Chemical and microbial evaluation of Egyptian dried egg white prepared by different techniques

Egg white was dehydrated (pan drying, spray drying) without and with glucose removal (using bacteria, yeast and enzyme). Although, moisture, protein and ether extract percentage in spray dried samples were, in general, in the same range as the imported Swiss made spray dried sample (as standard), yet the least moisture percentage was found in samples in which sugar was removed by yeast. The standard sample had the best solubility (99.79%). followed by the spray dried sample desugarized by yeast (99.67%). Samples in which Streptococcus lactis was used gave the highest percentage of insoluble matter (4.24%). Pan dried and spray dried samples were similar in solubility. The total microbial counts were found to decrease in egg white after drying (max. 4.9 × 10 org. in prepared samples, zero in the standard). Salmonella was absent in all dried samples. There are variations in the type of protein fractions of liquid egg white when the enzyme treatment or controlled bacterial fermentation were used. When yeast fermentation was used a decrease in some protein fractions was noticed in comparison with the nondesugarized sample. The dehydrated egg white proteins indicate that there was no difference between the different techniques applied for glucose removal, between drying methods and between prepared samples and imported one; 5 fractions were obtained in each sample.     

不同工艺制备的干牦牛肉的理化特征分析

为优化牦牛肉干燥工艺,研究了牦牛肉在冷冻干燥、常压水煮后恒温干燥、常压煮熟后微波干燥、微波煮熟后恒温干燥、微波煮熟后微波干燥等5种不同干燥工艺下,牦牛肉的理化性质、红外光谱特性及表面组织结构等。结果显示,微波煮熟再经微波干燥获得的干制牛肉产率最高(45. 97±1. 54)%;水分活度最低(0. 797±0. 056),色泽与新鲜牦牛肉接近;蛋白质水解程度最低。其次,经傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)图谱分析,经微波煮熟再微波干燥的牦牛肉与冷冻干燥相比,三酰基甘油脂特征峰都发生变化,但牛肉中的蛋白质α-螺旋结构和β-折叠结构仍然保持较好;扫描电镜观察结果表明,微波煮熟再经微波干燥,获得的干制牛肉表面可形成较致密结构,利于贮藏。     

预处理蛋清料液溶菌酶的超滤工艺

采用超滤法从预处理的蛋清料液中提取蛋清溶菌酶。研究了卷式膜组件的膜孔径、膜材质、超滤时间、压力、温度等对渗透通量的影响。采用截留分子量为3万的PES膜进行超滤,膜透压为0.35MPa,温度为15℃,当超滤进行了150min后进行清洗,酶得率为63%,纯度为98.5%,酶活为14610U/mg或16831U/mg蛋白质。      

Functional egg white–pectin conjugates prepared by controlled Maillard reaction

Changes in the functional properties of egg white (EW) protein/pectin mixtures and their chemical conjugation via the Maillard reaction were investigated. Pectin with high degrees of esterification was conjugated to EW protein at 60 °C and 79% relative humidity for 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. The conjugates were compared with a physical mixture of the two components. There was a significant decrease in the available lysine (free amino groups) of the conjugated protein during incubation with the polysaccharides, negatively correlated to the emulsification properties. Oil–water emulsions prepared using the EW–pectin conjugates showed good stability, with oil droplet mean volume diameters of 0.29–1.2 μm. The conjugates showed higher emulsion viscosity and stability than the raw materials at ambient temperature. Addition of pectin (0.05–0.5% w/v) to EW at concentrations of 1% and 5% w/v had a significant effect on foam volume and stability.     

Effect of moderate spray drying conditions on functionality of dried egg white and whole egg

ABSTRACT:  Dried egg and egg-derived proteins have a range of applications in baking, dressings, and confectionery products. Egg powder was produced under high time–temperature scales (approximately 160 °C), which led to many changes in egg components, resulting in different functional properties of eggs after reconstitution. In this study, moderate operating conditions were selected to dry egg white and whole egg using a pilot-scale spray dryer. Functional properties changes were evaluated with an appropriate statistical technique. Major finding supports that spray drying of egg white at moderate conditions (air inlet temperature ranged from 110 to 125 °C) resulted in a product that enhanced considerably the water holding capacity of produced gels. Moreover, gel prepared with the dried samples was firmer than that of the fresh samples. Drying at a moderate scale allowed not only the increasing of the foaming capacity and the stability of foam but also an increase in their emulsifying capacity and stability of the emulsions.     

鸡蛋清的水稀释及微滤处理工艺研究

采用水稀释和微滤的方法对鸡蛋清进行操作处理,旨在降低蛋清黏度,增加可溶性蛋白质的溶出和提取率,是各种后续提取操作方法的重要基础。结果显示:蛋清稀释液通过调整稀释倍数、酸碱度、盐浓度、放置时间后,加入一定量的硅藻土微滤,微滤平均速度为2mL/min,微滤液中蛋白质含量为8.97mg/mL。     

A comparison of the buttermilk solids functional properties to nonfat dried milk,soy protein isolate,dried egg white,and egg yolk powders

Physicochemical (i.e., sulfhydryl group, protein, and total solubility) as well as functional properties (i.e., water-holding and fat-absorption capacity, foaming and emulsification capacity, and stability) of commercial buttermilk solids (BMS) were compared to nonfat dried milk, soy protein isolate, and dried egg yolk and egg white powders on an equivalent protein basis. BMS showed limited functional properties in water-holding capacity (0.75 g water/g protein) and fat-absorption capacity (1.2 g of oil/g of protein), and foaming capacity (0.5 ml of foam/ml of solution) and stability. However, emulsifying capacity and stability of BMS was not significantly different from other dried protein powders. Results indicated that 0.9 g of protein (approximately 0.45%, wt/vol, concentration) from BMS was needed to emulsify a maximum oil concentration of 50% in water at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. Denaturation of protein, quantified by free sulfhydryl groups, was a critical factor affecting the functionality of BMS and all other protein powders tested. The milk fat globule membrane present in BMS did not enhance either emulsifying capacity or stability.     

Galactose concentration in pizza cheese prepared by three different culture techniques

A study was conducted to determine the most suitable lactic culture combinations and the techniques for the preparation of low moisture part skim (LMPS) mozzarella cheese (pizza cheese) with a low level of galactose. The cheesemaking time tested for all 12 culture combinations was less than 3 h and hence was found suitable for pizza cheesemaking. The initial accumulated galactose concentration was lower in unstretched curd followed by no-brine curd and stretched curd in ascending order. During storage of the cheese for 7 days, the galactose percentage in the cheeses prepared using cultures comprising galactose-fermenting strains of Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus was 0.30 in stretched curd, 0.04 in unstretched curd and 0.03 in no-brine curd. The degree of reduction in the level of galactose in pizza cheese during storage was maximum with the no-brine curd technique followed by the unstretched and stretched curd techniques in that order. This study provides information regarding selection of starter culture combinations and techniques for pizza cheesemaking based on consumer preference for low or moderate browning mozzarella cheese as a result of its galactose concentration.     

Comparative study of egg white proteins from different species by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods

This work describes the use of different high-resolution techniques to study egg white proteins from hen, quail, duck, pheasant and ostrich. For this purpose, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to compare egg white proteins from these poultry species. The major proteins, lysozyme, ovalbumin, ovomucoid and ovotransferrin, were separated and identified using the three techniques. Isoforms of ovotransferrin and ovalbumin in some species were observed when IEF with gels of pH 4–6 were used. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among the individual proteins of the different species investigated.     

Color and gelling properties of dried egg white: Effect of drying methods and storage conditions

Dried egg white is extensively used as a food ingredient due to its unique functional properties and extensive shelf life. This study investigated the effect of drying methods and storage conditions on the color and gelling properties of dried egg white. Egg white was dried with two drying methods; freeze drying and hot-air drying, then stored at 25 and 40°C for 4 months. The result showed that the color of hot-air-dried egg white, especially after storage at 40°C, was darker yellow than for freeze-dried egg whites. The gelling properties of both samples were altered during storage, however, substantial changes in the gelling properties were found in the gel made from stored hot-air-dried egg white. A decrease in the enthalpy of protein denaturation that indicated a partially unfolded protein conformation, an increase in exposed sulfhydryl and a decrease in the total sulfhydryl contents were found, especially in stored samples of hot-air-dried egg whites. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of proteins in the stored samples showed protein aggregation, and this was related to the increased glass transition temperature. This study revealed that drying egg white using hot-air drying and storage especially at high temperature induced changes in their color and protein conformation. These have contributed to protein aggregation which affected dried egg white’s gel properties.     

Changes in characteristics of sweet potato flour prepared by different drying techniques

The changes occurring in the characteristics of sweet potato flour as a result of processing were investigated. Pasting behaviour of drum dried and hot air-dried sweet potato flour was determined using Rapid Visco-Analyser. The pasting characteristics decreased due to gelatinization of starch during processing. The degradation of starch by amylases during hot air drying further lowered the water binding capacity/viscosity and total amylose and increased the digestibility compared to those of drum dried and native flour. Swelling power and solubility of the flours increased as a result of processing which subsequently increased with increase in temperature. Scanning electron micrographs of starch granules showed tendency of clustering, especially in drum dried samples. X-ray diffraction patterns showed alteration from Ca-type to V-type with a marked reduction in crystallinity index as a result of processing. The ¹³C NMR spectra of processed starches showed reduced peak intensities and line widths due to depolymerizing effects, and also pointing to their change in crystallinity.     

不同碱液对鸡蛋清凝胶特性的影响研究

以鸡蛋清为材料,探讨了NaOH、KOH和Na2CO3直接添加对蛋清凝胶强度、破裂强度、白度、透明度以及持水性的影响.结果表明:随着碱浓度的升高,蛋清的pH逐步提高,凝胶强度逐步降低;当碱浓度为0.1 mol/L时,NaOH、KOH、Na2CO3的添加使蛋清凝胶强度由最初的156.2g分别下降至49.1、56.8、89.1g.蛋清凝胶的破裂强度随着碱浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势3种碱液的加入,使得蛋清凝胶白度逐步下降,透明度先上升后下降,持水性逐渐升高.当NaOH和KOH在浓度≤0.04mol/L,Na2CO3在浓度≤0.1mol/L时,蛋清凝胶的pH＜11,符合皮蛋腌制过程的pH范围;凝胶强度在70g以上;破裂强度较对照增大,凝胶不易破裂.     

不同碱液对鸡蛋清凝胶特性的影响研究

以鸡蛋清为材料,探讨了NaOH、KOH和Na2CO3直接添加对蛋清凝胶强度、破裂强度、白度、透明度以及持水性的影响。结果表明:随着碱浓度的升高,蛋清的pH逐步提高,凝胶强度逐步降低;当碱浓度为0.1mol/L时,NaOH、KOH、Na2CO3的添加使蛋清凝胶强度由最初的156.2g分别下降至49.1、56.8、89.1g。蛋清凝胶的破裂强度随着碱浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势。3种碱液的加入,使得蛋清凝胶白度逐步下降,透明度先上升后下降,持水性逐渐升高。当NaOH和KOH在浓度≤0.04mol/L,Na2CO3在浓度≤0.1mol/L时,蛋清凝胶的pH<11,符合皮蛋腌制过程的pH范围;凝胶强度在70g以上;破裂强度较对照增大,凝胶不易破裂。      

不同酶处理对鸡蛋清中卵白蛋白致敏性的影响

选取了木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶和动物蛋白水解酶,并利用单因素实验,以水解度为指标,确定各种蛋白酶对蛋清蛋白最佳的酶解工艺参数。在此基础上,对蛋清蛋白进行水解,通过SDS-PAGE和间接竞争ELISA检测各蛋白酶蛋清水解液,比较各蛋白酶对蛋清中卵白蛋白抗原性降低效果。SDS-PAGE结果显示木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和动物水解蛋白酶对卵白蛋白的降解效果较明显,胰蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶的降解效果不明显;间接竞争ELISA检测结果表明,木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶对卵白蛋白抗原性的降低作用更有效,分别达到了57.8%和49.6%,其他几种酶都在30%左右。因此可以选用木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶对研究开发脱敏鸡蛋食品做进一步研究。      

不同碱液对含盐蛋清功能性质的影响

为拓宽蛋清在食品加工中的应用,提高其功能性质,以含盐蛋清为原料,探讨了不同碱液对蛋清起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、蛋白质溶解度以及黏度的影响。结果表明:不添加碱液时,含盐蛋清的起泡性为12.2%,起泡稳定性为41.5%,乳化活性为0.388,乳化稳定性为17 min,蛋清蛋白溶解度为89.8%,蛋清黏度为214 m Pa·s。添加不同浓度的碱液后,使得蛋清的功能性质有了很大提高。含盐蛋清的起泡性可达75%,起泡稳定性可达65%,乳化活性可达1.279,乳化稳定性可达69 min,蛋清蛋白溶解度可达99%,但蛋清黏度显著下降。碱液的加入大为改善了含盐蛋清的功能性质,拓宽了咸蛋清的应用范围。     

不同多糖对鸡蛋清功能性质的影响

为提高蛋清功能性质,使之能更加广泛地应用于食品工业,以鸡蛋清为原料,探讨了不同多糖对蛋清起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、蛋白质溶解度以及黏度的影响。结果表明:不添加多糖时,蛋清的起泡性为12.36%,起泡稳定性为74.21%,乳化活性为0.225,乳化稳定性为18.06min,蛋清蛋白溶解度为75.60%,蛋清黏度为178m Pa.s。添加一定浓度的多糖后,使得蛋清的功能性质有了很大提高。蛋清的起泡性可达34.50%,起泡稳定性可达88.66%,乳化活性可达0.801,乳化稳定性可达46.55min,蛋清蛋白溶解度可达98.64%,蛋清黏度可达224m Pa.s。实际生产中,可以考虑选择黄原胶作为蛋清的起泡剂和乳化剂,魔芋胶作为蛋清的稳泡剂。     

不同方式处理对咸蛋清蛋白起泡力的研究

采用热变性、酶解改性及脂肪酶三种方法酶解除去蛋清中混杂的脂肪,对咸蛋清蛋白进行处理,以期提高蛋清蛋白的起泡力.通过比较不同处理方法对咸蛋清蛋白起泡力的影响,得出最佳处理方法是酶解改性,即在pH为7,温度为55℃的条件下,添加2‰的碱性蛋白酶对蛋清蛋白酶解1h,成蛋清蛋白的起泡力由98%提高到118%,增长率达到22%.