提高吸波材料的低频吸波性能。     

多元助剂改性羰基铁粉雷达波低频吸波性能研究

采用三种处理剂对羰基铁粉样品进行表面复合改性,研究了多元助剂对羰基铁粉样品表面改性后的微观结构及电磁参量的影响。结果表明,多元助剂的使用使羰基铁粉表面形成了一层致密的有机绝缘薄膜,能有效降低羰基铁粉的复介电常数,增加复磁导率虚部,提高吸波材料的电磁匹配性能,改善吸收剂的低频吸收效果。根据传输线理论计算吸波材料的反射损耗(Reflection loss,RL),在厚度为2mm时,三元助剂改性羰基铁粉的反射损耗峰值在2GHz附近达到-15dB,在RL-10dB的有效吸收频宽为1GHz(1.6~2.6GHz),具有较好的雷达波低频吸波性能。     

羰基铁粉吸波涂层的吸波原理及应用

吸波涂层通常由吸收剂和基体组成。羰基铁粉属于典型的磁介质型吸收剂,由于其具有较宽的吸收频段而引起人们越来越多的关注。吸波涂层的设计与优化就是通过调节吸收剂的成分、体积分数以及吸波涂层的厚度来改善涂层的吸波性能,吸波原理与有效介质理论是进行吸波涂层设计与优化的理论基础。主要介绍了羰基铁粉吸波涂层的吸波机理、吸波涂层优化设计的基本方法,最后简要介绍了几种常见羰基铁粉吸波涂层的应用。     

羰基铁粉吸波涂层的优化设计

研究了以羰基铁粉为吸收剂的吸波涂层的轻型化问题.以石蜡为粘合剂,制备了不同羰基铁粉含量的吸波材料,测试了其电磁参数.利用完全枚举法对羰基铁粉吸波涂层进行了优化设计,设计中引入了面密度指标.满足X波段反射率小于-10dB的带宽大于3.9GHz的涂层最小面密度为5.49kg/m2.分层使涂层面密度下降的效果不明显,羰基铁粉吸波涂层宜采用单层形式,增大羰基铁粉在涂层中的含量有利于减轻面密度.     

含碳纳米管微波吸收材料的制备及其微波吸收性能研究

用竖式炉流动法,以二茂铁为催化剂,噻吩为助催化剂,苯为碳源通过催化裂解反应制备了碳纳米管,碳纳米管的外径为20-50nm,内径10-30nm,长度50-1000μm.分别以碳纳米管、羰基铁粉、碳纳米管与羰基铁粉的混合物为吸收剂制备了微波吸收材料,研究了上述三种微波吸收材料在2-18GHz的吸波性能,与纯碳纳米管和纯羰基铁粉微波吸收材料相比, 碳纳米管与羰基铁粉复合微波吸收材料在2-18GHz的吸收峰明显向低频移动.在含碳纳米管的微波吸收材料中,碳纳米管作为偶极子在交变电场的作用下,产生极化电流,电磁波的能量转换为其他形式的能量,瑞利散射效应和界面极化也是含碳纳米管微波吸收材料的主要吸波机理.     

以中空多孔碳纤维为主体的轻质吸波材料吸波性能研究

根据阻抗匹配原理和电磁波传播规律,以中空多孔聚丙烯腈(PAN)碳纤维为主要吸收剂,分别添加以炭黑、碳纤维和羰基铁粉为吸收剂的匹配层,制备了双层轻质雷达吸波材料,并考察了其吸波性能.结果表明,双层结构设计和不同吸收剂的复合对提高材料的吸波性能起着重要的作用.以羰基铁粉作吸收剂的匹配层比以炭黑和碳纤维作吸收剂的匹配层对提高以中空多孔碳纤维吸波材料的吸波性能更为显著.所制备的材料在厚度为2.90mm,密度为1.28g/cm³时,在4~18GHz频率范围内反射率≤-8dB的带宽为11.42GHz,反射率≤-10dB的带宽为10.90GHz.     

高速湿法球磨对羰基铁粉微结构及吸波性能的影响

采用高速球磨法快速制备片状羰基铁粉。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、矢量网络分析仪(VNA)对材料的微观形貌、物相、吸波性能进行了表征与分析。结果表明：球磨0～60 min时,羰基铁粉的厚度随球磨时间延长逐渐减小,形成片状结构,直径厚度比最大可达80∶1;球磨90 min时,羰基铁粉由大片状破碎成小片状,部分片状羰基铁粉经球磨珠撞击后重叠堆积,材料的厚度逐渐增加,比表面积下降;球磨120～180 min时,多数羰基铁粉的片状结构被粉碎破坏,形状回归为类球形,少数羰基铁粉进一步堆叠成块状。球磨前后羰基铁粉的晶体结构未发生实质性改变,羰基铁粉的综合吸波性能随着球磨时间的延长呈现先上升后下降趋势,并在球磨90 min时达到最优的吸波效果：反射损耗最小值为-54.94 dB (12.64 GHz),匹配厚度为2.17 mm,有效吸波带宽达到了8.48 GHz。     

涂层与镀层复合雷达波吸收性能研究

以纳米铁酸镍钴铁氧体复合Co粉、羰基铁粉等为吸收剂,并采用化学镀层和涂层方法,进行了单层、双层和三层沣涂层的吸波性能实验研究.结果表明:双层复合涂层的吸波性能较单层涂层在低频段有较大的提高;三层复合涂层的吸波性能优于双层复合涂层,三层复合涂层反射率小于-5dB的频宽为4.5～18GHz,较双层涂层提高5.4GHz.其中,镀镍层对提高吸波性能作用明显.     

隔离器负载用微波吸收材料的性能研究

以羰基铁粉、磷化羰基铁粉、硅烷改性羰基铁粉、铁镍合金粉为吸收剂;以环氧树脂为基体制备复合微波吸收材料。对制备的各种复合材料的体电阻率、击穿强度、磁损耗、吸收损耗进行了测试,并进行了对比分析,研究了不同频段下各因素对吸波性能的影响。结果表明,由磷化和硅烷改性羰基铁粉制备的吸收体的电阻率得到较大程度的提高,达到5.62×10~6Ω·cm以上,在高频段(10～18GHz)的吸收损耗为3.7～7.0dB/mm,击穿强度达700V/mm以上,电阻率的提高使吸波体具有良好的高频特性。片状铁镍合金粉和磷化羰基铁粉复合共掺制备的吸收体在低频段(2～7GHz)具有良好的磁损耗能力,吸收损耗为0.9～4.2dB/mm。     

羰基铁粉抗氧化性能研究现状

羰基铁粉具有高磁导率和高磁损耗等优良特性,被认为是薄层吸波涂层吸收剂的理想材料。加之,羰基铁粉的居里温度较高,有望成为薄层耐温吸波涂层的吸收剂。但是,羰基铁粉由于颗粒尺寸较小,颗粒表面积较大,在高温下的抗氧化性较差,近年来有关其抗氧化性能的研究已成为备受关注的热点。本文概述了羰基铁粉吸收电磁波的机制以及提高抗氧化性能的机理,介绍了几种有助于提高其抗氧化性能的制备方法,最后展望了这一领域的研究前景。     

Multi-Scale Design of Ultra-Broadband Microwave Metamaterial Absorber Based on Hollow Carbon/MXene/Mo2C Microtube

Developing various nanocomposite microwave absorbers is a crucial means to address the issue of electromagnetic pollution, but remains a challenge in satisfying broadband absorption at low thickness with dielectric loss materials. Herein, an ultra-broadband microwave metamaterial absorber (MMA) based on hollow carbon/MXene/Mo₂C (HCMM) is fabricated by a multi-scale design strategy. The microscopic 1D hierarchical microtube structure of HCMM contributes to break through the limit of thickness, exhibiting a strong reflection loss of -66.30 dB (99.99997 wave absorption) at the thinnest matching thickness of 1.0 mm. Meanwhile, the strongest reflection loss of -87.28 dB is reached at 1.4 mm, superior to most MXene-based and Mo₂C-based microwave absorbers. Then, the macroscopic 3D structural metasurface based on the HCMM is simulated, optimized, and finally manufactured. The as-prepared flexible HCMM-based MMA realizes an ultra-broadband effective absorption in the range of 3.7-40.0 GHz at a thickness of 5.0 mm, revealing its potential for practical application in the electromagnetic compatibility field.     

Electromagnetic and absorption properties of carbonyl iron/rubber radar absorbing materials

We measured the effective complex magnetic permeability /spl mu//sub eff//sup */ and dielectric permittivity /spl epsiv//sub eff//sup */ spectra in rubber radar absorbing material (RAM) with various carbonyl iron volume fractions by using the transmission/reflection method with a vector network analyzer. We studied the effects of carbonyl iron content and rubber thickness on the microwave absorption properties in the frequency range of 2.6 to 18 GHz. Our mathematical analysis is based on electromagnetic theory. The results indicate that the effective complex magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity values of the RAM increase as the carbonyl iron volume fraction increases. For sample thickness of 3.0 mm, an increase in carbonyl iron content reduces the minimum reflection loss from -1.3 to -23.9 dB and shifts the frequency of the minimum reflection loss from 15.5 to 3.5 GHz. For an equal volume fraction of carbonyl iron, the frequency of the minimum reflection loss decreases as the thickness is increased. However, the dip in the reflection loss plot (in decibels) initially decreases to a minimum value before it increases with a further increase in thickness. We determined the value of the reflection loss for the samples by the impedance matching degree (reflection coefficient), which depends on the thickness and composition of the RAM.     

研磨介质对片状羰基铁结构及电磁性能的影响

分别以直径为6、1.5 mm的ZrO2磨球作为搅拌磨研磨介质制备片状羰基铁,对比研究这两种磨球对制备片状羰基铁的结构及电磁性能的影响。结果表明:采用直径为6 mm的ZrO2磨球所制备的羰基铁粉颗粒具有片状结构;而采用直径为1.5 mm的ZrO2磨球制备的羰基铁粉颗粒形状不规则,表面粗糙。研磨24 h时,采用直径为6 mm的ZrO2磨球所制备片状羰基铁粉微波吸收材料在2~18 GHz频段的反射率超过-15 dB的带宽为5 GHz,最大反射率为-30 dB。     

A carbonyl iron/carbon fiber material for electromagnetic wave absorption

A carbonyl iron/carbon fiber material consisting of carbon fibers grown on micrometer-sized carbonyl iron sphere, was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using a mixture of C2H2 and H2. The hollow-core carbon fibers (outer diameter: 140 nm and inner diameter: 40 nm) were composed of well-ordered graphene layers which were almost parallel to the long axis of the fibers. A composite (2 mm thick) consisting of the carbonyl iron/carbon fibers and epoxy resin demonstrated excellent electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption. Minimum reflection losses of -36 dB (99.95% of EM wave absorption) at 7.6 GHz and -32 dB (99.92% of EM wave absorption) at 34.1 GHz were achieved. The well-dispersed and network-like carbon fibers in the resin matrix affected the dielectric loss of the EM wave while the carbonyl iron affected the magnetic loss.     

Investigation on the broadband electromagnetic wave absorption properties and mechanism of Co<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>-nanosheets/reduced-graphene-oxide composite

A cobaltosic-oxide-nanosheets/reduced-graphene-oxide composite (CoNSs@RGO) was successfully prepared as a light-weight broadband electromagnetic wave absorber.The effects of the sample thickness and amount of composite added to paraffin samples on the absorption properties were thoroughly investigated.Due to the nanosheet-like structure of Co3O4,the surface-to-volume ratio of the wave absorption material was very high,resulting in a large enhancement in the absorption properties.The maximum refection loss of the CoNSs@RGO composite was-45.15 dB for a thickness of 3.6 mm,and the best absorption bandwidth with a reflection loss below-10 dB was 7.14 GHz with a thickness of 2.9 mm.In addition,the peaks of microwave absorption shifted towards the low frequency region with increasing thickness of the absorbing coatings.The mechanism of electromagnetic wave absorption was attributed to impedance matching of CoNSs@RGO as well as the dielectric relaxation and polarization of RGO.Compared to previously reported absorbing materials,CoNSs@RGO showed better performance as a lightweight and highly efficient absorbing material for application in the high frequency band.     

Microwave absorbers of two-layer composites laminate for wide oblique incidence angles

Advanced microwave absorbers for wide oblique incidence angles are required in many applications including wireless communication or vehicle identification in Intelligent Transport System (ITS) where 5.8 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) system is applied. In this study, two-layer microwave absorbers are designed for the achievement of low reflection coefficient over wide incidence angles at 5.8 GHz. The absorbing layer of rubber composite containing magnetic iron flake particles and the surface layer of low dielectric constant (carbon black composite and glass fiber composite) have been used in the absorber design. On the basis of transmission line theory, the reflection loss has been calculated with variation of incident angles for both Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization. At the optimum thickness of the composite layers, a low value of reflection loss (less than −10 dB) has been predicted for wide incidence angles up to 60° for both TE and TM polarization, which is well consistent with the reflected power measured by free-space arch test. The two-layer composite laminate consisted of magnetic absorbing layer with high magnetic and dielectric loss and surface impedance-matching layer of a controlled dielectric constant can be proposed for high potential microwave absorbers in ITS.     

Electromagnetic properties of carbonyl iron and their microwave absorbing characterization as filler in silicone rubber

The complex permittivity, permeability and microwave-absorbing properties of rubber composites filled with carbonyl iron are measured at frequencies from 2–18 GHz. The results indicate that the reflection loss peak shifts towards low frequency region with increasing layer thickness or increasing weight concentration. The minimum reflection loss value of −23.06 dB was obtained at 3.3 GHz for the composites with 80% wt. These results show that the composites possess good microwave absorbing ability in both low- and highfrequency bands.     

Synthesis of covalently bonded reduced graphene oxide-Fe3O4 nanocomposites for efficient electromagnetic wave absorption

High-performance electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers,covalently bonded reduced graphene oxide-Fe3O4 nanocomposites (rGO-Fe3O4),are synthesized via hydrothermal reaction,amidation reaction and reduction process.The microstructure,surface element composition and morphology of rGO-Fe3O4 nanocomposites are characterized and corresponding EM wave absorption properties are analyzed in great detail.It demonstrates that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are successfully covalently grafted onto graphene by amide bonds.When the mass ratio of rGO and Fe3O4 is 2∶1 (sample S2),the absorber exhibits the excellent EM wave absorption performance that the maximum reflection loss (RL) reaches up to-48.6 dB at 14.4 GHz,while the effective absorption bandwidth (RL＜-10 dB) is 6.32 GHz (11.68-18.0 GHz) with a matching thickness of 2.1 mm.Furthermore,radar cross section (RCS) simulation calculation is also adopted to evaluate the ability of absorbers to scatter EM waves,which proves again that the absorption performance of absorber S2 is optimal.The outstanding EM wave absorption performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between dielectric and magnetic loss,good attenuation ability and excellent impedance matching.Moreover,covalent bonds considered to be carrier channels can facilitate electron migration,adjust EM parameters and then enhance EM wave absorption performance.This work provides a possible method for preparing efficient EM wave absorbers.     

Electromagnetic Response of Multistage-Helical Nano-Micro Conducting Polymer Structures and their Enhanced Attenuation Mechanism of Multiscale-Chiral Synergistic Effect

Nowadays, the rapidly development of advanced antidetection technology raises stringent requirements for microwave absorption materials (MAMs) to focus more attention on wider bandwidth, thinner thickness, and lower density. Adding magnetic medium to realize broadband absorption may usually result in the decline of service performance and accelerating corrosion of MAMs. Chiral MAMs can produce extra magnetic loss without adding magnetic medium due to the unique electromagnetic cross polarization effect. However, more efforts should be taken to furtherly promote efficient bandwidth of chiral MAMs and reveal attenuation mode and modulation method of chiral structure. Herein, a novel superhelical nano-microstructure based on chiral polyaniline and helical polypyrrole is successfully achieved via in situ polymerization strategy. The enhanced multiscale-chiral synergistic effect contributes to broaden effective absorption bandwidth, covering 8.6 GHz at the thickness of 3.6 mm, and the minimum reflection loss can reach −51.3 dB simultaneously. Besides, to further explain response modes and loss mechanism of superhelical nano-microstructures, the electromagnetic simulation and test analysis are applied together to reveal their synergistic enhancement attenuation mechanism. Taken together, this strategy gives a new thought of how to design, prepare, and optimize the hierarchical structure materials to achieving broadband and high-performance microwave absorption.